Subglottic stenosis (SGS) and tracheal stenosis (TS) are rare conditions that can cause significant breathing difficulties and, if not properly managed, may lead to life-threatening complications. Despite their clinical importance, debate continues regarding the optimal management of adult SGS and TS, and no comprehensive guidelines have been established to date. The Korean Bronchoesophagological Society appointed a task force to develop clinical practice guidelines with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for managing SGS and TS in adults. The task force conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using predefined search terms aligned with key clinical questions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, which also informed the formulation and reporting of the recommendations. The strength of each recommendation reflects the guideline panel’s confidence that the benefits of an intervention outweigh its risks for eligible patients. After drafting the guidelines, feedback was obtained through Delphi questionnaires completed by members of the Korean Bronchoesophagological Society. Ultimately, the committee developed 17 evidence-based recommendations across four categories: initial evaluation, medical management, surgical treatment, and postoperative management and rehabilitation. These guidelines aim to support clinicians in delivering optimal care to adult patients with SGS and TS.

This case report describes the use of CAD-based digital tooth arrangement to overcome the limitations of conventional methods in a patient with a maxillary arch wider than the average Korean morphology. In such wide arches, average-based tooth arrangement often restricts the ability to adjust the occlusal plane and cusp positions, thereby limiting functional and esthetic reproduction.In this case, virtual tooth arrangement and occlusal analysis were performed using CAD software, and a putty index was fabricated on a 3D-printed reference model to guide the final arrangement. The fabricated maxillary cast metal complete denture and mandibular distal extension removable partial denture successfully achieved bilateral balanced occlusion, and the patient reported high satisfaction in both functional and esthetic aspects. This case highlights the clinical utility of digital tooth arrangement in atypically wide arches and suggests that CAD-assisted workflows can enhance accuracy and reproducibility in clinical prosthodontics.

With the advancement of digital technology, the clinical application of CAD-CAM systems in dentistry has been expanding. CAD-CAM technology is now being utilized not only for fixed dental prostheses but also in the fabrication of removable dentures. However, its use in removable partial dentures has primarily focused on fabricating metal frameworks, with insufficient research on intraoral fitness and long-term prognosis. Recently, CAD-CAM technology has enabled the fabrication of customized artificial teeth, offering several advantages such as the establishment of precise occlusal relationships, reduced laboratory time, and ease of reproduction. This case reports on a patient who presented with discomfort due to mobility of the mandibular anterior teeth and multiple missing posterior teeth. Given the patient’s economic and systemic conditions, fabrication of a mandibular removable partial denture was chosen as the treatment option.Clinical examination revealed occlusal wear and supraeruption in the maxillary dentition, resulting in an uneven occlusal plane. To achieve a more precise occlusal relationship and accurate tooth arrangement, customized artificial teeth were fabricated using CAD-CAM technology. Despite the uneven and non-ideal occlusal plane, a removable partial denture incorporating these CAD-CAM customized artificial teeth was successfully delivered, resulting in satisfactory functional and esthetic outcomes.

The integration of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral scanner (IOS) data through superimposition enables comprehensive evaluation of hard and soft tissue anatomy. While this technique has demonstrated clinical efficacy for implant and orthognathic surgery planning, its implementation in prosthetic treatment design and diagnosis remains limited. Through precise registration of CBCT and IOS data sets, clinicians can quantitatively assess alveolar bone dimensions, interproximal bone levels, and soft tissue biotype. This information enables establishment of patient-specific design criteria for prosthetic contours and interproximal contact areas. Additionally, this integrated approach facilitates evaluation of midline discrepancies, jaw asymmetries, and available restorative space for long-span fixed dental prostheses. Furthermore, the immediate gingival displacement that occurs following removal of the provisional prostheses necessitates standardized protocols for precise transfer of the subgingival emergence profile established by provisional prostheses to definitive prostheses. This clinical report describes CBCT-IOS superimposition-based digital analysis for anterior esthetic restorations, with successful transfer of subgingival emergence profile from the provisional to the definitive prostheses.

