No abstract available.
Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Stroke, Lacunar

We aimed to analyze characteristics of encephalopathy after both hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ pediatric transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 662 pediatric transplant recipients (201 with liver transplantation [LT], 55 with heart transplantation [HT], and 67 with kidney transplantation [KT], 339 with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]) who received their graft organs at Asan Medical Center between January 2000 and July 2014. Of the 662 patients, 50 (7.6%) experienced encephalopathy after transplantation. The incidence of encephalopathy was significantly different according to the type of organ transplant: LT, 16/201 (8.0%), HT, 13/55 (23.6%), KT, 5/67 (7.5%), and HSCT, 16/339 (4.7%) (P < 0.001). Drug-induced encephalopathy (n = 14) was the most common encephalopathy for all transplant types, but particularly after HSCT. Hypertensive encephalopathy was the most common after KT and HT, whereas metabolic encephalopathy was the most common after LT. The median time to encephalopathy onset also differed according to the transplant type: 5 days after KT (range 0–491 days), 10 days after HT (1–296 days), 49.5 days after HSCT (9–1,405 days), and 39 days after LT (1–1,092 days) (P = 0.018). The mortality rate among patients with encephalopathy was 42.0% (n = 21/50). Only 5 patients died of neurologic complications. Transplant-associated encephalopathy presented different characteristics according to the type of transplant. Specialized diagnostic approach for neurologic complications specific to the type of transplant may improve survival and quality of life in children after transplantation.
Brain Diseases* ; Brain Diseases, Metabolic ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Heart ; Heart Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Liver ; Liver Transplantation ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplant Recipients ; Transplantation ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Brain Diseases* ; Brain Stem* ; Humans ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Stroke, Lacunar*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics of hypertensive encephalopathy according to the underlying etiologies in children. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 33 pediatric patients who were diagnosed as having hypertensive encephalopathy in Chonbuk National University Children's Hospital. Among the patients, 18 were excluded because of incomplete data or because brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was not performed. Finally, 17 patients were enrolled and divided into a renal-origin hypertension group and a non-renal-origin hypertension group according to the underlying cause. We compared the clinical features and brain MRI findings between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The renal group included renal artery stenosis (4), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (2), lupus nephritis (2), and acute renal failure (1); the nonrenal group included essential hypertension (4), pheochromocytoma (2), thyrotoxicosis (1), and acute promyelocytic leukemia (1). The mean systolic blood pressure of the renal group (172.5±36.9 mmHg) was higher than that of the nonrenal group (137.1±11.1 mmHg, P<0.05). Seizure was the most common neurologic symptom, especially in the renal group (P<0.05). Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which is the most typical finding of hypertensive encephalopathy, was found predominantly in the renal group as compared with the nonrenal group (66.6% vs. 12.5%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the patients with renal-origin hypertension had a more severe clinical course than those with non-renal-origin hypertension. Furthermore, the renal-origin group was highly associated with PRES on brain MRI.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Blood Pressure ; Brain ; Brain Diseases ; Child ; Glomerulonephritis ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy* ; Jeollabuk-do ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; Lupus Nephritis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pheochromocytoma ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Thyrotoxicosis

No abstract available.
Hypertensive Encephalopathy*

Hypertensive brainstem encephalopathy is a rare variant of hypertensive encephalopathy. A 54-year-old female with chronic kidney disease visited our hospital because of comatose mentality. Her blood pressure was 256/206 mmHg. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal vasogenic edema in the brainstem, cerebellum, and bilateral cerebral cortical, subcortical, and deep nuclear areas. Her symptoms and radiological lesions improved when the blood pressure was decreased. This case demonstrates that these extensive lesions can be associated with an acute hypertensive crisis.
Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem* ; Cerebellum ; Coma ; Edema ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Hypertensive encephalopathy and basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are a medical emergency caused by a sudden elevation of systemic blood pressure. Although the relationship between hypertensive encephalopathy and large ICH has not been clarified yet, Cushing reflex in acute elevations of ICP due to large ICH may induce or aggravate hypertensive encephalopathy. We report a rare case of isolated hypertensive brainstem encephalopathy combined with hypertensive ICH.
Basal Ganglia ; Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Emergencies ; Hypertension ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Reflex

Presented here is a 36-year-old male with arterial hypertension who developed brainstem edema and intracranial hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance scan revealed diffuse brainstem hyperintensity in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images, with an increase in apparent diffusion coefficient values. After a reduction in blood pressure, rapid resolution of the brainstem edema was observed on follow-up. The patient's condition was thus interpreted as hypertensive brainstem encephalopathy. While many consider this a vasogenic phenomenon, induced by sudden, severe hypertension, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Prompt recognition and aggressive antihypertensive treatment in such patients are essential to prevent permanent or life-threatening neurologic injury.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem ; Diffusion ; Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Magnetics ; Magnets ; Male

Pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of hypertension in children. Hypertension is one of the common reasons of posterior reversible encephalopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage is a serious and unexpected complication of hypertensive encephalopathy due to pheochromocytoma, and very rarely seen in the childhood. Intracerebral hemorrhages should be searched if there are hypertensive reversible signal changes on the brain. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is a more sensitive method than conventional MRI when demonstrating cerebral microhemorrhagic foci. This is the first report of SWI findings on intracerebral hemorrhages in basal ganglia, brain stem and periventricular white matter due to hypertensive encephalopathy in a child with pheochromocytoma.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/*complications/diagnosis ; Brain/*pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy/*diagnosis/etiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Pheochromocytoma/*complications/diagnosis

Hypertensive brainstem encephalopathy (HBE) is a variant of hypertensive encephalopathy characterized by brainstem and cerebellar involvement. Simultaneous supratentorial involvement in HBE is rarely reported as a vasogenic edema in subcortex and/or periventricular white matter. A 36-year-old woman visited hospital due to headache lasting 7 days before admission. Initial blood pressure was 270/170mmHg. T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal high signal intensity lesions in upper medulla, pons, midbrain and cerebellar hemisphere. Especially, atypical periventricular lesions were shown as perpendicular fingers to the lateral ventricle like multiple sclerosis. Her clinical symptoms and radiological lesions were subsided with lowering blood pressure. We herein report a HBE with unusual supratentorial involvement mimicking multiple sclerosis.
Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem ; Edema ; Female ; Fingers ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy ; Lateral Ventricles ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Pons ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome