Background: Canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) is the most common cancer in aged female dogs. Although it's important to identify reliable metastasis or prognostic factors by evaluating related to cell division, adhesion, and cancer stem cell-related transcription factor (TF) in metastasis-induced canine MGT, but there are limited studies. Objectives: We aimed to identify metastasis prognostic factors and cancer stem cell-TFs in canine MGTs. Methods: Age-matched female dogs diagnosed with MGT only were classified into metastatic and non-metastatic groups by histopathological staining of MGT tissues. The mRNA levels of cancer prognostic metastasis molecular factors (E-cadherin, ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, HPRT1, RPL4 and hnRNP H ) and cancer stem cell-related TFs (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog ) were compared between metastatic and non-metastatic canine MGT tissues using qRT-PCR analysis. Results: The mRNA levels of ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog in metastatic MGT group were significantly higher than those in non-metastatic MGT group. However, mRNA level of RPL4 was significantly lower in metastatic MGT group. Loss of E-cadherin and HPRT1 was observed in the metastatic MGT group but it was not significant. Conclusions Consistent expression patterns of all metastasis-related factors showing elevation in ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, but decreases in RPL4 levels occurred in canine MGT tissues, which was associated with metastasis. Thus, these cancer prognostic metastasis factors and TFs of cancer stem cells, except for E-cadherin and HPRT1 , can be used as reliable metastasis factors for canine MGT and therapeutic strategy.

Background: Canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) is the most common cancer in aged female dogs. Although it's important to identify reliable metastasis or prognostic factors by evaluating related to cell division, adhesion, and cancer stem cell-related transcription factor (TF) in metastasis-induced canine MGT, but there are limited studies. Objectives: We aimed to identify metastasis prognostic factors and cancer stem cell-TFs in canine MGTs. Methods: Age-matched female dogs diagnosed with MGT only were classified into metastatic and non-metastatic groups by histopathological staining of MGT tissues. The mRNA levels of cancer prognostic metastasis molecular factors (E-cadherin, ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, HPRT1, RPL4 and hnRNP H ) and cancer stem cell-related TFs (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog ) were compared between metastatic and non-metastatic canine MGT tissues using qRT-PCR analysis. Results: The mRNA levels of ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog in metastatic MGT group were significantly higher than those in non-metastatic MGT group. However, mRNA level of RPL4 was significantly lower in metastatic MGT group. Loss of E-cadherin and HPRT1 was observed in the metastatic MGT group but it was not significant. Conclusions Consistent expression patterns of all metastasis-related factors showing elevation in ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, but decreases in RPL4 levels occurred in canine MGT tissues, which was associated with metastasis. Thus, these cancer prognostic metastasis factors and TFs of cancer stem cells, except for E-cadherin and HPRT1 , can be used as reliable metastasis factors for canine MGT and therapeutic strategy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze the capacity of three demographic variables - age, sex, and formal education level - as well as disease duration to explain variation in 7 Core Data Set variables and 4 indices used to assess rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in a cohort of Korean patients seen in usual care. METHODS: All RA Core Data Set measures were collected in usual care of 397 RA patients, including tender/swollen joint counts (TJC, SJC) 28, physician global estimate of status, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire to assess physical function, pain, and patient global estimate of status (PATGL). Four indices were computed: disease activity score with 28 joint count (DAS28), simplified disease activity index (SDAI), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), and routine assessment of patient index data 3 (RAPID3). Descriptive statistics and multivariate generalized linear models were used in data analysis. RESULTS: Patients with lower education had higher scores, indicating greater severity, for all 7 Core Data Set measures and 4 indices (significant for TJC, function, pain, PATGL, DAS28, SDAI, CDAI, RAPID3). In a series of regressions that included age, sex, disease duration, and education, formal education level was the only significant variable to explain variation in TJC, pain, PATGL, physician global estimate of status (DOCGL), DAS28, SDAI, CDAI, and RAPID3. CONCLUSION: Significant associations with education were found in Korean RA patients according to most RA Core Data Set measures and 4 indices. Education was more likely than age, sex, or disease duration to explain variation in most measures and indices.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Blood Sedimentation ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cohort Studies ; Dataset ; Education* ; Humans ; Joints ; Linear Models ; Social Class ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of stereotaxic breast core biopsy using a prone table system, and theeffects of operator experience, lesion characteristics and number of samples on biopsy results in cases involvingnonpalpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed stereotaxic core biopsies of 62 nonpalpablemammographic lesions in 61 patients. Subsequent surgical excision was performed in 11 cases with micro calcifications and one case with a mass. We equally divided patients with micro calcifications into two groups(early and late periods) and analyzed the mammographic findings. Correlation of the pathologic results of corebiopsy with those of surgical excision were investigated. RESULTS: In two patients, stereotaxic biopsy wasimpossible due to poor visibility of micro calcifications and thinness of the compressed breast. In 59 patients,core biopsy was successfully performed and specimens were adequate for pathologic examination. The average numberof micro calcifications seen on specimen mammography in the two groups was 1.8 (range: 0~8) and 2.5 (range:0~4)respectively. In patients from whom less than five and five or more samples were taken, the average number of micro calcifications seen on specimen mammography was 1.5 (range: 0~6) and 2.6 (range: 0~8), respectively,throughout the whole period. The pathologic findings were fibrocystic change in 50 cases, fibroadenoma in four,ductal carcinoma in situ in four, invasive ductal carcinoma in one, and atypical ductal hyperplasia in one. Theagreement rate of pathologic results between core biopsy and surgical excision was 83% (10/12) for malignancy and75% for histology. In three cases with disagreement between core and surgical pathologic results, the samplingnumber was small (3~4 times) and in two of the three cases, micro calcifications were not visible on mammography. CONCLUSION: Operator experience and sampling numbers larger than five results in an increased number of micro calcifications in specimens and more reliable core biopsy.
Biopsy* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Fibroadenoma ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Mammography ; Thinness

