Symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a rare drug-induced skin reaction characterized by distinctive rashes. It presents as sharply demarcated erythema in “V” shape on the flexural areas such as the buttocks and the groin. Additionally, it can affect other flexural regions such as the axillae, popliteal fossae, and antecubital fossae. SDRIFE typically occurs within a few days following systemic drug exposure, without prior cutaneous sensitization. It is generally associated with a favorable prognosis with no systemic involvement. Consequently, treatment usually involves discontinuation of the offending drug and symptomatic management with antihistamines, with systemic corticosteroids rarely necessary. Herein, we report a case of severe SDRIFE that developed six weeks after denosumab administration and required long-term systemic corticosteroids.

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in South Korea, imposing substantial physical, emotional, and financial burdens on patients and society. Despite the high burden of symptom and complex care needs of HF patients, palliative care and hospice services remain underutilized in South Korea due to cultural, institutional, and knowledge-related barriers. This position statement from the Korean Society of Heart Failure emphasizes the need for integrating palliative and hospice care into HF management to improve quality of life and support holistic care for patients and their families. By clarifying the role of palliative care in HF and proposing practical referral criteria, this position statement aims to bridge the gap between HF and palliative care services in South Korea, ultimately improving patient-centered outcomes and aligning treatment with the goals and values of HF patients.

Symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a rare drug-induced skin reaction characterized by distinctive rashes. It presents as sharply demarcated erythema in “V” shape on the flexural areas such as the buttocks and the groin. Additionally, it can affect other flexural regions such as the axillae, popliteal fossae, and antecubital fossae. SDRIFE typically occurs within a few days following systemic drug exposure, without prior cutaneous sensitization. It is generally associated with a favorable prognosis with no systemic involvement. Consequently, treatment usually involves discontinuation of the offending drug and symptomatic management with antihistamines, with systemic corticosteroids rarely necessary. Herein, we report a case of severe SDRIFE that developed six weeks after denosumab administration and required long-term systemic corticosteroids.

Symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a rare drug-induced skin reaction characterized by distinctive rashes. It presents as sharply demarcated erythema in “V” shape on the flexural areas such as the buttocks and the groin. Additionally, it can affect other flexural regions such as the axillae, popliteal fossae, and antecubital fossae. SDRIFE typically occurs within a few days following systemic drug exposure, without prior cutaneous sensitization. It is generally associated with a favorable prognosis with no systemic involvement. Consequently, treatment usually involves discontinuation of the offending drug and symptomatic management with antihistamines, with systemic corticosteroids rarely necessary. Herein, we report a case of severe SDRIFE that developed six weeks after denosumab administration and required long-term systemic corticosteroids.

Symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a rare drug-induced skin reaction characterized by distinctive rashes. It presents as sharply demarcated erythema in “V” shape on the flexural areas such as the buttocks and the groin. Additionally, it can affect other flexural regions such as the axillae, popliteal fossae, and antecubital fossae. SDRIFE typically occurs within a few days following systemic drug exposure, without prior cutaneous sensitization. It is generally associated with a favorable prognosis with no systemic involvement. Consequently, treatment usually involves discontinuation of the offending drug and symptomatic management with antihistamines, with systemic corticosteroids rarely necessary. Herein, we report a case of severe SDRIFE that developed six weeks after denosumab administration and required long-term systemic corticosteroids.

Symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) is a rare drug-induced skin reaction characterized by distinctive rashes. It presents as sharply demarcated erythema in “V” shape on the flexural areas such as the buttocks and the groin. Additionally, it can affect other flexural regions such as the axillae, popliteal fossae, and antecubital fossae. SDRIFE typically occurs within a few days following systemic drug exposure, without prior cutaneous sensitization. It is generally associated with a favorable prognosis with no systemic involvement. Consequently, treatment usually involves discontinuation of the offending drug and symptomatic management with antihistamines, with systemic corticosteroids rarely necessary. Herein, we report a case of severe SDRIFE that developed six weeks after denosumab administration and required long-term systemic corticosteroids.

