1.Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases: Connective Tissue Disease Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Ju Hyun OH ; Jae Ha LEE ; Sung Jun CHUNG ; Young Seok LEE ; Tae-Hyeong KIM ; Tae-Jung KIM ; Joo Hun PARK ;
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2025;88(2):247-263
Connective tissue disease (CTD), comprising a range of autoimmune disorders, is often accompanied by lung involvement, which can lead to life-threatening complications. The primary types of CTDs that manifest as interstitial lung disease (ILD) include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, mixed CTD, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and systemic lupus erythematosus. CTD-ILD presents a significant challenge in clinical diagnosis and management due to its heterogeneous nature and variable prognosis. Early diagnosis through clinical, serological, and radiographic assessments is crucial for distinguishing CTD-ILD from idiopathic forms and for implementing appropriate therapeutic strategies. Hence, we have reviewed the multiple clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches for each type of CTD-ILD, acknowledging the diversity and complexity of the disease. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing the management of CTD-ILD is emphasized by recent therapeutic advancements, which include immunosuppressive agents, antifibrotic therapies, and newer biological agents targeting specific pathways involved in the pathogenesis. Therapeutic strategies should be customized according to the type of CTD, the extent of lung involvement, and the presence of extrapulmonary manifestations. Additionally, we aimed to provide clinical guidance, including therapeutic recommendations, for the effective management of CTD-ILD, based on patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) analysis.
2.Unraveling distinctions between contrast-enhanced ultrasound and CT/MRI for liver mass diagnosis
Vanessa MURAD ; Hyun-Jung JANG ; Tae Kyoung KIM
Ultrasonography 2025;44(1):19-30
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) offers a distinctive approach to liver mass diagnosis by utilizing intravenous contrast agents for enhanced visualization of vascular structures and tissue characterization. This review highlights the unique advantages of CEUS compared to computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly focusing on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System framework. Key differences include CEUS’s realtime imaging capability, which minimizes arterial phase mistiming and improves detection of hyperenhancing lesions, and its ability to provide detailed washout patterns. Also, CEUS's intravascular nature and lower risk of adverse reactions make it a safer alternative for patients with renal impairment or those contraindicated for CT/MRI.
3.Mortality and Risk Factors for Emphysematous Pyelonephritis in Korea: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Seung-Kwon CHOI ; Jeong Woo LEE ; Seung Il JUNG ; Eu Chang HWANG ; Joongwon CHOI ; Woong Bin KIM ; Jung Sik HUH ; Jin Bong CHOI ; Yeonjoo KIM ; Jae Min CHUNG ; Ju-Hyun SHIN ; Jae Hung JUNG ; Hong CHUNG ; Sangrak BAE ; Tae-Hyoung KIM
Urogenital Tract Infection 2025;20(1):34-41
Purpose:
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a life-threatening disease requiring immediate treatment. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to analyze the mortality rate and risk factors associated with EPN.
Materials and Methods:
Between January 2011 and February 2021, 217 patients diagnosed with EPN via computed tomography who visited 14 teaching hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data, including age, sex, comorbidities, Huang and Tseng classification, hydronephrosis, acute kidney injury, blood and urine tests, surgical interventions, percutaneous drainage, and conservative treatments, were compared between the survival and death groups. Risk factors for mortality due to EPN were analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods.
Results:
The mean age of survivors and deceased patients was 67.8 and 69.0 years, respectively (p=0.136). The sex distribution (male/female) was 48/146 and 8/15, respectively (p=0.298). Of the 217 patients, 23 died, resulting in a mortality rate of 10.6%. In univariate analysis, the Huang and Tseng classification (p=0.004), platelet count (p=0.005), and acute kidney injury (p=0.007) were significantly associated with mortality from EPN. In multivariate analysis, only the Huang and Tseng classification (p=0.029) was identified as a risk factor. Mortality rates according to the Huang and Tseng classification were as follows: class I (5.88%), class II (7.50%), class IIIa (14.28%), class IIIb (25.00%), and class IV (23.07%).
Conclusions
EPN is associated with a high mortality rate. Among various clinical factors, the Huang and Tseng classification was the most significant indicator for predicting mortality.
