Objective: To investigate the effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine treatment on motor coordination in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In this single-site, open-label, naturalistic follow-up study, 157 children (7.6±1.4 years; 139 males) with ADHD were recruited between March 2015 and May 2020 from the Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, and treated for 12 weeks with methylphenidate (n=48) or atomoxetine (n=109). Children completed the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), and caregivers completed the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS) questionnaire and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) at baseline and at 12 weeks. Paired t-tests, a mixed-effects model, and linear regression were used to compare treatment groups and assess factors influencing motor coordination changes. Results: Methylphenidate and atomoxetine resulted in significant improvement in DCDQ fine motor/handwriting, general coordination, and total scores over 12 weeks. Fine motor/handwriting had a significant main effect for time (F1=16.64, p<0.001, η2=0.097); however, the interaction effect between group and time was not significant (F1=0.24, p=0.625, η2=0.002). Changes in parent-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.174, p=0.029) and auditory commission errors of ATA (β=0.191, p=0.022) were significantly associated with changes in fine motor/handwriting. Additionally, changes in parent-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.177, p=0.034) and rater-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.198, p=0.017) were significant predictors of improvements in general coordination in separate models. Conclusion Methylphenidate and atomoxetine had a positive effect on motor coordination in children with ADHD. Improvement in motor coordination was associated with ADHD symptom improvement.

With the increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in organizations and institutions, academic societies in gastroenterology and hepatology are beginning to take actionable steps toward achieving DEI. The successful implementation of DEI initiatives leads to excellence in the field, improved patient outcomes, particularly in areas where health disparities are prevalent, and advances in the gastrointestinal discipline. Such implementation also results in a workforce that better reflects the growing diversity of the population. This review defines DEI and introduces the DEI policies and strategies adopted by the academic societies of gastroenterology in other countries. This paper proposes strategies to integrate DEI better into the Korean Society of Gastroenterology, emphasizing the importance of embedding DEI into the culture and strategic framework. The key strategies include establishing a DEI committee, setting clear targets, and conducting formal assessments to measure DEI progress. This study focused on enhancing workforce diversity, particularly among women and young doctors, and advocates for the need to support their academic development through male allyship and the promotion of equitable and inclusive academic cultures.

Background: This study evaluated adherence to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and Korean guidelines in the prescription patterns of respiratory specialists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. Methods: Data were collected on medications from 2011 to 2022 using the Korea COPD Subtype Study (KOCOSS) cohort. Patients were divided into two groups: those registered before and after 2019, and we analyzed the percentage of patients meeting the recommended treatment criteria established by each guideline. Results: Among 3,477 patients, 85.6% received pharmacological therapy, and 81.6% utilized inhaled medications. Compared to patients enrolled before 2019, there was an increase in inhaler prescriptions among those registered after 2019 (79.7% vs. 86.7%), with dual bronchodilators being the predominant therapy prescribed. Of the patients receiving treatment, 56.9% adhered to the Korean 2018 guideline. Compliance with the GOLD 2019 and GOLD 2023 guidelines was observed in 31.3% and 28.0% of cases, respectively. When analyzing inhaler prescription patterns according to both subgroups and considering the Korean 2018, GOLD 2019, and GOLD 2023 guidelines concurrently, the adherence rates were as follows: (56.6%, 37.8%, 24.0%) and (57.7%, 14.0%, 38.6%). Conclusion Adherence rates were higher for the Korean guideline compared to the GOLD recommendations. Furthermore, alignment with both the Korean 2018 and GOLD 2023 guidelines increased among patients enrolled after 2019, compared to those registered earlier. These findings suggest that physicians are modifying their therapeutic strategies to align with both domestic and recent international guidelines.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease that culminates in respiratory failure and death due to irreversible scarring of the distal lung. While initially considered a chronic inflammatory disorder, the aberrant function of the alveolar epithelium is now acknowledged as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of IPF. This study aimed to investigate the regenerative capacity of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells using IPF-derived alveolar organoids and to examine the effects of disease progression on this capacity. Methods: Lung tissues from three pneumothorax patients and six IPF patients (early and advanced stages) were obtained through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and lung transplantation. HTII-280+ cells were isolated from CD31-CD45-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+ cells in the distal lungs of IPF and pneumothorax patients using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and resuspended in 48-well plates to establish IPF-derived alveolar organoids. Immunostaining was used to verify the presence of AT2 cells. Results: FACS sorting yielded approximately 1% of AT2 cells in early IPF tissue, and the number decreased as the disease progressed, in contrast to 2.7% in pneumothorax. Additionally, the cultured organoids in the IPF groups were smaller and less numerous compared to those from pneumothorax patients. The colony forming efficiency decreased as the disease advanced. Immunostaining results showed that the IPF organoids expressed less surfactant protein C (SFTPC) compared to the pneumothorax group and contained keratin 5+ (KRT5+) cells. Conclusion This study confirmed that the regenerative capacity of AT2 cells in IPF decreases as the disease progresses, with IPF-derived AT2 cells inherently exhibiting functional abnormalities and altered differentiation plasticity.

RESULTS: Resveratrol significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in aging hearts. In addition, resveratrol significantly ameliorated aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., decreased oxygen respiration and increased hydrogen peroxide emission) and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling (the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening sensitivity, and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels).Resveratrol also significantly attenuated aging-induced apoptosis (determined via cleaved caspase-3 staining and TUNEL-positive myonuclei) in cardiac muscles. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that resveratrol treatment has a beneficial effect on aging-induced cardiac remodeling by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the heart.

