Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is the most severe complication of indwelling intravascular catheters and one of the most common causes of intensive care unit (ICU)- or hospital-acquired infections. Once CLABSI occurs, it significantly increases the risk of mortality, long of hospital stay, and healthcare economic burden. In recent years, multiple large-scale clinical studies on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CLABSI have been completed, providing evidence-based medical support for related practices. Additionally, evolving global trends in antibiotic resistance epidemiology and the development of novel antimicrobial agents necessitate adjustments in clinical management strategies. Based on these developments, the Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine has updated and revised the Guideline on the Prevention and Treatment of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections (2007). This guideline was developed following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system for evidence quality assessment. Guided by clinical questions, the working group initiated the process by defining key clinical issues, conducting literature searches, screening studies, performing meta-analyses, and synthesizing evidence-based findings to draft preliminary recommendations. These recommendations underwent iterative revisions through expert panel reviews, remote and in-person meetings, and two rounds of voting by the Standing Committee of the Chinese Society of Critical Care Medicine before finalization. The guideline comprises 52 recommendations, focusing on adult patients with central venous catheters in ICU. Key areas addressed include: selection of catheter insertion sites and techniques, catheter type and design, catheter management, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CLABSI. The guideline aims to provide ICU healthcare professionals with best practices for central line management, ensuring standardized clinical protocols for adult CLABSI.
Humans ; Catheter-Related Infections/therapy* ; Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects* ; Bacteremia/therapy* ; Intensive Care Units ; Cross Infection/prevention & control*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics, microbiological analysis, and drug resistance patterns of intensive care unit (ICU) bloodstream infection. METHODS: A prospective cohort study method was employed to collect clinical data from patients suspected of bloodstream infection (BSI) during their stay in ICUs across 67 hospitals in 16 provinces and cities nationwide, from July 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Electronic data collection technology was used to gather general information on ICU patients, including gender, age, length of hospital stay, as well as diagnostic results, laboratory tests, imaging studies, microbiological results (including smear, culture results, and pathogen high-throughput testing), and prognosis. Patients were divided into a BSI group and a non-BSI group based on the presence or absence of BSI; further, patients with BSI were categorized into a drug-resistant group and a non-drug-resistant group based on the presence or absence of drug resistance. Differences in the aforementioned indicators between groups were analyzed and compared; variables with P < 0.10 in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for mortality and drug resistance in ICU patients with BSI. RESULTS: A total of 2 962 ICU patients suspected of BSI participated in the study, including 790 in the BSI group and 2 172 in the non-BSI group. Patients in the BSI group were mainly from East China and Southwest China, with significantly higher age and mortality rates than those in the non-BSI group. Among ICU patients with BSI, Staphylococcus had the highest detection rate (8.10%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.47%); there were 169 cases in the drug-resistant group and 621 cases in the non-drug-resistant group; 666 cases survived, and 124 cases died (mortality was 15.70%). There were statistically significant differences between the death group and the survival group in terms of age, regional distribution, and bloodstream infections caused by Gram negative (G^-) bacilli, Enterococcus faecium, Aspergillus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae; multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.00-1.03], regional distribution (OR = 4.07, 95%CI was 1.02-1.34), Enterococcus faecium infection (OR = 3.64, 95%CI was 1.16-11.45), and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection (OR = 2.64,95%CI was 1.45-4.80) were independent risk factors for death in ICU patients with BSI (all P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the drug-resistant group and the non-drug-resistant group in terms of age and bloodstream infections caused by Gram positive (G⁺) cocci and G^- bacilli; multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.01,95%CI was 1.00-1.03), G^- bacilli infection (OR = 2.18, 95%CI was 1.33-3.59), Escherichia coli infection (OR = 0.28,95%CI was 0.09-0.84), and Enterococcus faecium infection (OR = 3.35, 95%CI was 1.06-10.58) were independent risk factors for drug resistance in ICU patients with BSI (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bloodstream infections may increase the mortality of ICU patients. Older age, regional distribution, Enterococcus faecium infection and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection can increase the mortality rate of ICU patients with BSI; bloodstream infections caused by G^- bacilli are prone to drug resistance, but have no significant impact on the mortality of ICU patients with BSI.
Adult ; Humans ; Bacteremia/microbiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Cross Infection/microbiology* ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data* ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sepsis/microbiology*