4.Target-Enhanced Whole-Genome Sequencing Shows Clinical Validity Equivalent to Commercially Available Targeted Oncology Panel
Sangmoon LEE ; Jin ROH ; Jun Sung PARK ; Islam Oguz TUNCAY ; Wonchul LEE ; Jung-Ah KIM ; Brian Baek-Lok OH ; Jong-Yeon SHIN ; Jeong Seok LEE ; Young Seok JU ; Ryul KIM ; Seongyeol PARK ; Jaemo KOO ; Hansol PARK ; Joonoh LIM ; Erin CONNOLLY-STRONG ; Tae-Hwan KIM ; Yong Won CHOI ; Mi Sun AHN ; Hyun Woo LEE ; Seokhwi KIM ; Jang-Hee KIM ; Minsuk KWON
Cancer Research and Treatment 2025;57(2):350-361
Purpose:
Cancer poses a significant global health challenge, demanding precise genomic testing for individualized treatment strategies. Targeted-panel sequencing (TPS) has improved personalized oncology but often lacks comprehensive coverage of crucial cancer alterations. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) addresses this gap, offering extensive genomic testing. This study demonstrates the medical potential of WGS.
Materials and Methods:
This study evaluates target-enhanced WGS (TE-WGS), a clinical-grade WGS method sequencing both cancer and matched normal tissues. Forty-nine patients with various solid cancer types underwent both TE-WGS and TruSight Oncology 500 (TSO500), one of the mainstream TPS approaches.
Results:
TE-WGS detected all variants reported by TSO500 (100%, 498/498). A high correlation in variant allele fractions was observed between TE-WGS and TSO500 (r=0.978). Notably, 223 variants (44.8%) within the common set were discerned exclusively by TE-WGS in peripheral blood, suggesting their germline origin. Conversely, the remaining subset of 275 variants (55.2%) were not detected in peripheral blood using the TE-WGS, signifying them as bona fide somatic variants. Further, TE-WGS provided accurate copy number profiles, fusion genes, microsatellite instability, and homologous recombination deficiency scores, which were essential for clinical decision-making.
Conclusion
TE-WGS is a comprehensive approach in personalized oncology, matching TSO500’s key biomarker detection capabilities. It uniquely identifies germline variants and genomic instability markers, offering additional clinical actions. Its adaptability and cost-effectiveness underscore its clinical utility, making TE-WGS a valuable tool in personalized cancer treatment.
5.Factors Associated with Postoperative Recurrence in Stage I to IIIA Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation: Analysis of Korean National Population Data
Kyu Yean KIM ; Ho Cheol KIM ; Tae Jung KIM ; Hong Kwan KIM ; Mi Hyung MOON ; Kyongmin Sarah BECK ; Yang Gun SUH ; Chang Hoon SONG ; Jin Seok AHN ; Jeong Eun LEE ; Jae Hyun JEON ; Chi Young JUNG ; Jeong Su CHO ; Yoo Duk CHOI ; Seung Sik HWANG ; Chang Min CHOI ; Seung Hun JANG ; Jeong Uk LIM ;
Cancer Research and Treatment 2025;57(1):83-94
Purpose:
Recent development in perioperative treatment of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed the landscape of early lung cancer management. The ADAURA trial has demonstrated the efficacy of adjuvant osimertinib treatment in resectable NSCLC patients; however, studies are required to show which subgroup of patients are at a high risk of relapse and require adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. This study evaluated risk factors for postoperative relapse among patients who underwent complete resection.
Materials and Methods:
Data were obtained from the Korean Association for Lung Cancer Registry (KALC-R), a database created using a retrospective sampling survey by the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and the Lung Cancer Registration Committee.
Results:
A total of 3,176 patients who underwent curative resection was evaluated. The mean observation time was approximately 35.4 months. Among stage I to IIIA NSCLC patients, the EGFR-mutant subgroup included 867 patients, and 75.2%, 11.2%, and 11.8% were classified as stage I, stage II, and stage III, respectively. Within the EGFR-mutant subgroup, 44 (5.1%) and 121 (14.0%) patients showed early and late recurrence, respectively. Multivariate analysis on association with postoperative relapse among the EGFR-mutant subgroup showed that age, pathologic N and TNM stages, pleural invasion status, and surgery type were independent significant factors.
Conclusion
Among the population that underwent complete resection for early NSCLC with EGFR mutation, patients with advanced stage, pleural invasion, or limited resection are more likely to show postoperative relapse.
6.Deep Learning Technology for Classification of Thyroid Nodules Using Multi-View Ultrasound Images: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Clinical Application
Jinyoung KIM ; Min-Hee KIM ; Dong-Jun LIM ; Hankyeol LEE ; Jae Jun LEE ; Hyuk-Sang KWON ; Mee Kyoung KIM ; Ki-Ho SONG ; Tae-Jung KIM ; So Lyung JUNG ; Yong Oh LEE ; Ki-Hyun BAEK
Endocrinology and Metabolism 2025;40(2):216-224
Background:
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of deep learning technology to thyroid ultrasound images for classification of thyroid nodules.
Methods:
This retrospective analysis included ultrasound images of patients with thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration at the thyroid clinic of a single center from April 2010 to September 2012. Thyroid nodules with cytopathologic results of Bethesda category V (suspicious for malignancy) or VI (malignant) were defined as thyroid cancer. Multiple deep learning algorithms based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) —ResNet, DenseNet, and EfficientNet—were utilized, and Siamese neural networks facilitated multi-view analysis of paired transverse and longitudinal ultrasound images.
