Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of fetuses with HNF1B gene variants. Methods:Fifty-two fetuses with HNF1B gene variants diagnosed by chromosomal copy number variation sequencing and/or whole exome sequencing at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to June 2024 were retrospectively enrolled in this study, including 47 cases of 17q12 microdeletion and five cases of HNF1B point mutations. Prenatal ultrasound features, pregnancy outcomes, and postnatal manifestations were summarized and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results:The prenatal ultrasound features of the 52 fetuses included enhanced renal parenchymal echo in 43 cases (82.7%), renal cysts in 15 cases (28.8%), enlarged kidney volume in 14 cases (26.9%), and pyelectasis in 13 cases (25.0%). Parental verification was completed for 35 cases, with 71.4% (25/35) being de novo mutations and 28.6% (10/35) inherited from either parent. Apart from eight cases with unknown pregnancy outcome (six cases were lost to follow-up, two cases refused to be followed up), the other 44 cases were successfully followed up, among which 68.2% (30/44) terminated the pregnancies and 31.8% (14/44) continued, resulting in live births. Prenatal ultrasound indicated renal abnormalities in all 14 live births, while postnatal follow-up showed seven cases with normal kidneys, one with reduced bilateral renal cysts, one with alleviated bilateral pyelectasis, four with unimproved renal structural abnormalities, and one who did not undergo a re-examination. Conclusion:The rate of renal abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound in fetuses with HNF1B gene variants is high, and most of the pregnancies are terminated, although the renal sturctural abnormalities may improve after birth.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of fetuses with HNF1B gene variants. Methods:Fifty-two fetuses with HNF1B gene variants diagnosed by chromosomal copy number variation sequencing and/or whole exome sequencing at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to June 2024 were retrospectively enrolled in this study, including 47 cases of 17q12 microdeletion and five cases of HNF1B point mutations. Prenatal ultrasound features, pregnancy outcomes, and postnatal manifestations were summarized and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results:The prenatal ultrasound features of the 52 fetuses included enhanced renal parenchymal echo in 43 cases (82.7%), renal cysts in 15 cases (28.8%), enlarged kidney volume in 14 cases (26.9%), and pyelectasis in 13 cases (25.0%). Parental verification was completed for 35 cases, with 71.4% (25/35) being de novo mutations and 28.6% (10/35) inherited from either parent. Apart from eight cases with unknown pregnancy outcome (six cases were lost to follow-up, two cases refused to be followed up), the other 44 cases were successfully followed up, among which 68.2% (30/44) terminated the pregnancies and 31.8% (14/44) continued, resulting in live births. Prenatal ultrasound indicated renal abnormalities in all 14 live births, while postnatal follow-up showed seven cases with normal kidneys, one with reduced bilateral renal cysts, one with alleviated bilateral pyelectasis, four with unimproved renal structural abnormalities, and one who did not undergo a re-examination. Conclusion:The rate of renal abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound in fetuses with HNF1B gene variants is high, and most of the pregnancies are terminated, although the renal sturctural abnormalities may improve after birth.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology in four patients with hyperbilirubinemia, and discuss the correlation between clinical characteristics and molecular basis. METHODS: The data of clinical manifestation and auxiliary examinations were collected. Genomic DNA of the four patients was extracted and analyzed by next-generation sequencing using the panel including genes involved in hereditary metabolic liver diseases. Suspected variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: All of the four patients were males with normal liver enzymes. It was revealed that all the patients had heterozygous variants, among which c.3011C>T, c.2443C>T and c.2556del were the variants which have not been reported previously. CONCLUSION All of the patients were diagnosed as Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) caused by ABCC2 gene variants. The novel variants add to the spectrum of genetic variants of the disease. Because of the favorite prognosis, precise diagnosis can greatly reduce the psychological pressure of patients and avoid excessive treatments. At the same time, it could provide pertinent genetic counseling for the families.
DNA ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic/genetics* ; Male ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics* ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVE: To carry out prenatal diagnosis for a fetus with normal ultrasonographic finding at 20 weeks' gestation but a copy number variant(CNV) of 13q indicated by non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT). METHODS: Karyotyping analysis and chromosomal CNV assay were carried out on the amniotic fluid sample. Parental peripheral blood sample was collected for chromosomal analysis. Detailed fetal ultrasound scan was carried out to rule out structural abnormalities of the fetus. RESULTS: The fetus was detected with a heterozygous 10.14 Mb deletion at 13q21.1q21.32, which has originated from the phenotypically normal mother. No apparent karyotypic abnormality was detected in the fetus and its parents. No ultrasonic abnormality was found in the fetus. CONCLUSION Both the fetus and its mother have carried a heterozygous 10.14 Mb deletion at 13q21.1q21.32 and presented normal phenotypes.Combined with literature review, the segmental deletion was judged to be a benign variant.
Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Pedigree ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

