Objective To investigate the subjective evaluation of air quality onboard 2 surface ships,so as to provide theoretical evidence for the control of air pollution in the cabins.Methods Copies of questionnaire were issued to the ship crew,and after recovery of the issued copies,the obtained results were statistically analyzed by using Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0.Results The evaluation results concerning air circulation,temperature & humidity and quality of air indicated that the scores in the cabins of ship No.1 were lower than those of ship No.2.The same subjective symptoms of the crews onboard the 2 ships were fatigue,dry eye and skin pruritus.Conclusions With respect to air quality,the satisfaction rate of the crew onboard ship No.1 was higher than that of the crew onboard ship No.2,and the crews tended to attribute these symptoms wholly or partially to cabin air quality.With this reason,efforts should be made to improve cabin air quality.

Objective To investigate the subjective evaluation of air quality onboard 2 surface ships,so as to provide theoretical evidence for the control of air pollution in the cabins.Methods Copies of questionnaire were issued to the ship crew,and after recovery of the issued copies,the obtained results were statistically analyzed by using Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0.Results The evaluation results concerning air circulation,temperature & humidity and quality of air indicated that the scores in the cabins of ship No.1 were lower than those of ship No.2.The same subjective symptoms of the crews onboard the 2 ships were fatigue,dry eye and skin pruritus.Conclusions With respect to air quality,the satisfaction rate of the crew onboard ship No.1 was higher than that of the crew onboard ship No.2,and the crews tended to attribute these symptoms wholly or partially to cabin air quality.With this reason,efforts should be made to improve cabin air quality.

Objective To investigate the pollution caused by the aerosols and variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a certain submarine cabins,and analyze the pollution source of PAHs,then to evaluate the toxicology of the contaminated submarine air.Methods Andersen cascade sampler was used to collect atmospheric particulate matter samples,during 6 days of continuous submergence of the submarine.The composition and variation of PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Research on the main pollution sources of PAHs was made by using principal component analysis.Results Aerosol pollution in various cabins of the submarine was quite serious,furthermore it displayed the feature of pollution by different particle sizes.Particle size distribution analysis revealed that the 8-man cabin,meeting room,command room,torpedo room and engine room were of a unimodal size distribution,and the galley and hot air engine room displayed 3 relatively high peaks.Total PAHs were detected,with the concentration scope from 33.1 ng/m3 to 90.8 ng/m3 and with the 3-ring and 4-ring as the primary components.Total TEQ concentration ranged from 0.077 ng/m3 to 0.251 ng/m3.Conclusions Aerosol pollution in the cabins of the submarine was serious,with the cooking mist and volatile components of fuel as the main sources of PAHs and electrical appliances and laundry detergents as secondary source of pollution.

Objective To investigate the pollution caused by the aerosols and variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a certain submarine cabins,and analyze the pollution source of PAHs,then to evaluate the toxicology of the contaminated submarine air.Methods Andersen cascade sampler was used to collect atmospheric particulate matter samples,during 6 days of continuous submergence of the submarine.The composition and variation of PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Research on the main pollution sources of PAHs was made by using principal component analysis.Results Aerosol pollution in various cabins of the submarine was quite serious,furthermore it displayed the feature of pollution by different particle sizes.Particle size distribution analysis revealed that the 8-man cabin,meeting room,command room,torpedo room and engine room were of a unimodal size distribution,and the galley and hot air engine room displayed 3 relatively high peaks.Total PAHs were detected,with the concentration scope from 33.1 ng/m3 to 90.8 ng/m3 and with the 3-ring and 4-ring as the primary components.Total TEQ concentration ranged from 0.077 ng/m3 to 0.251 ng/m3.Conclusions Aerosol pollution in the cabins of the submarine was serious,with the cooking mist and volatile components of fuel as the main sources of PAHs and electrical appliances and laundry detergents as secondary source of pollution.

Objective To investigate and analyze the pollution of aerosol PM 2.5,PM 10 and TSP in the cabins of a certain AIP-submarine during 8 days of continuous submerged operation.Methods The aerosol concentrations of the said substances in the submarine cabins were detected by using TSI8533 aerosol detector.Results In normal submerged operation,the aerosol concentrations in the cabins were all relatively lower,with the galley as an exception,however,they did not exceed the specified national standards.The PM 2.5 concentration in the galley exceeded the allowable limit specified in GB3095-2012.The highest concentrations of PM 2.5,PM 10 and TSP all occurred in the air compressor compartment when the compressor system was under operation.The next highest concentrations of these substances occurred in the main engine room,when damage control operation was under way.TSP concentration was relatively higher in the living cabins of the crew.Conclusions The main sources of aerosol pollution were air compressors and cooking oil fume.The crew and their activities also had some effects on the TSP concentration in the cabins of the submarine.