Results:
Among 1,048 analyzed thyroid nodules from 943 patients, 306 (29%) were identified as thyroid cancer. In a subgroup analysis of transverse and longitudinal images, longitudinal images showed superior prediction ability. Multi-view modeling, based on paired transverse and longitudinal images, significantly improved the model performance; with an accuracy of 0.82 (95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.80 to 0.86) with ResNet50, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88) with DenseNet201, and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.84) with EfficientNetv2_ s. Training with high-resolution images obtained using the latest equipment tended to improve model performance in association with increased sensitivity.
Conclusion
CNN algorithms applied to ultrasound images demonstrated substantial accuracy in thyroid nodule classification, indicating their potential as valuable tools for diagnosing thyroid cancer. However, in real-world clinical settings, it is important to aware that model performance may vary depending on the quality of images acquired by different physicians and imaging devices.
7.Survey of the Actual Practices Used for Endoscopic Removal of Colon Polyps in Korea: A Comparison with the Current Guidelines
Jeongseok KIM ; Tae-Geun GWEON ; Min Seob KWAK ; Su Young KIM ; Seong Jung KIM ; Hyun Gun KIM ; Sung Noh HONG ; Eun Sun KIM ; Chang Mo MOON ; Dae Seong MYUNG ; Dong-Hoon BAEK ; Shin Ju OH ; Hyun Jung LEE ; Ji Young LEE ; Yunho JUNG ; Jaeyoung CHUN ; Dong-Hoon YANG ; Eun Ran KIM ; Intestinal Tumor Research Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases
Gut and Liver 2025;19(1):77-86
Background/Aims:
We investigated the clinical practice patterns of Korean endoscopists for the endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps.
Methods:
From September to November 2021, an online survey was conducted regarding the preferred resection methods for colorectal polyps, and responses were compared with the international guidelines.
Results:
Among 246 respondents, those with <4 years, 4–9 years, and ≥10 years of experiencein colonoscopy practices accounted for 25.6%, 34.1%, and 40.2% of endoscopists, respectively. The most preferred resection methods for non-pedunculated lesions were cold forceps polypectomy for ≤3 mm lesions (81.7%), cold snare polypectomy for 4–5 mm (61.0%) and 6–9 mm (43.5%) lesions, hot endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for 10–19 mm lesions (72.0%), precut EMR for 20–25 mm lesions (22.0%), and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for ≥26 mm lesions (29.3%). Hot EMR was favored for pedunculated lesions with a head size <20 mm and stalk size <10 mm (75.6%) and for those with a head size ≥20 mm or stalk size ≥10 mm (58.5%). For suspected superficial and deep submucosal lesions measuring 10–19 mm and ≥20 mm, ESD (26.0% and 38.6%) and surgery (36.6% and 46.3%) were preferred, respectively. The adherence rate to the guidelines ranged from 11.2% to 96.9%, depending on the size, shape, and histology of the lesions.
Conclusions
Adherence to the guidelines for endoscopic resection techniques varied depend-ing on the characteristics of colorectal polyps. Thus, an individualized approach is required to increase adherence to the guidelines.
8.Measuring Medical Waste from Gastrointestinal Endoscopies in South Korea to Estimate Their Carbon Footprint
Da Hyun JUNG ; Hyun Jung LEE ; Tae Joo JEON ; Young Sin CHO ; Bo Ra KANG ; Nae Sun YOUN ; Jae Myung CHA
Gut and Liver 2025;19(1):43-49
Background/Aims:
Although gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is a major contributor to the carbon footprint of national healthcare, the amount of medical waste generated by GIE procedures is not reported in South Korea. This study aimed to measure the amount of medical waste generated from GIE procedures in South Korea.
Methods:
We conducted a 5-day audit of medical waste generated during GIEs at seven hospitals. During the study period, medical waste in the endoscopy examination rooms was measured twice daily and documented as mass (kg). To calculate the mean mass of disposable waste generated during one esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and one colonoscopy, the mean mass of medical waste generated from seven examinations was calculated. The mean mass of medical waste generated during GIEs was calculated by dividing the total mass of medical waste generated by the number of GIE procedures.
Results:
Overall, 3,922 endoscopies were performed and 4,558 kg of waste was generated. The mean weight of medical waste generated per endoscopy was 1.34 kg. Each EGD and colonoscopy generated a mean of 0.24 kg and 0.43 kg of disposable waste, respectively. Applying the mean waste estimates from this study to annual GIE procedures performed in South Korea in 2022 showed that the total medical waste produced from GIE was 13,704,453 kg. In addition, the total masses of medical waste produced during EGD and colonoscopy procedures were 819,766 kg and 2,889,478 kg, respectively.