PURPOSE: To describe CT and MR findings of Primary nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma and to evaluate the usefulness ofCt and MR imaging for initial diagnosis and during follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients withbiopsy-proven primary nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma (M:8, F:5;age 30-78, mean:47.3 years) were included in this study.CT scans were obtained in seven patients and MR images in ten, and both CT and MR images in four. Duringfollow-up, CT images were obtained in four patients, MR images in eight, and both types of image in two. Signalintensity or attenuation, location, and shape of the tumor were assessed on CT and MR images, which were alsocompared in terms of evaluation of the extent of the tumor and the assessment of residual tumor during follow-up. RESULTS: Enhanced CT scans showed slightly lower(6/7) or iso-attenuation (1/7) or the tumor than of the wall ofthe nasal cavity. In all cases, the tumor was of slightly lower signal intensity on T2WI and gadolinium-enhancedT1WI than nasal cavity mucosa. Infiltrative wall thickening of the nasal cavity (13/13) and a polypoid mass (5/13)were demonstrated on CT and MR images. The tumor margin was partially indistinct (6/7) or distinct (1/7) oninitial CT, but distinctily identified on initial MR images in all cases. During follow-up, MR was superior to CTfor the assessment of residual tumor in two patients. CONCLUSION: Infiltrative wall thickening of the nasalcavity may be a characteristic feature of primary nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and MR images were superior to CT forthe assessment of tumor extent and for the diagnosis of residual tumor during follow-up.
Diagnosis* ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Lymphoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Cavity ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND: Epidural morphine is effective in the treatment of postoperative pain, but the incidence of associated side effects is high. To evaluate the reduction of opioid sideeffects by epidural use of droperidol mixture, this study was performed. METHODS: Randomly sampled sixty patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery were divided into two groups. To assess a reduction of opioid side effects by droperidol, group I (n=30) were received 3mg morphine and 0.15% bupivacaine 10ml through the indwelling epidural catheter before the conclusion of operation, followed by an infusion of 6 mg morphine plus 0.15% bupivacaine 100ml with the two day infusor. Group II (n=30) were treated with the same protocol as group I but 1.5 mg of droperidol was added to initial bolus and 5mg of droperidol to the two day infusor. Analgesic effect and side effect were 48 hours after operation. RESULTS: No significant differences in intensity of analgesiaand sedation were seen. The intensity of nausea and vomiting in the group II was significantly less than in the group I at 8, 12 hours after operation (p<0.05). The intensity of pruritus in group II was significantly less than in group I at 4, 8 hours of postoperative period (p<0.05). The frequency of nausea, vomiting, pruritus and urinary retention in group II were less than in group I. respiratory depression. Epidural injection of droperidol did not result in any local or systemic side effects. CONCLUSION: The addition of epidural droperidol significantly reduced the side effects of epidural morphine without altering the effect on analgesia.
Analgesia ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Droperidol* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infusion Pumps ; Injections, Epidural ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative ; Postoperative Period ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Urinary Retention ; Vomiting