Introduction: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at the greatest risk of acquiring nosocomial infections, partly because of their serious underlying disease, but also by exposure to life-saving invasive procedures. Hospital-acquired infections increase patient morbidity, increase the length of hospital stay and hospital costs, and also increases mortality rate. The basic knowledge of organisms infecting ICU patients is very important to empirically select appropriate antibiotics, so that the most likely infecting organisms are addressed. Objective: The aim of the study was to find out the etiologic agents causing infection in medical intensive care unit patients. Results In our study of 289 patients, 180 (62.3%) showed a growth of organism during the stay in ICU. The most common site of infection was the respiratory tract in 138 patients (47.8%) with 60 patients (20.8%) showing Acinetobacter baumannii.
Cross Infection ; Intensive Care Units ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; Respiration, Artificial

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a lymphoangioproliferative condition linked to human herpesvirus-8. KS presents in four clinical variants: classic, iatrogenic, endemic, and AIDSrelated. The classic type has a chronic course and primarily affects people of Eastern European Jewish or Mediterranean heritage, with a higher incidence in males." Approximately 70% of patients respond partially or satisfactorily to treatment, 20% experience recurrence, and 10% show progression despite treatment.? Furthermore, there have been documented cases of self-regression in the classic type of KS.2
Sarcoma, Kaposi ; Iatrogenic Disease

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence for further reducing the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) according to investigation of the prevention and control of CLABSI in intensive care unit (ICU) in Shandong Province. METHODS: The questionnaire was developed by experts from Shandong Critical Care Medical Quality Control Center, combining domestic and foreign guidelines, consensus and research. A convenient sampling method was used to recruit survey subjects online from October 11 to 31, 2023 in the province to investigate the management status of central venous catheter (CVC) in ICU units of secondary and above hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 201 valid data were collected, involving 186 hospitals in the province, with a total of 201 ICU units, mainly comprehensive ICU (91%). The beds in ICU units were mainly single rooms (89%) and triple rooms (79%), and the ratio of doctors to total beds was 0.54 : 1. The training on the knowledge and operation of intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infection in each ICU unit was mainly irregular (49%), and 96% of the catheter operators were authorized by the hospital. In terms of CVC selection, 89% of ICU units used dual-chamber CVC, and 86% of ICU units used catheters without antibiotic coating. When selecting the placement site, for conventional CVC catheterization, 65% preferred subclavian vein. Femoral vein was preferred in 87% of ICU units undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. 95% of ICU units had established standardized operation procedure (SOP) for CVC placement. 86% of ICU units were capable of ultrasound positioning or guided puncture at the time of catheterization. During catheterization, 88% of ICU units met the sterile dress code. Before and after catheterzation, 81% and 77% of ICU units standardized hand hygiene. Only 31% of ICU units were covered from head to toe by aseptic wipes. For the choice of skin disinfectant, the majority of ICU units (72%) only used iodophor. After tube placement, 54% of ICU units chose sterile transparent dressing and 25% chose sterile gauze dressing. 98% of ICU units were sutured to secure the catheter. Regarding catheter replacement and removal, 45% of ICU units could not be removed or replaced within 2 days in emergency situations where the principle of sterility was not guaranteed. When CLABSI was suspected, 55% of ICU units were able to obtain the catheter tip, transcatheter blood culture, and contralateral peripheral vein blood culture at the same time. For CVC replacement frequency, most ICU units (75%) would not be replaced regularly, and some ICU units would be replaced regularly, but the frequency of replacement was different. For CLABSI prevention and control, 82% of ICU units developed a verification form or supervision form. When analyzing the sources of CLABSI data, most of them were filled in by themselves (60%). As for the frequency of data analysis, 57% were once a month. CONCLUSIONS All ICU units in Shandong Province are standardized in terms of the authorization of operators, the formulation of SOP, the formulation and implementation of verification form and supervision form, ultrasound-guided puncture, and hand hygiene before and after catheterization. However, there are still deficiencies in the training on knowledge and operation of intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infections, maximum aseptic coverage, catheter replacement and removal, and the reporting sources of CLABSI data, which need to be strengthened in the follow-up work. At present, the selection of CVC, the selection of catheterization site, the selection of skin disinfectant and the selection of dressings after catheterization still need further research.
Intensive Care Units ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Catheter-Related Infections/epidemiology* ; Catheterization, Central Venous/methods* ; Cross Infection/epidemiology* ; Central Venous Catheters/adverse effects* ; Infection Control/methods*