Conclusions
Our quantitative measurement showed that a large amount of medical waste is generated from GIE procedures. However, further research is warranted to reduce medical waste generated during GIE, which is an urgent unmet need.
9.Newly designed flared-end covered versus uncovered self-expandable metallic stents for palliation of malignant colorectal obstruction: a randomized, prospective study
Soo Jung PARK ; Yehyun PARK ; Hyun Jung LEE ; Jae Jun PARK ; Jae Hee CHEON ; Won Ho KIM ; Tae Il KIM
Intestinal Research 2025;23(2):202-212
Background/Aims:
Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are widely used as palliative or bridge to surgery treatments in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO). Stent occlusion is more common with uncovered stents, but stent migration is more common with covered stents. Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of a newly designed covered SEMS with an uncovered proximal flared end (CSEMS-UPF) with that of the conventional uncovered SEMS (UCSEMS) in the treatment of MCO.
Methods:
This prospective randomized trial was conducted at a tertiary-care academic hospital. We enrolled 87 patients with stage 4 cancer and MCO: colorectal cancer in 60 patients and extracolonic cancer in 27 patients. Insertion of UCSEMS was randomly assigned to 43 patients, and 44 patients received the CSEMS-UPF. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency after successful placement. The secondary outcomes were the number of patients with technical and clinical success and early and late complications from the stent insertion.
Results:
The median patency of the stent did not differ between the UCSEMS and CSEMS-UPF groups (484 [231–737] days vs. 216 [66–366] days, P= 0.242). The technical and clinical success rates did not differ significantly between the groups, either (100.0% vs. 93.2%, respectively, P= 0.241; 100.0% vs. 92.7%, respectively, P= 0.112), nor did the early (n = 2 [4.7%] vs. n = 4 [9.8%], P> 0.999) or late (n = 12 [27.9%] vs. n = 15 [36.6%], P> 0.999) stent complication rates differ between the groups.
Conclusions
The UCSEMS and newly developed CSEMS-UPF are similarly effective treatments for MCO, with no differences in the stent migration or occlusion rates (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02640781).
10.Impact of HER2-Low Status on Pathologic Complete Response and Survival Outcome Among Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Young Joo LEE ; Tae-Kyung YOO ; Sae Byul LEE ; Il Yong CHUNG ; Hee Jeong KIM ; Beom Seok KO ; Jong Won LEE ; Byung Ho SON ; Sei Hyun AHN ; Hyehyun JEONG ; Jae Ho JUNG ; Jin-Hee AHN ; Kyung Hae JUNG ; Sung-Bae KIM ; Hee Jin LEE ; Gyungyub GONG ; Jisun KIM
Journal of Breast Cancer 2025;28(1):11-22
Purpose:
This study analyzed the pathological complete response (pCR) rates, long-term outcomes, and biological features of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment.
Methods:
This single-center study included 1,667 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 2008 to 2014. Patients were categorized by HER2 status, and their clinicopathological characteristics, chemotherapy responses, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were analyzed.
Results:
Patients with HER2-low tumors were more likely to be older (p = 0.081), have a lower histological grade (p < 0.001), and have hormone receptor (HorR)-positive tumors (p < 0.001). The HER2-positive group exhibited the highest pCR rate (23.3%), followed by the HER2-zero (15.5%) and HER2-low (10.9%) groups. However, the pCR rate did not differ between HER2-low and HER2-zero tumors in the HorR-positive or HorR-negative subgroups.The 5-year RFS rates increased in the following order: HER2-low, HER2-positive, and HER2-zero (80.0%, 77.5%, and 74.5%, respectively) (log-rank test p = 0.017). A significant survival difference between patients with HER2-low and HER2-zero tumors was only identified in HorR-negative tumors (5-year RFS for HER2-low, 74.5% vs. HER2-zero, 66.0%; log-rank test p-value = 0.04). Multivariate survival analysis revealed that achieving a pCR was the most significant factor associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR], 4.279; p < 0.001).Compared with HER2-zero, the HRs for HER2-low and HER2-positive tumors were 0.787 (p = 0.042) and 0.728 (p = 0.005), respectively. After excluding patients who received HER2-targeted therapy, patients with HER2-low tumors exhibited better RFS than those with HER2-zero (HR 0.784, p = 0.04), whereas those with HER2-positive tumors exhibited no significant difference compared with those with HER2-low tumors (HR, 0.975; p = 0.953).
Conclusion
Patients with HER2-low tumors had no significant difference in pCR rate compared to HER2-zero but showed better survival, especially in HorR-negative tumors.Further investigation into biological differences is warranted.

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