Bakground : Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) has become popularized for postoperative pain control. Theoretically, addition of a basal infusion would ameliorate the pain control as related to less need for additional demands. Regardless of theoretical background, usefulness of a basal infusion in PCA is controversial. Therefore, in this study we compared the analgesic consumption between PCA only and PCA plus basal infusion and assessed if the use of a basal infusion improves the analgesic efficacy in intravenous PCA. METHODS: 40 patients undergoing caesarian section, were assigned randomly to PCA only group (group 1) and PCA plus basal infusion group (group 2). Group 1 was programmed to deliver 1.5 ml of bolus infusion with 10 minutes of lockout interval and four times per hour of the maximum usage of patient control module. In group 2, 0.5 ml of basal infusion was added to the same PCA. The analgesic solution contained 60 mg of morphine, 180 mg of ketorolac and 5 mg of droperidol in total volume of 60 ml. PCA was started at the time of the peritoneal closure with 2 ml of loading dose in all patients. Postoperative assessments were pain score, sedation score, side effect, total analgesic consumption and the degree of patients, satisfaction. RESULTS: Total analgesic consumption was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1. Pain score, sedation score, complication and the degree of the satisfaction were almost the same at all time interval in each group. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there was no significant benefit of basal infusion in intravenous PCA after caesarean section.
Analgesia ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled* ; Cesarean Section* ; Droperidol ; Female ; Humans ; Ketorolac ; Morphine ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors leads to Ca++ entry into the cell and initiates a series of central sensitization such as wind up and longterm potentiation in the spinal cord. Therefore, it can be postulated that the central sensitization would be prevented by blocking Ca++ entry with verapamil. In this double-blind study, we administered lumbar epidural bupivacaine or bupivacaine plus verapamil to verify whether preoperative epidural anesthesia can preempt postoperative pain and to investigate the possible role of calcium channel blocker, verapamil, in the central sensitization. METHODS: Sixty patients (ASA class I-II) scheduled for lower abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups of equal size. Group 1 (PR) is preincisional epidural bupivacaine group. Group 2 (PO) is postincisional epidural bupivacaine group. Group 3 (PRV) is preincisional epidural bupivacaine and verapamil group. Visual analogue pain and mood scores, Prince Henry Scores, sedation scores, cumulative PCA (patient controlled analgesia) morphine consumptions, and the incidence of side effects were assessed at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after operation. RESULTS: Cumulative PCA morphine consumptions in PRV group was significantly lower than in PR and PO group at 24, 48 hours after surgery. The incidence of side effects had no difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative epidural anesthesia with 10ml of bupivacaine would be insufficient to preempt postoperative pain in lower abdominal surgery. However, addition of verapamil to preoperative epidural bupivacaine would decrease postoperative pain possibly by preventing the establishment of central sensitization.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Bupivacaine* ; Calcium Channels ; Central Nervous System Sensitization ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Incidence ; Morphine ; N-Methylaspartate ; Pain, Postoperative ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Spinal Cord ; Verapamil* ; Wind

BACKGROUND: The laryngeal mask airway(LMA) is a new type of airway that has many advantages compared with the tracheal tube, but its potential problem might be pulmonary aspiration. This study therefore was designed to investigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia using LMA. METHODS: We studied 101 patients who received general inhalation anesthesia with LMA and mechanical positive pressure ventilation for gynecological operations. Methylene blue was poured into the oropharynx after the LMA was placed, and the presence or absence of the dye staining of the larynx, tracheal and main stem bronchi with fiberoptic bronchoscope through the LMA shaft lumen was observed one and/or two hour(s) after LMA placement. RESULTS: In two out of 101 patients there was staining of the larynx with methylene blue dye. One was one hour after and the other was stained two hours after LMA placement. CONCLUSIONS: Dye staining of the larynx suggests that even mechanical positive pressure ventilation with LMA placement have the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Therefore LMA is contraindicated if the stomach is not emptied.
Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Inhalation* ; Bronchi ; Bronchoscopes ; Humans ; Inhalation* ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Larynx ; Methylene Blue ; Oropharynx ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Stomach ; Ventilation

No abstract available.
Bile Ducts* ; Bile* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular*