Puji Xiaoduyin， a specialized formula for the swollen-head epidemic， was recorded in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formula （the Second Batch）-Han Medicine， published in September 2023. It had been inherited and developed by medical experts of successive generations and passed down to this day. This paper sorted out the historical evolution of this formula using bibliometric methods. It also comprehensively analyzed key information on the formula name， historical origin， drug dosage， herb origin， processing methods， decocting methods， function， and clinical applications. Additionally， this paper analyzed the application of this formula in both modern and ancient times. Results showed that the formula was first recorded as "Puji Xiaodu Yinzi" in LI Dongyuan's Proven Formulas written by LI Gao from the Jin dynasty. The medicinal composition and dosage were： Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma （20.65 g each）， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma 12.39 g， Scrophulariae Radix， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （8.26 g each）， Forsythiae Fructus， Arctii Fructus， Isatidis Radix， and Lasiosphaera Calvatia （4.13 g each）， Bombyx Batryticatus and Cimicifugae Rhizoma （2.891 g each）， Bupleuri Radix and Platycodonis Radix （8.26 g each）. These medicines were grounded to fine powder. One dose， including 20.65 g of the powder， was mixed with 600 mL of water and decocted to 300 mL. After abandoning slag， the medicine should be taken warm frequently. In the formula， Bombyx Batryticatus is stir-fired. With the effect of dispersing wind and clearing heat， removing stagnation and dissipating mass， the formula is specialized in swollen-head epidemic， pestilence， red and swelling head， face， and neck， dry mouth and tongue， as well as other diseases resulting from toxic heat stagnated in the upper jiao. The formula is widely used in treating diseases involving the respiratory， dermal， ophthalmologic， otolaryngologic， and nervous systems. The formula is most frequently used for respiratory diseases， with a wide range of symptoms including parotitis/mumps （66 times）， followed by tonsillitis （28 times）. In conclusion， the broadly applied formula has accurate efficacy and great development value.

Puji Xiaoduyin， a specialized formula for the swollen-head epidemic， was recorded in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Formula （the Second Batch）-Han Medicine， published in September 2023. It had been inherited and developed by medical experts of successive generations and passed down to this day. This paper sorted out the historical evolution of this formula using bibliometric methods. It also comprehensively analyzed key information on the formula name， historical origin， drug dosage， herb origin， processing methods， decocting methods， function， and clinical applications. Additionally， this paper analyzed the application of this formula in both modern and ancient times. Results showed that the formula was first recorded as "Puji Xiaodu Yinzi" in LI Dongyuan's Proven Formulas written by LI Gao from the Jin dynasty. The medicinal composition and dosage were： Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma （20.65 g each）， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma 12.39 g， Scrophulariae Radix， Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （8.26 g each）， Forsythiae Fructus， Arctii Fructus， Isatidis Radix， and Lasiosphaera Calvatia （4.13 g each）， Bombyx Batryticatus and Cimicifugae Rhizoma （2.891 g each）， Bupleuri Radix and Platycodonis Radix （8.26 g each）. These medicines were grounded to fine powder. One dose， including 20.65 g of the powder， was mixed with 600 mL of water and decocted to 300 mL. After abandoning slag， the medicine should be taken warm frequently. In the formula， Bombyx Batryticatus is stir-fired. With the effect of dispersing wind and clearing heat， removing stagnation and dissipating mass， the formula is specialized in swollen-head epidemic， pestilence， red and swelling head， face， and neck， dry mouth and tongue， as well as other diseases resulting from toxic heat stagnated in the upper jiao. The formula is widely used in treating diseases involving the respiratory， dermal， ophthalmologic， otolaryngologic， and nervous systems. The formula is most frequently used for respiratory diseases， with a wide range of symptoms including parotitis/mumps （66 times）， followed by tonsillitis （28 times）. In conclusion， the broadly applied formula has accurate efficacy and great development value.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to systematically collect and organize ancient and modern clauses and studies containing Xieqingwan， excavate and analyze the key information of Xieqingwan， and provide a reference for facilitating the development of the classic formula Xieqingwan. MethodsThe composition， dosage， decocting methods， usage， and other key information of Xieqingwan in ancient traditional Chinese medicine books were collected and analyzed by means of literature research and metrological methods. The modern clinical application of Xieqingwan was summarized. ResultsA total of 42 pieces of effective data involving 32 ancient traditional Chinese medicine books were collected. Xieqingwan was first recorded in Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue. The drug origin of this formula is basically clear in the ancient traditional Chinese medicine books. The modern drug usage and decocting method were as follows： Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Gardenia seeds， Radix et Rhizoma Rhei， Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， and Saposhnikoviae Radix were grounded to fine powder， decocted with honey， and finally formed into pills with the size of a chicken head （1.5 g）. It was suggested that half a pill or one pill were taken for one dose with warm Lophatheri decoction and sugar. The indications and clinical application had developed from the recordings in Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue and evolved from pediatrics to ophthalmic otolaryngology， neurology， dermatology， digestion， and respiratory diseases. The main pathogenesis of these diseases is heat in the liver meridian and is treated. The effect of Xieqingwan is "clearing away heat and toxicity， removing fire and relaxing the bowels， and dispersing swelling and relieving pain". It is recommended to use the corresponding preparation methods in the 2020 Edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Modern clinical studies are centered around the clinical application of Xieqingwan， which is often modified and used in treating Tourette syndrome， herpes， febrile convulsion， sleepwalking， and insomnia. ConclusionThis paper conducts a thorough textual research of the key information of Xieqingwan， induces its historic evolution， and confirms its key information， so as to provide a reference for the future development of Xieqingwan.

