Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neuronal loss and the presence of Lewy bodies, which are primarily composed of aggregated α-synuclein. Despite advancements in symptomatic therapies, such as dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation, no disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been identified to slow or arrest neurodegeneration in patients with PD. Challenges in DMT development include disease heterogeneity, the absence of reliable biomarkers, and the multifaceted pathophysiology of PD, encompassing neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal impairment, and oxidative stress. Drug repositioning and repurposing strategies using existing drugs for new therapeutic applications offer promising approaches to accelerate the development of DMTs for PD. These strategies minimize time, cost, and risk by using compounds with established safety profiles. Prominent candidates include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, ambroxol, calcium channel blockers, statins, iron-chelating agents, c-Abl inhibitors, and memantine. Although preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results, numerous phase III trials have yielded unfavorable outcomes, elucidating the complexity of PD pathophysiology and the need for innovative trial designs. This review evaluates the potential of prioritized repurposed drugs for PD, focusing on their mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and clinical trial outcomes, and highlights the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.

Background and Objectives: Age-related hearing loss is a modifiable risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI); however, the potential mechanisms linking these conditions remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the cognitive function profiles of elderly patients with hearing loss via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine the cortical activity differences between patients at risk of MCI and those with normal cognition. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three elderly patients with bilateral, moderate, or severe hearing loss were prospectively recruited for this study. Their demographic information was obtained, and audiological evaluations and cognitive function tests were performed. Various instruments were used to assess the cognitive and depression domains. Additionally, fNIRS was used to image the brains of the normal group and group at risk of MCI. Results: fNIRS analysis of individual cognitive task data revealed that the normal group exhibited significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) levels in all cognitive function tasks, except the Stroop color and word test, than the group at risk of MCI. Detailed comparisons of the Brodmann areas revealed that, compared to the group at risk of MCI, normal group exhibited significantly higher HbO2 levels in the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex in the J1 task, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the J2 task, and right orbitofrontal cortex in the J6 task. Conclusions Measurement of fNIRS signals in the frontal lobes revealed different HbO2 signals between the normal group and group at risk of MCI during minimal hearing loss. Future studies should explore the causal link between hearing loss and cognitive impairment by analyzing the changes in cognitive function after auditory rehabilitation.

Differences in demographics, medical expertise, and patient healthcare resources across countries have led to significant variations in guidelines. In light of these differences, in this review, we aimed to explore and compare the most recent updates to gastric cancer treatment from five guidelines that are available in English. These English-version guidelines, which have been recently published and updated for journal publication, include those published in South Korea in 2024, Japan in 2021, China in 2023, the United States in 2024, and Europe in 2024. The South Korean and Japanese guidelines provide a higher proportion of content to endoscopic and surgical treatments, reflecting their focus on minimally invasive techniques, function-preserving surgeries, and systemic therapy. The Chinese guidelines provide recommendations addressing not only surgical approaches but also perioperative chemotherapy and palliative systemic therapy. Meanwhile, in the United States and European guidelines, a higher proportion of the content is dedicated to perioperative and palliative systemic therapy, aligning with their approaches to advanced-stage disease management.All guidelines address surgical and systemic chemotherapy treatments; however, the proportion and emphasis of content vary based on the patient distribution and treatment approaches specific to each country. With emerging research findings on gastric cancer treatment worldwide, the national guidelines are being progressively revised and updated.Understanding the commonalities and differences among national guidelines, along with the underlying evidence, can provide valuable insights into the treatment of gastric cancer.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by progressive dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neuronal loss and the presence of Lewy bodies, which are primarily composed of aggregated α-synuclein. Despite advancements in symptomatic therapies, such as dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation, no disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been identified to slow or arrest neurodegeneration in patients with PD. Challenges in DMT development include disease heterogeneity, the absence of reliable biomarkers, and the multifaceted pathophysiology of PD, encompassing neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal impairment, and oxidative stress. Drug repositioning and repurposing strategies using existing drugs for new therapeutic applications offer promising approaches to accelerate the development of DMTs for PD. These strategies minimize time, cost, and risk by using compounds with established safety profiles. Prominent candidates include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, ambroxol, calcium channel blockers, statins, iron-chelating agents, c-Abl inhibitors, and memantine. Although preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results, numerous phase III trials have yielded unfavorable outcomes, elucidating the complexity of PD pathophysiology and the need for innovative trial designs. This review evaluates the potential of prioritized repurposed drugs for PD, focusing on their mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and clinical trial outcomes, and highlights the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.

Purpose: To report a case of infectious keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by two types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Case summary: A 62-year-old female patient presented to our clinic with left ocular pain for 2 weeks and was diagnosed with herpetic keratitis and anterior uveitis. At the initial presentation, slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed round stromal infiltration and edema in the paracentral part of the cornea, a 2 × 2-mm epithelial defect, and hypopyon. Ocular ultrasonography showed vitreous opacities. She was empirically treated with topical 0.5% moxifloxacin, 2% tobramycin, and 5% ceftazidime administered hourly. Intravitreal vancomycin/ceftazidime administration was performed on days 2 and 7 following treatment. Corneal culture revealed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on day 4 after treatment. Consequently, 2% tobramycin was replaced with 1% vancomycin. The corneal lesion gradually improved and healed completely with a residual corneal opacity at 4 weeks after treatment. Conclusions Polymicrobial bacterial keratitis caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represents a treatment challenge. Therefore, culture is essential to obtain microbiological evidence and guide appropriate antibiotic selection.

It is difficult to determine a cause of bile duct stricture and dilatation. Eosinophilic cholangitis, a rare benign condition, may be one cause of bile duct stricture and dilatation. It can be evaluated using various methods of histopathology, radiographs, endoscopy, and hematologic findings. Treatment generally involves steroid therapy which can lead to improvement. This case report will discuss eosinophilic cholangitis, emphasizing that while it can easily be overlooked but should be considered in differential diagnoses.

This report presents radiologic changes after clinical improvement in a patient with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN). A 45-year-old female patient was referred for decreased renal function. Eight months prior, she had undergone hysterectomy and received chemotherapy. At the start of chemotherapy, her baseline creatinine level was 0.55 mg/dL, which rose to 1.46 mg/dL. Multiple imaging modalities performed when decreased renal function was observed revealed bilateral renal enlargement with increased cortical attenuation on computed tomography (CT), cortical hyperechogenicity on ultrasonography, and diffusion restriction in the renal cortices on magnetic resonance imaging. A renal biopsy was performed, and AIN was diagnosed. Follow-up laboratory tests showed that kidney function had improved to normal levels, and CT at that time showed a reduction in the size of both kidneys. Radiologic changes can serve as clues for the diagnosis of AIN. This is the first report to confirm radiological changes after the clinical improvement of AIN, thereby providing novel information about the course of AIN.