Anti-IgLON5 encephalopathy， also known as anti-IgLON5 antibody-associated encephalopathy， is an extremely rare autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. The core clinical manifestations of this disease include sleep disturbance， gait abnormalities， medulla oblongata dysfunction， and cognitive impairment， as well as the presence of anti-IgLON5 antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. This article reports a case of anti-IgLON5 encephalopathy with memory deficits diagnosed in our hospital， and a literature review is also conducted to enhance the understanding of this condition.
Immunotherapy

Abstract Measles has re-emerged as a significant public health threat in Indonesia, signaling gaps in immunization coverage and systemic health inequities. Following the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the country has seen a troubling resurgence in cases. This editorial examines the current epidemiological situation, structural barriers to vaccination, and necessary strategies for elimination. In 2025, Indonesia recorded over 63,000 suspected cases, with the trend continuing into 2026. Current vaccination coverage for children aged 12–23 months stands at 73.46%, which is significantly below the 95% threshold required for herd immunity. Key barriers identified include maternal education levels, archipelagic geography, and sociocultural factors such as religious permissibility and safety concerns. Addressing the measles resurgence requires a multi-faceted approach: strengthening routine and catch-up immunization services, addressing social determinants of health, and rebuilding public trust through community engagement. Achieving high coverage is essential to prevent severe clinical complications and protect vulnerable populations.
Measles ; Measles resurgence ; Immunization coverage ; Indonesia ; Vaccine hesitancy ; Public health systems

Germ cell tumors typically occur in the gonadal regions,characterized by high malignancy and rapid progression.Due to their high sensitivity to chemotherapy,the cure rate is generally high.However,a portion of patients still succumb to chemotherapy resistance and disease progression.The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has significantly improved the prognosis for various solid tumors,while the immune mechanisms and efficacy of immunotherapy in germ cell tumors remain understudied.Whether relapsed and refractory germ cell tumors can benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors remains to be investigated.In this review,we summarize the immune-related mechanisms,case reports,and clinical trials of immunotherapy in germ cell tumors to assess the effectiveness of this therapy,providing a reference for future basic research and clinical practice.
Humans ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/therapy* ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Immunotherapy ; Testicular Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) associated with a poor prognosis and diminished quality of life for patients is the most prevalent pathological type among head and neck tumors. Currently,the standard treatment modalities comprise systemic therapies(including chemotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy) and local therapies(surgery and radiotherapy).Immunotherapy,characterized by high specificity and low toxicity,is progressively expanding from advanced palliative care to the stage of locally advanced curative treatment and has demonstrated promising efficacy.This review summarizes the latest advances in immunotherapy for HNSCC,aiming to provide reference for optimizing clinical management strategies and facilitating the clinical research.
Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology* ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/therapy*

In recent years, the incidence rate of pertussis in China has been steadily increasing, presenting an increasingly severe challenge for disease prevention and control. To strengthen the immune barrier in the population and effectively curb the spread of pertussis, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of China and other relevant authorities optimized the immunization procedure for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, with the new procedure implemented in 2025. This adjustment includes three key measures: advancing the initial dose of the vaccine from 3 months to 2 months of age, extending the interval between primary immunization doses from 1 month to 2 months, and adding an extra dose of acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine at 6 years of age. This article discusses potential changes in the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of pertussis following such adjustments for immunization procedure, and awareness of these changes will facilitate the accurate identification of pertussis cases, which is crucial for evaluating the impact of these adjustments and further optimizing immunization strategies.
Humans ; Whooping Cough/epidemiology* ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/immunology* ; Infant ; Immunization Schedule ; Child