Objective: To investigate the effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine treatment on motor coordination in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In this single-site, open-label, naturalistic follow-up study, 157 children (7.6±1.4 years; 139 males) with ADHD were recruited between March 2015 and May 2020 from the Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, and treated for 12 weeks with methylphenidate (n=48) or atomoxetine (n=109). Children completed the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), and caregivers completed the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS) questionnaire and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) at baseline and at 12 weeks. Paired t-tests, a mixed-effects model, and linear regression were used to compare treatment groups and assess factors influencing motor coordination changes. Results: Methylphenidate and atomoxetine resulted in significant improvement in DCDQ fine motor/handwriting, general coordination, and total scores over 12 weeks. Fine motor/handwriting had a significant main effect for time (F1=16.64, p<0.001, η2=0.097); however, the interaction effect between group and time was not significant (F1=0.24, p=0.625, η2=0.002). Changes in parent-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.174, p=0.029) and auditory commission errors of ATA (β=0.191, p=0.022) were significantly associated with changes in fine motor/handwriting. Additionally, changes in parent-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.177, p=0.034) and rater-reported ARS inattention scores (β=-0.198, p=0.017) were significant predictors of improvements in general coordination in separate models. Conclusion Methylphenidate and atomoxetine had a positive effect on motor coordination in children with ADHD. Improvement in motor coordination was associated with ADHD symptom improvement.

With the increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in organizations and institutions, academic societies in gastroenterology and hepatology are beginning to take actionable steps toward achieving DEI. The successful implementation of DEI initiatives leads to excellence in the field, improved patient outcomes, particularly in areas where health disparities are prevalent, and advances in the gastrointestinal discipline. Such implementation also results in a workforce that better reflects the growing diversity of the population. This review defines DEI and introduces the DEI policies and strategies adopted by the academic societies of gastroenterology in other countries. This paper proposes strategies to integrate DEI better into the Korean Society of Gastroenterology, emphasizing the importance of embedding DEI into the culture and strategic framework. The key strategies include establishing a DEI committee, setting clear targets, and conducting formal assessments to measure DEI progress. This study focused on enhancing workforce diversity, particularly among women and young doctors, and advocates for the need to support their academic development through male allyship and the promotion of equitable and inclusive academic cultures.

Background: This study evaluated adherence to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and Korean guidelines in the prescription patterns of respiratory specialists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. Methods: Data were collected on medications from 2011 to 2022 using the Korea COPD Subtype Study (KOCOSS) cohort. Patients were divided into two groups: those registered before and after 2019, and we analyzed the percentage of patients meeting the recommended treatment criteria established by each guideline. Results: Among 3,477 patients, 85.6% received pharmacological therapy, and 81.6% utilized inhaled medications. Compared to patients enrolled before 2019, there was an increase in inhaler prescriptions among those registered after 2019 (79.7% vs. 86.7%), with dual bronchodilators being the predominant therapy prescribed. Of the patients receiving treatment, 56.9% adhered to the Korean 2018 guideline. Compliance with the GOLD 2019 and GOLD 2023 guidelines was observed in 31.3% and 28.0% of cases, respectively. When analyzing inhaler prescription patterns according to both subgroups and considering the Korean 2018, GOLD 2019, and GOLD 2023 guidelines concurrently, the adherence rates were as follows: (56.6%, 37.8%, 24.0%) and (57.7%, 14.0%, 38.6%). Conclusion Adherence rates were higher for the Korean guideline compared to the GOLD recommendations. Furthermore, alignment with both the Korean 2018 and GOLD 2023 guidelines increased among patients enrolled after 2019, compared to those registered earlier. These findings suggest that physicians are modifying their therapeutic strategies to align with both domestic and recent international guidelines.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease that culminates in respiratory failure and death due to irreversible scarring of the distal lung. While initially considered a chronic inflammatory disorder, the aberrant function of the alveolar epithelium is now acknowledged as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of IPF. This study aimed to investigate the regenerative capacity of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells using IPF-derived alveolar organoids and to examine the effects of disease progression on this capacity. Methods: Lung tissues from three pneumothorax patients and six IPF patients (early and advanced stages) were obtained through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and lung transplantation. HTII-280+ cells were isolated from CD31-CD45-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+ cells in the distal lungs of IPF and pneumothorax patients using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and resuspended in 48-well plates to establish IPF-derived alveolar organoids. Immunostaining was used to verify the presence of AT2 cells. Results: FACS sorting yielded approximately 1% of AT2 cells in early IPF tissue, and the number decreased as the disease progressed, in contrast to 2.7% in pneumothorax. Additionally, the cultured organoids in the IPF groups were smaller and less numerous compared to those from pneumothorax patients. The colony forming efficiency decreased as the disease advanced. Immunostaining results showed that the IPF organoids expressed less surfactant protein C (SFTPC) compared to the pneumothorax group and contained keratin 5+ (KRT5+) cells. Conclusion This study confirmed that the regenerative capacity of AT2 cells in IPF decreases as the disease progresses, with IPF-derived AT2 cells inherently exhibiting functional abnormalities and altered differentiation plasticity.