This case report describes a customized PEEK healing abutment fabricated using CAD-CAM technology to ensure the aesthetics of an anterior implant prosthesis.A 3-dimensional surgical guide was designed and printed to plan the ideal placement of implant, and the healing abutment was designed by CAD software to ensure the appropriate peri-gingival tissue at that location. The CAD-CAM Ti-base PEEK abutment was tightened right after the installation of implant fixture. After approximately 2 ‒ 3 months of observation, soft tissue healing and implant fixture stability were confirmed. The intraoral scanning before removing a healing abutment, after removing it which is for sub-gingival tissue, and with scan body were performed separately for the final prosthesis and all scan files were superimposed to design and fabricate the final prosthesis to ensure both aesthetic and functional performance. The final prosthesis fit comfortably without compressing the surrounding soft tissue, and the patient was functionally and esthetically satisfied with the outcome.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a reliable and valid Mixed State Severity Index (MSSI) to assess mood instability in patients with mood disorders and determine cutoff scores. Methods: Twenty-one items were selected based on Koukopoulos’ criteria for mixed depressive episode, historically referred to as agitated depression, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision mixed features criteria. The MSSI was administered to 242 patients (major depressive disorder [n=92], bipolar disorder [BD] I [n=78], and BD II [n=72]) and 726 controls. Results: The MSSI demonstrated high internal consistency (α=0.78–0.90). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a stable four-factor structure. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, optimal cutoff scores were identified to distinguish mood disorder groups from controls, ranging from 19.5 to 27.5 depending on diagnosis. Conclusion The MSSI is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the severity of mixed features in patients with mood disorders. The established cutoff scores enhance its clinical utility, providing robust diagnosis and treatment planning support.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate a new method for the five times sit to stand test (FTSST), crucial for addressing frailty in an aging population. It utilizes a smart insole for plantar pressure analysis and a marker-less motion capture device for head height analysis. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five participants aged 50 years or older underwent FTSST assessment using three methods: manual measurement with a stopwatch (FTSST-M), plantar pressure analysis with smart insoles (FTSST-P), and head height analysis with a marker-less motion capture device (FTSST-H). Simultaneous measurements using three methods were done. Correlation between results of these methods were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and κ coefficient. Comprehensive clinical examinations were conducted with ethical approval. Results: Participants’ mean scores for FTSST-M, FTSST-P, and FTSST-H were 2.43±1.20, 2.43±1.29, and 2.37±1.31, respectively. Correlations of the times and corresponding scores between FTSST-P and FTSST-M, as well as FTSST-H and FTSST-M, exceeded 0.9 (ICC and κ coefficients, p<0.001). Using an FTSST score of 3 or less to indicate vulnerability, the κ value for vulnerability classification between two measurements was 0.886 (p<0.001). Conclusion This study showed strong correlation between FTSST results using smart insoles and marker-less motion capture, compared to conventional methods. These findings highlight the potential of these technologies for precise FTSST measurements, offering convenience and cost-effectiveness. Simultaneous use of these devices enables diverse analyses, enhancing our understanding of frailty.

Background: There are few safe effective ways to relieve osteoarthritis (OA) pain; as a result, off-label psychotropic drug prescriptions have increased worldwide. This study examined the change in psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients with OA from 2011 to 2020 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service dataset. Methods: The study population consisted of patients with hip or knee OA aged ≥ 65 years.Psychotropic drugs included opioids, benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z-drugs), anti-epileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and anxiolytics. The prevalence and long-term (> 3 months) prescription rates of psychotropic drugs in OA patients were calculated. Results: The study included 1,821,158 patients with OA (mean age 71.7 years; 65.32% female).Of the cohort, 49% had comorbidities for which psychotropics were indicated. The prevalence of psychotropic prescriptions decreased from 58.2% to 52.0% in 2018 and then leveled off.The long-term prescription rate remained constant until 2018 and then increased slightly.The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were opioids and long- and short-acting benzodiazepines. The prescription rates of opioids and long-acting benzodiazepines decreased from 2011 to 2020. For those with psychiatric co-morbidities, the prescription rates of anti-epileptics and SNRIs increased, while the prescription rates of anti-epileptics, SSRIs, other antidepressants, and atypical psychotropics increased for those without such co-morbidities. The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were diazepam and alprazolam, excluding tramadol and tramadol–acetaminophen combination. For those with psychiatric co-morbidities, the prescription rates of gabapentin and fentanyl increased, while for those without such co-morbidities, the prescription rates of lorazepam, fentanyl, escitalopram and quetiapine increased. Conclusion A significant number of older Korean patients with OA were prescribed psychotropic drugs in the absence of comorbidities requiring such drugs, including drugs that have little effect on OA and unfavorable safety profiles in older adults.

Background: There are few safe effective ways to relieve osteoarthritis (OA) pain; as a result, off-label psychotropic drug prescriptions have increased worldwide. This study examined the change in psychotropic drug prescriptions for patients with OA from 2011 to 2020 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service dataset. Methods: The study population consisted of patients with hip or knee OA aged ≥ 65 years.Psychotropic drugs included opioids, benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (Z-drugs), anti-epileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and anxiolytics. The prevalence and long-term (> 3 months) prescription rates of psychotropic drugs in OA patients were calculated. Results: The study included 1,821,158 patients with OA (mean age 71.7 years; 65.32% female).Of the cohort, 49% had comorbidities for which psychotropics were indicated. The prevalence of psychotropic prescriptions decreased from 58.2% to 52.0% in 2018 and then leveled off.The long-term prescription rate remained constant until 2018 and then increased slightly.The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were opioids and long- and short-acting benzodiazepines. The prescription rates of opioids and long-acting benzodiazepines decreased from 2011 to 2020. For those with psychiatric co-morbidities, the prescription rates of anti-epileptics and SNRIs increased, while the prescription rates of anti-epileptics, SSRIs, other antidepressants, and atypical psychotropics increased for those without such co-morbidities. The most commonly prescribed psychotropics were diazepam and alprazolam, excluding tramadol and tramadol–acetaminophen combination. For those with psychiatric co-morbidities, the prescription rates of gabapentin and fentanyl increased, while for those without such co-morbidities, the prescription rates of lorazepam, fentanyl, escitalopram and quetiapine increased. Conclusion A significant number of older Korean patients with OA were prescribed psychotropic drugs in the absence of comorbidities requiring such drugs, including drugs that have little effect on OA and unfavorable safety profiles in older adults.