Objective To investigate and analyze the pollution of aerosol PM 2.5,PM 10 and TSP in the cabins of a certain AIP-submarine during 8 days of continuous submerged operation.Methods The aerosol concentrations of the said substances in the submarine cabins were detected by using TSI8533 aerosol detector.Results In normal submerged operation,the aerosol concentrations in the cabins were all relatively lower,with the galley as an exception,however,they did not exceed the specified national standards.The PM 2.5 concentration in the galley exceeded the allowable limit specified in GB3095-2012.The highest concentrations of PM 2.5,PM 10 and TSP all occurred in the air compressor compartment when the compressor system was under operation.The next highest concentrations of these substances occurred in the main engine room,when damage control operation was under way.TSP concentration was relatively higher in the living cabins of the crew.Conclusions The main sources of aerosol pollution were air compressors and cooking oil fume.The crew and their activities also had some effects on the TSP concentration in the cabins of the submarine.

Objective To investigate the synergistic effect of formaldehyde pre-exposure on the damage to the respiratory system in rats after microbial aerosol inhalation.Methods The intoxication model was established in rats by the dynamic aerosol exposure system.Serum IgM concentration and SOD activity were measured by ELISA and luminescence assay respectively.Morphologic injury of the lung tissue was detected by HE staining.Tunnel chromogenic in-situ detection was used to detect the apoptosis of lung epithelial cells and Gram staining was performed to detect the capacity of lung epithelial cells in bacterial clearance.Results Serum IgM levels in rats increased significantly,after microbial aerosol inhalation,when compared with that of the control group,with the serum IgM levels of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group increased more significantly [(0.35 ±0.09) g/L].The serum SOD activity of the experimental groups all increased,with the level of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group [(2.22 ± 0.25) × 106 U/L] being significantly higher than that of the 2 other groups [(1.50 ±0.37) × 106 U/L] and [(1.58 ± 0.34) × 106 U/L].Morphological observation showed that widened alveolar septum,interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration could be clearly noted in the lung tissue of the 3 experimental groups,with the pathological changes in the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group being most significant.Tunnel detection also indicated that the nnmber of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue for the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group increased significantly.Gram staining showed that the number of residue bacteria in the rat bronchiole for the rats of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group after 2-hour air intervention was significantly more than that of the simple bacteria exposure group.Conclusions Formaldehyde pre-exposure combined with microbial aerosol inhalation could induce synergistic damage to the rat lung tissue and decrease the capacity of the lung tissue to clear out heterogeneous pollutants.

Objective To investigate the synergistic effect of formaldehyde pre-exposure on the damage to the respiratory system in rats after microbial aerosol inhalation.Methods The intoxication model was established in rats by the dynamic aerosol exposure system.Serum IgM concentration and SOD activity were measured by ELISA and luminescence assay respectively.Morphologic injury of the lung tissue was detected by HE staining.Tunnel chromogenic in-situ detection was used to detect the apoptosis of lung epithelial cells and Gram staining was performed to detect the capacity of lung epithelial cells in bacterial clearance.Results Serum IgM levels in rats increased significantly,after microbial aerosol inhalation,when compared with that of the control group,with the serum IgM levels of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group increased more significantly [(0.35 ±0.09) g/L].The serum SOD activity of the experimental groups all increased,with the level of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group [(2.22 ± 0.25) × 106 U/L] being significantly higher than that of the 2 other groups [(1.50 ±0.37) × 106 U/L] and [(1.58 ± 0.34) × 106 U/L].Morphological observation showed that widened alveolar septum,interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration could be clearly noted in the lung tissue of the 3 experimental groups,with the pathological changes in the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group being most significant.Tunnel detection also indicated that the nnmber of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue for the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group increased significantly.Gram staining showed that the number of residue bacteria in the rat bronchiole for the rats of the formaldehyde combined with microbial aerosol inhalation group after 2-hour air intervention was significantly more than that of the simple bacteria exposure group.Conclusions Formaldehyde pre-exposure combined with microbial aerosol inhalation could induce synergistic damage to the rat lung tissue and decrease the capacity of the lung tissue to clear out heterogeneous pollutants.