This report provides a detailed description of the methodology for ophthalmic examinations according to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII and VIII (from 2017 to 2021). The KNHANES is a nationwide survey which has been performed since 1998 in representatives of whole Korean population. During the KNHANES VII and VIII, in addition to the ophthalmic questionnaire, intraocular pressure measurement, visual field test, auto refractometry, axial length and optical coherence tomography measurements were included. This new survey will provide not only provide normative and pathologic ophthalmic data including intraocular pressure, refractive error, axial length, visual field and precise measurement of anterior segment, macula and optic nerve with optical coherence tomography, but also a more accurate diagnosis for major adult blindness diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other ocular diseases, for the national Korean population.

This report provides a detailed description of the methodology for ophthalmic examinations according to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII and VIII (from 2017 to 2021). The KNHANES is a nationwide survey which has been performed since 1998 in representatives of whole Korean population. During the KNHANES VII and VIII, in addition to the ophthalmic questionnaire, intraocular pressure measurement, visual field test, auto refractometry, axial length and optical coherence tomography measurements were included. This new survey will provide not only provide normative and pathologic ophthalmic data including intraocular pressure, refractive error, axial length, visual field and precise measurement of anterior segment, macula and optic nerve with optical coherence tomography, but also a more accurate diagnosis for major adult blindness diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other ocular diseases, for the national Korean population.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of three-phase CT to characterize the hemodynamics of vascular lesions in the head and neck area. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We analyzed vascular malformations of head and neck regions in 21 patients with the use of three-phase CT, including pre-contrast phase, vascular phase (scan delay: 20-35 seconds after intravenous contrast material injection) and equilibrium phase (scan delay: 3-5 minutes) imaging. The flow characteristic of each lesion was determined and categorized as either a high- or a low-flow lesion according to findings on selective arteriography and/or direct puncture venography. The CT number was acquired from two areas in a vascular lesion, sorted by the enhancement pattern: area 1, a highly enhanced area seen on the vascular phase; area 2, a delayedly enhanced area seen on the equilibrium phase. The CT numbers of each phase were compared between high- and low-flow lesions with use of the unpaired t-test. The flow patterns of high- and low-flow lesions were analyzed by assessment of time-density curves of three phase CT. RESULTS: High-flow lesions were detected in nine patients and low-flow lesions were detected in 12 patients. On the vascular phase, the CT number of areas 1 and 2 of high-flow lesions was significantly higher than for low-flow lesions (p < 0.05). Contrary to early peaks seen in time-density curves of high-flow lesions, low-flow lesions showed a delayed peak. CONCLUSION: Three-phase CT seems to be a valuable non-invasive method to differentiate a high-flow lesion from a low flow lesion of head and neck vascular lesions.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Angiography/methods ; Arteriovenous Malformations/*radiography ; Child ; Female ; Head/*blood supply ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck/*blood supply ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods

Dental infection which has been harmful to human for a long time occurs when the balance of three factors; host, environment and source of infection are broken and occurs especially when the balance of the resistance of the host and the toxin of bacteria are collapsed. Though dental-origin infection causes severe pain, it is commonly localized in gingiva, pulp and the surface of alveolar bone and as the decrease of its prevalence due to the development of antibiotics and the ease of treatment by a simple aids, there are no case that proper caution are made for the infection. Expecially in case of patient with infectious Hansen's disease(leprosy), as they have many other medical diseases, dental disease are mostly passed by. As oromaxillary infection can end up to death, though it is hard to treat a severly progressed myofascial space infection, general understanding about the reason, the pattern of spreading, treatment, prevention of it should be needed to make actual management in the situation of an doubtless developing of infection in patient treatment and situation of suspicious development of early myofascial space infection. Since last 5 years, 36% of the patients were hospitalized due to their dental infection and consistent advertising and treatment resulted in a gradual decrease of it.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Stomatognathic Diseases

Oxidized LDL (OxLDL), a causal factor in atherosclerosis, induces the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp) in a variety of cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CD36, an OxLDL receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in OxLDL-induced Hsp70 expression. Overexpression of dominant-negative forms of CD36 or knockdown of CD36 by siRNA transfection increased OxLDL-induced Hsp70 protein expression in human monocytic U937 cells, suggesting that CD36 signaling inhibits Hsp70 expression. Similar results were obtained by the inhibition of PPAR gamma activity or knockdown of PPAR gamma expression. In contrast, overexpression of CD36, which is induced by treatment of MCF-7 cells with troglitazone, decreased Hsp70 protein expression induced by OxLDL. Interestingly, activation of PPAR gamma through a synthetic ligand, ciglitazone or troglitazone, decreased the expression levels of Hsp70 protein in OxLDL-treated U937 cells. However, major changes in Hsp70 mRNA levels were not observed. Cycloheximide studies demonstrate that troglitazone attenuates Hsp70 translation but not Hsp70 protein stability. PPAR gamma siRNA transfection reversed the inhibitory effects of troglitazone on Hsp70 translation. These results suggest that CD36 signaling may inhibit stress- induced gene expression by suppressing translation via activation of PPAR gamma in monocytes. These findings reveal a new molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR gamma.
Antigens, CD36/*physiology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromans/pharmacology ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*biosynthesis ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology/*physiology ; Monocytes/drug effects/metabolism ; PPAR gamma/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology

