Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Body Image ; Bullying ; Child ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Eating ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Mental Health ; Multimedia ; Obesity ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prevalence

Despite some innate limitations, animal models are a potent investigative tool when used to model specific symptoms of a disorder. For example, MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is used as a pharmacological tool to induce symptoms found in some neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a close examination of literature suggests that the application window of MK-801 doses is relatively narrow between individual behavioral paradigms, necessitating careful characterization of the evoked behavioral aberrations and the doses used to induce them. Moreover, variation in behaviors depending on the animal strain, gender of the subject, and the timing of administration is observed, making it difficult to compare the behavioral characteristics reported in different studies. We aim to characterize the behavioral aberrations induced by different doses of MK-801 in CD-1 mice and create a ready reference for future studies. We used CD-1 mice to recapitulate behavioral impairments resulting from acute administration of MK-801. In 0.1 mg kg⁻¹, we observed diminished spontaneous alteration during the Y-maze test, while 0.12 mg kg⁻¹ resulted in hyperlocomotion and social deficit. Mice treated with 0.2 and 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ of MK-801 demonstrated a decreased self-grooming. Finally, all doses significantly impaired cliff avoidance behaviors suggesting increased impulsivity. These results affirm that MK-801 can effectively model various symptoms of different neuropsychiatric disorders in a dose-dependent manner. The observed sensitivity against spatial-memory impairment and impulsive behaviors at low concentration of MK-801 suggest that MK801 may modulate cognitive function and impulsivity in even lower concentration before it can modulate other behavioral domains.
Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Cognition ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; Impulsive Behavior ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; N-Methylaspartate

OBJECTIVE: Resilience and impulsivity have opposite effects on depression in stressful situations. This study aimed to investigate the association among resilience, impulsivity, and depression in young males. METHODS: The participants consisted of 429 conscripts who underwent military training over 5 weeks. The surveys included the Connors- Davidson Resilience Scale-Korean version, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-Revised, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale. The surveys were administered both before and after training. RESULTS: When simultaneously considering impulsivity and resilience, resilience was not associated with depression. Impulsivity had a complete negative mediating effect on resilience and depressive symptoms. Impulsivity is a significant negative mediating factor for the protective effect of resilience on depression. CONCLUSION: This study recommends considering impulsivity when evaluating the protective role of resilience against depression.
Depression ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Negotiating

OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in elementary school children. The present study investigated the characteristics of ADHD in Korean elementary school children using the Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). The data was compared with those obtained from a comparable American population. METHODS: Participants included 29,914 elementary school children, aged 6–12 years, from a medium-sized city. The parents completed the home version of the K-ARS. The total and subscale-specific normative data and sex- and age-related mean score differences were analyzed. These data were compared with those obtained from the American population using independent t-tests. RESULTS: Mean total and subscale K-ARS scores were significantly higher among boys (vs. girls) and younger children aged equal to or less than 8 years old (vs. older children). Mean scores on the hyperactivity-impulsivity subscale were lower than those of American children, but similar to another Korean sample. CONCLUSION: Our data characterized ADHD symptoms in Korean children. However, further studies are needed to identify the cultural differences underlying ratings of ADHD symptom severity.
Child Psychiatry ; Child ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Parents

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the factors associated with suicidal behavior in psychiatric inpatients. METHODS: The medical records of 208 psychiatric inpatients were reviewed retrospectively. The factors related to suicide attempts and ideation at the time of admission, and during outpatient follow-up, were investigated. RESULTS: In total, 120 patients (57.7%) with a history of at least one suicide attempt, and 163 patients (78.4%) who reported active suicide ideation (e.g., a suicide plan or intention to commit suicide) at the time of admission were reviewed. Being unmarried or divorced, substance abuse, impulsivity, and a poor social support system were associated with a history of suicide attempts. The suicidal ideation group had significantly higher rates of coexisting depression, severe depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and impulsivity, as well as a lower incidence of moral objection to suicide and high religiosity. In total, 15 out of 193 patients (7.8%) who were followed-up at outpatient clinics attempted suicide after discharge. Patients who attempted suicide or reported suicidal ideation at the outpatient clinic after discharge were significantly more likely to have a history of previous suicide attempts, or have had active suicide ideation at the time of admission. Good social support and high responsibility to family were inversely associated with suicidal ideation as an outpatient. CONCLUSION: A history of suicide attempts and ideation at the time of hospital admission were the risk factors for future outpatient suicidal behavior. Further study is warranted to develop a checklist and assessment measures of the various risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behavior.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Checklist ; Depression ; Divorce ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Intention ; Medical Records ; Outpatients ; Protective Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Single Person ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Suicide, Attempted

OBJECTIVE: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are mostly related to dopamine replacement therapy (DRT); however, drug-naïve PD patients have also frequently experienced impulsivity. This phenomenon makes clinicians hesitate treating patients with DRT. In this study, we assessed the effect of impulsivity on quality of life (QOL) in drug-naïve PD patients. METHODS: Two hundred three newly diagnosed, nonmedicated PD patients were enrolled, and they received structured clinical interviews, physical examinations and validated questionnaires to evaluate motor and nonmotor symptoms and QOL. Impulsivity was evaluated using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS). RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (18.7%) had impulsivity with QUIP-RS scores ≥ 1 and 4 patients (2.0%) were diagnosed with combined ICDs. Motor and nonmotor symptoms were significantly correlated with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 summary index. Female sex and QUIP-RS scores were also correlated with QOL in drug-naïve PD patients. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that impulsivity negatively influences QOL in early drug-naïve PD patients. In addition, more severe motor and nonmotor symptoms were also associated with lower QOL. Such findings complicate treatment but provide valuable information for managing early PD.
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders ; Dopamine ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Parkinson Disease ; Physical Examination ; Quality of Life