To analyze potential adverse drug events(ADEs) associated with ustekinumab and upadacitinib in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) based on an international authoritative database, thereby providing evidence for clinical medication safety.

Objective:To explore the method for selecting characteristic prices of Chinese patent medicines based on informa-tion entropy theory.It involves analyzing the connotative differences among various price indicators and utilizing information entropy metrics to validate the scientific rigor of characteristic price selection so as to optimize the pricing model for Chinese patent medi-cines and improve the accuracy of price evaluation.Methods:A correlation analysis and information entropy calculation are con-ducted on the median price of the smallest preparation unit,average daily cost,and average course cost of TCM.It compares the information diversity and uncertainty of different pricing indicators.Results:The average daily cost exhibits the highest information diversity and uncertainty among all the pricing indicators examined.Conclusion:It is recommended that the average daily cost be used as the dependent variable for characteristic prices in TCM pricing research.This choice plays an important role in optimizing TCM pricing models and enhancing the accuracy of price evaluation.

Objective:To establish a scientific,systematic,and objective indicator system for the characteristic price variables of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicines(TCPM),providing a reference framework for the pricing mechanism of TCPM.Methods:The brainstorming method was initially used to screen related variable indicators.The Nominal Group Technique(NGT)and Delphi methods were applied to gather expert opinions,and SPSS 28.0 was employed for data statistical analysis.It led to the development of a TCPM characteristic price variable indicator system consisting of 6 dimensions,14 characteristic variables and 26 measurement indicators.Results:The authority coefficient of the experts exceeded 0.7,indicating the representativeness of the results.Expert opinions were generally concentrated.Based on the collected opinions and statistical analysis,the scope of selected TCPM characteristic price variables was preliminarily established.Conclusion:The TCPM characteristic price variable indicator system was initially developed.However,due to the complexity of the pricing mechanism and divergent expert opinions,further qualitative and quantitative research methods,along with a dynamic adjustment mechanism,are needed to verify and refine the system.

The National Essential Medicines System could protect public health and ensure access to essential medications.Although the current selection methods for China's National Essential Medicines Lists(NEMLs)are becoming more scientific and standardized,there are still problems such as much emphasis on expert experience and the lack of transparency of decision-making basis.To address these issues,it proposes an evidence-based decision-making pathway for NEMLs selection guided by clinical value.This approach ensures a strong integration of evidence and decision-making,offering valuable insights for improving the adjustment procedures and selection criteria of the NEMLs in China.

Objective:To explore the method for selecting characteristic prices of Chinese patent medicines based on informa-tion entropy theory.It involves analyzing the connotative differences among various price indicators and utilizing information entropy metrics to validate the scientific rigor of characteristic price selection so as to optimize the pricing model for Chinese patent medi-cines and improve the accuracy of price evaluation.Methods:A correlation analysis and information entropy calculation are con-ducted on the median price of the smallest preparation unit,average daily cost,and average course cost of TCM.It compares the information diversity and uncertainty of different pricing indicators.Results:The average daily cost exhibits the highest information diversity and uncertainty among all the pricing indicators examined.Conclusion:It is recommended that the average daily cost be used as the dependent variable for characteristic prices in TCM pricing research.This choice plays an important role in optimizing TCM pricing models and enhancing the accuracy of price evaluation.

Objective:To establish a scientific,systematic,and objective indicator system for the characteristic price variables of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicines(TCPM),providing a reference framework for the pricing mechanism of TCPM.Methods:The brainstorming method was initially used to screen related variable indicators.The Nominal Group Technique(NGT)and Delphi methods were applied to gather expert opinions,and SPSS 28.0 was employed for data statistical analysis.It led to the development of a TCPM characteristic price variable indicator system consisting of 6 dimensions,14 characteristic variables and 26 measurement indicators.Results:The authority coefficient of the experts exceeded 0.7,indicating the representativeness of the results.Expert opinions were generally concentrated.Based on the collected opinions and statistical analysis,the scope of selected TCPM characteristic price variables was preliminarily established.Conclusion:The TCPM characteristic price variable indicator system was initially developed.However,due to the complexity of the pricing mechanism and divergent expert opinions,further qualitative and quantitative research methods,along with a dynamic adjustment mechanism,are needed to verify and refine the system.

The National Essential Medicines System could protect public health and ensure access to essential medications.Although the current selection methods for China's National Essential Medicines Lists(NEMLs)are becoming more scientific and standardized,there are still problems such as much emphasis on expert experience and the lack of transparency of decision-making basis.To address these issues,it proposes an evidence-based decision-making pathway for NEMLs selection guided by clinical value.This approach ensures a strong integration of evidence and decision-making,offering valuable insights for improving the adjustment procedures and selection criteria of the NEMLs in China.