Malignant melanoma is a common malignancy that has potential to metastasize to any site. Metastatic disease involving the stomach and liver are difficult clinical problem and presenting symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, and nonspecific epigastric pain. Laboratory results, barium X-ray study, endoscopy, CT, arteriography, and MRI suggest a metastatic malignant melnoma of the stomach and liver. The diagnosis may be confirmed by endoscopic biopsy of the stomach and aspiration needle biopsy of the liver. Metastatic melanoma is generally incurable, with survival in patients with visceral metastases generally <1 year. A case is reported of a metastatic malignant melanoma of the stomach and liver in a 60-year-old male patient, that was discovered 11 years after an enucleation of a choroidal melanoma of the right eye.
Angiography ; Barium ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Needle ; Choroid ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Liver* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Melanoma* ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach* ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVE: The study shows that the DFS is a questionnaire that almost effortlessly can be completed within 60-90 seconds during any moment of labor and delivery. The aim of the present study was to test the validity and reliability of the DFS, to identify its factor structure in Korea. METHODS: Review of the medical records from the department of obstetrics and gynecology from January to April 2005, a confirmed 51 patients with the diagnosis of singleton pregnancy without medical or obstetrical complications, being in 37-42 weeks. 22 primiparous and 29 multiparous women answered the Delivery Fear Scale (DFS) once during active labor, and the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) after delivery. Reliability test to calculate Chronbach alpha and validity test to measure correlation between DFS and STAI was done. Then factor analysis was applied with the method of principal component analysis and varimax rotation. RESULTS: Korean version of DFS proved to be a reliable and valid scale statistically: Cronbach's alpha was 0.7182 in study. CONCLUSION: Women's psychological experiences during the actual process of labor and delivery are essential part of obstetrical care. Nevertheless, studies examining psychological variables concerning childbirth, are mostly performed before or after labor. The DFS measures fear during labor and delivery in an effortless and fast away. The development of the Korean version of DFS which is reliable and valid, and consists of three sub-factors may facilitate future research in the field.
Anxiety ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Obstetrics ; Parturition* ; Pregnancy ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaire ; Reproducibility of Results

Placental abnormality is the important predisposing cause of intrauterine growth retardation. Massive subchorionic hematoma is defined as a large size of maternal blood clot that separates the chorionic plate from the villous chorion and can result in serious obstetrical complications. We report a case of massive subchorionic hematoma diagnosed prenatally, and propose an additional peculiar finding detectable on both the ultrasound and magnetic resonance images: a large hematoma in the subchorionic region at 17 weeks gestation. At 18 weeks 2 days gestation, the fetus was miscarried. The clinical and pathological findings were compatible with massive subchorionic hematoma. Recurrent massive subchorionic hematoma without thrombophilic finding was observed at the next pregnancy in 17 weeks 5 days by ultrasound. The patient was managed conservatively and had successful outcome at term. So we report the case with the brief review of literatures.
Chorion ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Fetus ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care (POC) testing is expanding because of the many advantages, such as faster turnaround time, immediate decision making and patient management. However, POC testing has problems; poor maintenance and quality control of devices and management of test results. We installed data management system (DMS) for POC blood gas analyzers using local area network for the resolution of those problems. METHODS: We connected nine POC blood gas analyzers Rapidpoint 400 (Bayer Diagnostics Ltd., Newbury, UK) to POC data manager Rapidlink (Bayer Diagnostics Ltd.) by device interface using local area network and developed in-house program for connecting POC data manager to laboratory information system (LIS)/hospital information system (HIS). We surveyed user acceptability and reliability of test results. We examined patterns of problems detected and solved in operating DMS based on quality records. We calculated the change of the yearly test numbers of arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) after installation of DMS. RESULTS: Test results of POC blood gas analyzers were transferred to LIS and could be checked in HIS. By means of user survey, we judged that the users of POC blood gas analyzers operated the devices with ease and thought test results reliable. POC data manager server implemented in central laboratory enabled remote maintenance and quality control of devices with little workload. POC ABGA test number increased by 3.7 fold during the two years. CONCLUSIONS: We developed DMS for POC blood gas analyzers, enabling test result retrieval and remote maintenance and quality control of devices. This is very informative study for other hospitals installing DMS for POC testing in Korea.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Clinical Laboratory Information Systems ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Information Systems ; Korea ; Local Area Networks* ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify retrospectively the different computed tomography markers and sonography in a series of surgically and pathologically proven cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses in order to achieve correct preoperative diagnosis of this life-threatening condition. METHODS: A review of the medical and pathological records from the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Catholic University Medical College from January 1993 to January 2003 confirmed 79 patients with the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess. Patient were divided into two groups. From this group 15 patients who underwent CT prior to therapy were identified, and the medical records, pathologic reports and CT of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and correlated. RESULTS: All 79 patients underwent operative surgery and were confirmed tubo-ovarian abscess. CT findings of tubo-ovarian abscess present in our patients were (a) a thick-walled fluid-density mass in an adnexal location, (b) septation or partial septation within the mass, (c) indistinct borders with the uterus and adjacent bowel loops, (d) anterior displacement of the mesosalpinx, indicating a probable adnexal origin, and (e) bilateral or unilateral hydronephrosis with hydroureter. CONCLUSION: Tubo-ovarian abscess must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic unilateral or bilateral pelvic masses identified on CT. CT usually plays a secondary role in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess but can be valuable in difficult cases. Lack of a typical clinical presentation should not dissuade the radiologist from suggesting this diagnosis; indeed, the atypical presentation may be the reason why the patient is being evaluated initially with CT rather than with ultrasound.
Abscess* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Medical Records ; Obstetrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Uterus