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD often persists into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic and occupational functioning. ADHD is a very common disease during childhood and, the pooled overall prevalence of ADHD was found to be 5.29%. When screening for ADHD, clinicians should try to develop rapport with patients and their caregivers to increase the likelihood that they will follow the diagnostic process and treatment. The current drugs that have received Food and Drug Administration-approval for ADHD include stimulants (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine). Stimulants improve inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in addition to decreasing disruptive behaviors and promoting academic achievement and the maintenance of appropriate friendships. In order to enhance drug compliance, the use of long-acting stimulants is increasing. Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake blocker, the effects of which may take 2 to 6 weeks to be noticeable. Furthermore, α2 agonists may help to improve behavioral side effects, tics, and sleep problems during stimulant or atomoxetine use. Common side effects of stimulants and atomoxetine include headache, stomachache, and loss of appetite. Routine electorcardiography before medication is not recommended unless there is a specific indication. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are safe as first line therapies, and their side effects are well tolerated.
Appetite ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Caregivers ; Compliance ; Drug Therapy ; Friends ; Guanfacine ; Headache ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Mass Screening ; Methylphenidate ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Norepinephrine ; Prevalence ; Problem Behavior ; Tics

OBJECTIVES: Although impulsivity has long been thought as an important factor influencing suicidal behaviors, it is unknown whether impulsivity increases the risk of dying from suicidal behaviors and what specific component among constructs of impulsivity contributes to the risk of dying among suicide attempters. METHODS: To elucidate the association between impulsivity and medical lethality of suicide attempt among suicide attempters, we consecutively recruited 46 suicide attempters who visited an emergency room of a general hospital located in a metropolitan area, Seoul, Republic of Korea, due to suicide attempts and consented to participate in this study. Then we assessed medical lethality with the Beck Lethality Scale (LS) and impulsivity with the Korean version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11-Revised (BIS). Demographic variables were obtained from medical records and structured social work reports for suicide attempters. RESULTS: Although total scores of the BIS did not correlate with LS scores, only the scores of self-control, that is one of the Barret's six theoretical constructs of impulsivity in which the higher score indicates less self-control and more impulsivity, had a significant positive correlation with scores of LS (p = 0.003). The association remained significant after adjusting for variables known to affect suicide lethality such as job status, recent alcohol consumption, diagnosis of depressive disorders, and having a plan for suicide (β = 0.429, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Not impulsivity in general, but poor self-control, in particular, predicts lethal suicidal behaviors among suicide attempters. The degree of self-control should be evaluated when assessing patients with elevated suicide risk, and proper measures should be installed to prevent possible future lethal suicide attempts.
Alcohol Drinking ; Depressive Disorder ; Diagnosis ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior* ; Medical Records ; Republic of Korea ; Self-Control ; Seoul ; Social Work ; Suicide* ; Suicide, Attempted ; Trauma Severity Indices

OBJECTIVES: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is known to be related to stress and the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) that is known to be associated with stress and has been studied to affect various psychiatric illness outbreaks. We tried to examine the relationship between stress, 5-HTTLPR and IGD. METHODS: A total of 59 participants with IGD, diagnosed according to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria and 67 normal controls (NC) were enrolled. The IGD group and the NC were compared using chisquare test and independent sample t-test, and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between stress, the 5-HTTLPR, and IGD. RESULTS: The mean scores for anxiety, impulsivity and stress were significantly higher in the IGD group than in the NC. In addition, there was a significant association between stress and IGD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.172, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.008–1.362]. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that stress would affect IGD. Therefore, the evaluation and management of stress should be included in the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.
Adult* ; Anxiety ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Impulsive Behavior ; Internet* ; Logistic Models

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of a mood chart application on an Android platform. METHODS: This application is based on the traditional mood chart. Eighteen adults with DSM-5 bipolar disorder were enrolled from November 2016 to March 2017. They were asked to rate their daily mood scores and severity of irritability and impulsivity for six months. Their clinicians rated their symptom severity monthly using the Clinical Global Impression-7 (CGI-7) scale. After six months, the participants completed an anonymous questionnaire regarding their satisfaction with the application. RESULTS: Of the 18 patients, one withdrew their consent from this study and six were males (35.3%) ; their mean age was 31.71±8.56 years. The mean follow-up duration was 159.12±49.45 days and the period of application use was 143.65±52.11 days. The mean total response rate was 59.45% and the mean response rate on the same day was 43.06%. The adherence to using the application decreased significantly declined over the duration since enrollment [odds ratio (OR)=1.008, p=0.008] but tended to increase according to age (OR=0.958, p=0.002). The application mood scores were correlated significantly with the manic (β=0.307, p=0.004) and depressive (β=−0.701, p < 0.001) subscale, and the total (β=1.026, p=0.002) of the CGI-7 (linear mixed models). The majority of subjects agreed that the application helped them manage their symptoms (92.86%), stating that the application was easy to use (78.57%). CONCLUSION: This application could be a valid and useful tool to monitor the mood symptoms of patients with bipolar disorder in Korea.
Adult ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Korea ; Male ; Methyltestosterone ; Mood Disorders ; Self Care ; Smartphone* ; Telemedicine