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical features of children with STAT gene mutations, and to explore corresponding immunotherapy strategies. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 10 children with STAT gene mutations who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, from October 2015 to October 2024. Exploratory immunotherapy was implemented in some refractory cases, and the changes in symptoms, imaging manifestations, and cytokine levels were assessed after treatment. RESULTS: For the 10 children, the main clinical manifestations were recurrent rash since birth (7/10), cough (8/10), wheezing (5/10), expectoration (4/10), and purulent nasal discharge (4/10). Genotyping results showed that there was one child with heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutation in the STAT1 gene, four children with heterozygous LOF mutation in the STAT3 gene, and five children with heterozygous gain-of-function (GOF) mutation in the STAT3 gene. Two children with LOF mutation in the STAT3 gene showed decreased interleukin-6 levels and improved clinical symptoms and imaging findings after omalizumab treatment. Three children with GOF mutation in the STAT3 gene achieved effective disease control after treatment with methylprednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). Two children with GOF mutation in the STAT3 gene received treatment with JAK inhibitor and then showed some improvement in symptoms. CONCLUSIONS STAT gene mutation screening should be considered for children with recurrent rash and purulent respiratory tract infections. Targeted immunotherapy may improve prognosis in patients with no response to conventional treatment.
Humans ; Male ; Immunotherapy ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Gain of Function Mutation ; Retrospective Studies ; Infant ; Loss of Function Mutation ; STAT Transcription Factors/genetics*

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) shows significant efficacy against hema-tological malignancies but is limited in solid tumors due to poor homing, immunosuppre-ssion, and potential toxicity. Biomaterials spanning from nano- to macroscales-including nanoparticles, microspheres/micropatches, and hydrogels-offer unique advantages for ex vivo cell engineering, in vivo delivery, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, nanoparticles enable gene delivery, artificial antigen-presenting cell engi-neering, and immune microenvironment remodeling. Microspheres/micropatches improve immune cell expansion, targeted activation, and localized retention. Hydrogels enhance ACT via in situ genetic engineering, 3D culture support, and cytokine co-delivery. This review summarizes advances in biomaterial-enhanced ACT, highlighting their potential to improve delivery efficiency, amplify antitumor responses, and reduce toxicity. These insights may accelerate the clinical translation of ACT for solid tumors.
Humans ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods* ; Nanoparticles ; Hydrogels ; Adoptive Transfer/methods* ; Animals

T cell exhaustion plays an immunosuppressive role in malignant tumors. Continuous tumor antigen stimulation, the presence of suppressive immune cells and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment, the up regulation of inhibitory receptor expression on the surface of T cells, changes in T cell related transcription factors, and metabolites in the tumor microenvironment may lead to T cell exhaustion. Reversing the exhaustion of T cells in tumor patients is a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. This article will review the latest research progress on T cell exhaustion status, pathogenesis, reversal methods, and clinical applications in hematological tumors.
Humans ; Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology* ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology* ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Immunotherapy ; T-Cell Exhaustion

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive role of the modified Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (mEASIX) in the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). METHODS: The clinical data of 70 relapsed and refractory (R/R) B-cell tumor patients who were treated with CAR-T therapy from September 1, 2018 to February 28, 2023 in the Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, were retrospectively analyzed. The value of log-2 mEASIX before conditioning (-7 d) was calculated, and the patients were divided into a low-mEASIX group (42 patients) and a high-mEASIX group (28 patients) based on the cut-off value of 5.443 determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Eventually, the predictive role of mEASIX before conditioning on the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy and CRS was analyzed. RESULTS: The high-mEASIX group exhibited significantly worse median overall survival (OS) and median progression-free survival (PFS) in comparison to the low mEASIX group (OS: 3.2 months vs not reached, P < 0.01; PFS: 1.3 months vs 6.0 months, P =0.009). The incidence of grade ≥2 CRS in the high-mEASIX group was substantially higher than that in the low-mEASIX group (57.1% vs 19.0%, P =0.007). The degree of remission after CAR-T therapy (P =0.001), whether CRS occurs or not (P =0.041), the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level before conditioning (P =0.046), and the mEASIX score before conditioning (P =0.047) were independent influencing factors for the OS of patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy. CONCLUSION The mEASIX score before conditioning can predict OS and the incidence of grade ≥2 CRS in patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell tumors who receive CAR-T cell therapy.
Cytokine Release Syndrome/therapy* ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods* ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Hematology ; China ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/blood* ; Predictive Value of Tests

Sporadic late-onset nemaline myopathy （SLONM） is a rare， acquired， and treatable myopathy with a subacute or chronic progressive clinical course， characterized by asymmetric muscle atrophy and weakness in the axial and limb muscles， with or without involvement of respiratory and cardiac muscles. The only definitive diagnostic method at present is the identification of rods accumulation in muscle fibers by muscle biopsy pathology. This article provides a review of the clinical manifestations， diagnostic evaluations， muscle pathology， and advances in the treatment of SLONM.
Immunotherapy