Purpose: Notable effectiveness of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–low advanced breast cancer (BC) has focused pathologists’ attention. We studied the incidence and clinicopathologic characteristics of HER2-low BC, and the effects of immunohistochemistry (IHC) associated factors on HER2 IHC results. Materials and Methods: The Breast Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nationwide study using real-world data on HER2 status generated between January 2022 and December 2022. Information on HER2 IHC protocols at each participating institution was also collected. Results: Total 11,416 patients from 25 institutions included in this study. Of these patients, 40.7% (range, 6.0% to 76.3%) were classified as HER2-zero, 41.7% (range, 10.5% to 69.1%) as HER2-low, and 17.5% (range, 6.7% to 34.0%) as HER2-positive. HER2-low tumors were associated with positive estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor statuses (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Antigen retrieval times (≥ 36 minutes vs. < 36 minutes) and antibody incubation times (≥ 12 minutes vs. < 12 minutes) affected on the frequency of HER2 IHC 1+ BC at institutions using the PATHWAY HER2 (4B5) IHC assay and BenchMark XT or Ultra staining instruments. Furthermore, discordant results between core needle biopsy and subsequent resection specimen HER2 statuses were observed in 24.1% (787/3,259) of the patients. Conclusion The overall incidence of HER2-low BC in South Korea concurs with those reported in previously published studies. Significant inter-institutional differences in HER2 IHC protocols were observed, and it may have impact on HER2-low status. Thus, we recommend standardizing HER2 IHC conditions to ensure precise patient selection for targeted therapy.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a type of immunoreactive encephalitic disorder and is recognized as the most prevalent noninfectious encephalitis. Nevertheless, the rarity of definitive AIE diagnosis through biopsy or autopsy represents a significant hurdle to understanding and managing the disease. In this article, we present the pathological findings of AIE and review the literature based on a distinct case of AIE presenting as CD8+ T-lymphocyte predominant encephalitis. We describe the clinical progression, diagnostic imaging, laboratory data, and autopsy findings of an 80-year-old deceased male patient. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 6 months before death and received appropriate medications. A week before admission to the hospital, the patient manifested symptoms such as a tendency to sleep, decreased appetite, and confusion.Although the patient temporally improved with medication including correction of hyponatremia, the patient progressed rapidly and died in 6 weeks. The brain tissue revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the gray and white matter, leptomeninges, and perivascular infiltration with a predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting a case of AIE. There was no detectable evidence of viral infection or underlying neoplasm. The autopsy revealed that this patient also had Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and aging-related tau astrogliopathy. This report emphasizes the pivotal role of pathological examination in the diagnosis of AIE, especially when serological autoantibody testing is not available or when a patient is suspected of having multiple diseases.

This paper introduces the current status of Seoul National University Hospital Dementia Brain Bank (SNUH-DBB), focusing on the concordance rate between clinical diagnoses and postmortem neuropathological diagnoses. We detail SNUH-DBB operations, including protocols for specimen handling, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and cerebral organoids establishment from postmortem dural fibroblasts, and adult neural progenitor cell cultures. We assessed clinical-neuropathological diagnostic concordance rate. Between 2015 and September 2024, 162 brain specimens were collected via brain donation and autopsy. The median donor age was 73 years (1-94) with a male-to -female ratio of 2:1. The median postmortem interval was 9.5 hours (range: 2.5-65). Common neuropathological diagnoses included pure Lewy body disease (10.6%), Lewy body disease (LBD) with other brain diseases (10.6%), pure Alzheimer's disease-neuropathological change (ADNC) (6.0%), ADNC with other brain diseases (10.7%), vascular brain injury (15.2%), and primary age-related tauopathy (7.3%). APOE genotype distribution was following: ε3/ε3: 62.3%, ε2/ε3:9.6%, ε2/ε4: 3.4%, ε3/ε4: 24.0%, and ε4/ε4: 0.7%. Concordance rates between pathological and clinical diagnoses were: ADNC/AD at 42.4%; LBD at 59.0%; PSP at 100%; ALS at 85.7%; Huntington’s disease 100%. The varying concordance rates across different diseases emphasize the need for improved diagnostic criteria and biomarkers, particularly for AD and LBD. Tissues have been distributed to over 40 national studies. SNUH-DBB provides high-quality brain tissues and cell models for neuroscience research, operating under standardized procedures and international guidelines. It supports translational research in dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, potentially advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

This paper introduces the current status of Seoul National University Hospital Dementia Brain Bank (SNUH-DBB), focusing on the concordance rate between clinical diagnoses and postmortem neuropathological diagnoses. We detail SNUH-DBB operations, including protocols for specimen handling, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and cerebral organoids establishment from postmortem dural fibroblasts, and adult neural progenitor cell cultures. We assessed clinical-neuropathological diagnostic concordance rate. Between 2015 and September 2024, 162 brain specimens were collected via brain donation and autopsy. The median donor age was 73 years (1-94) with a male-to -female ratio of 2:1. The median postmortem interval was 9.5 hours (range: 2.5-65). Common neuropathological diagnoses included pure Lewy body disease (10.6%), Lewy body disease (LBD) with other brain diseases (10.6%), pure Alzheimer's disease-neuropathological change (ADNC) (6.0%), ADNC with other brain diseases (10.7%), vascular brain injury (15.2%), and primary age-related tauopathy (7.3%). APOE genotype distribution was following: ε3/ε3: 62.3%, ε2/ε3:9.6%, ε2/ε4: 3.4%, ε3/ε4: 24.0%, and ε4/ε4: 0.7%. Concordance rates between pathological and clinical diagnoses were: ADNC/AD at 42.4%; LBD at 59.0%; PSP at 100%; ALS at 85.7%; Huntington’s disease 100%. The varying concordance rates across different diseases emphasize the need for improved diagnostic criteria and biomarkers, particularly for AD and LBD. Tissues have been distributed to over 40 national studies. SNUH-DBB provides high-quality brain tissues and cell models for neuroscience research, operating under standardized procedures and international guidelines. It supports translational research in dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, potentially advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.