Male ; Humans ; Penis ; Granuloma/etiology* ; Pelvis ; Iatrogenic Disease

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the etiology mechanism and treatment of iatrogenic blepharoptosis after double eyelid surgery in Asia. METHODS: To extensively review the literature related to iatrogenic blepharoptosis after double eyelid surgery, and to summarize and analyze the related anatomical mechanism, existing treatment options, and indications. RESULTS: Iatrogenic blepharoptosis is a relatively common complication after double eyelid surgery, sometimes it is combined with other eyelid deformities such as sunken upper eyelid and wide double eyelid, which makes it difficult to repair. The etiology is mainly caused by improper adhesion of tissues and scars, improper removal of upper eyelid tissue, and injury of a link of levator muscle power system. Whether blepharoptosis occurs after double eyelid surgery by incision or suture, it should be repaired by incision. The principles of repair include surgical loosening of tissue adhesion, anatomical reduction, and repair of damaged tissues. The key is to use surrounding tissues or transplanted fat to prevent adhesion. CONCLUSION When repairing iatrogenic blepharoptosis clinically, appropriate surgical methods should be selected based on the causes and severity of the blepharoptosis, combined with treatment principles, in order to achieve better repair results.
Humans ; Blepharoptosis/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Blepharoplasty/methods* ; Eyelids/surgery* ; Iatrogenic Disease ; Oculomotor Muscles/surgery*

Humans ; Iliac Artery/injuries* ; Hip Joint ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Iatrogenic Disease

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics of nosocomial infection in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma(NDMM) patients, and establish a predictive nomogram model. METHODS: The clinical data of 164 patients with MM who were treated in Shanxi Bethune Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics of infection were analyzed. Infections were grouped as microbiologically defined infections and clinically defined infections. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of infection. A nomogram was established. RESULTS: 164 patients with NDMM were included in this study, and 122 patients (74.4%) were infected. The incidence of clinically defined infection was the highest (89 cases, 73.0%), followed by microbial infection (33 cases, 27.0%). Among 122 cases of infection, 89 cases (73.0%) had CTCAE grade 3 or above. The most common site of infection was lower respiratory in 52 cases (39.4%), upper respiratory tract in 45 cases (34.1%), and urinary system in 13 cases (9.8%). Bacteria(73.1%) were the main pathogens of infection. Univariate analysis showed that ECOG ≥2, ISS stage Ⅲ, C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L, serum Creatinine ≥177 μmol/L had higher correlation with nosocomial infection in patients with NDMM. Multivariate regression analysis showed that C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L (P＜0.001), ECOG ≥2 (P=0.011) and ISS stage Ⅲ （P=0.024） were independent risk factors for infection in patients with NDMM. The nomogram model established based on this has good accuracy and discrimination. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.779（95%CI: 0.682-0.875）. Median follow-up time was 17.5 months, the median OS of the two groups was not reached (P=0.285). CONCLUSION Patients with NDMM are prone to bacterial infection during hospitalization. C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L, ECOG ≥2 and ISS stage Ⅲ are the risk factors of nosocomial infection in NDMM patients. The nomogram prediction model established based on this has great prediction value.
Humans ; Nomograms ; Multiple Myeloma/metabolism* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Cross Infection ; C-Reactive Protein

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that often causes hospital infections. With the abuse of antibiotics, the resistance of S. epidermidis gradually increases, and drug repurposing has become a research hotspot in the treating of refractory drug-resistant bacterial infections. This study aims to study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of simeprevir, an antiviral hepatitis drug, on S. epidermidis in vitro. METHODS: The micro-dilution assay was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of simeprevir against S. epidermidis. Crystal violet staining assay was used to detect the biofilm inhibitory effect of simeprevir. The antimicrobial activity of simeprevir against S. epidermidis and its biofilm were explored by SYTO9/PI fluorescent staining. The combined effect between simeprevir and gentamycin was assessed by checkerboard assay and was confirmed by time-inhibition assay. RESULTS: Simeprevir showed significant antimicrobial effects against S. epidermidis type strains and clinical isolates with the MIC and MBC at 2-16 μg/mL and 4-32 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial effects of simeprevir were confirmed by SYTO9/PI staining. Simeprevir at MIC could significantly inhibit and break the biofilm on cover slides. Similarly, simeprevir also significantly inhibit the biofilm formation on the surface of urine catheters either in TSB [from (0.700±0.020) to (0.050±0.004)] (t=54.03, P<0.001), or horse serum [from (1.00±0.02) to (0.13±0.01)] (t=82.78, P<0.001). Synergistic antimicrobial effect was found between simeprevir and gentamycin against S. epidermidis with the fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Simeprevir shows antimicrobial effect and anti-biofilm activities against S. epidermidis.
Humans ; Simeprevir ; Antiviral Agents ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Cross Infection ; Gentamicins