OBJECTIVE: To carry out genetic analysis for a family with a fetus manifesting bilateral polycystic renal dysplasia and oligohydramnios at 16 gestational week and a previous history for fetal renal anomaly. METHODS: Ultrasound scan was carried out to detect the morphological changes. Following genetic counselling, the parents had decided to terminate the pregnancy. Fetal kidneys were subjected to histological examination. Target capture and next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to the abortus to detect potential variants. The results were verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Histological examination of fetal kidneys revealed cystic changes without cortex, medulla or normal renal structure. NGS has identified a heterozygous c.100+1G>A variant and deletion of exon 3 of the INVS gene, which were respectively inherited from the mother and father. CONCLUSION Through NGS and Sanger sequencing, the fetus was diagnosed with type II nephronophthisis (NPHP2). Above result can provide guidance for further pregnancy and enforce understanding of clinical features and genetic etiologies for NPHP.
Female ; Fetus ; Genetic Testing ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant ; diagnostic imaging ; genetics ; Pregnancy ; Sequence Deletion ; genetics ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology of three pedigrees with a gestational history of fetal renal anomalies. METHODS: Peripheral venous blood or skin samples were derived from the probands of the three pedigrees. Copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) was applied to detect alterations of genome CNVs. RESULTS: The patient from pedigree 1 and the fetuses from pedigrees 2 and 3 all carried a heterozygous 17q12 deletion, with the size ranging from 1.4 Mb to 1.48 Mb encompassing the HNF1B gene. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of 17q12 microdeletion may be difficult during fetal period for its variable phenotypes. Alterations of chromosomal copy numbers need to be excluded in such patients.
Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; genetics ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Fetus ; Genetic Testing ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; genetics ; Humans ; Pedigree ; Phenotype

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of VP1 coding region of enterovirus Coxsackievirus A16(CV-A16) and etiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in 2017 in Xining city. Methods: The pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from HFMD patients, and detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For CV-A16 positive samples, virus isolation was performed. Then RNA was extracted, and then VP1 coding region was amplified by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with other genotypes and sub-genotypes strains of EV-A71. Results: It was shown that 70 strains of CV-A16 were isolated from 2017 to 2018 in Xining city. In 2017, 10 strains were isolated and divided into two different lineages by phylogenetic analysis, 3 strains of B1a and 7 stains of B1b. In 2018, 60 stains were isolated, which were all belong to B1b. Conclusions B1a and B1b of CV-A16 are prevalent in Xining city from 2017 to 2018, in which B1b is the prominent isolates.

Objective: To carry out genetic testing for a family with two pregnancies affected with hydrops fetalis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) of the fetus. Methods: DNA was extracted from fetal tissue as well as peripheral blood samples from the couple. Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were carried out to screen potential mutation. Suspected mutation was validated with PCR and Sanger sequencing. Results: The manifestation of fetal echocardiography was consistent with DCM. No obvious abnormality was found by SNP array analysis. A hemizygous c. 481G>A (p.G161R) mutation of the TAZ gene was detected in the male fetus by NGS and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The mutation was inherited from his mother. Conclusion Barth syndrome due to the c. 481G>A mutation of the TAZ gene probably underlies the recurrent hydrops fetalis and fetal DCM in this family.

Objective: The phenotype and genetics of three patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) at childhood, teenage and advanced age were analyzed. Methods: Next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to all the probands. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to verify the suspicious gene variants screened by NGS in the probands and their family members, and one of the family got prenatal diagnosis. Results: Through NGS, PCR and Sanger sequencing, the 5-yr proband in pedigree 1 was shown to carry compound heterozygous variants of c. 5935G>A(p.G1979R) and c. 5428G>T(p.E1810X) of PKHD1, originated from his parents; In pedigree 2, the 17-ys proband was detected with c. 5512T>C(p.Y1838H) and c. 5935G>A(p.G1979R) variants of PKHD1 orginated from her parents, and her mother also got prenatal diagnosis during the second trimester; In pedigree 3, the 70-ys female proband was found with variants c. 11314C>T (p.R3772X) and c. 3860T>G (p.V1287G) of PKHD1. Conclusion The three pedigrees were diagnosed as ARPKD caused by PKHD1 variants. Five types of variants were detected, c. 5935G>A and c. 11314C>T were the known pathogenic variants, while c. 5512T>C, c. 5428G>T and c. 3860T>G were not reported previously. Considering the complexity of the genetics and phenotypes of the cystic renal diseases, genetic diagnosis is crucial to give accurate etiological diagnosis, which may benefit the clinic management.

OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic mutations among patients with hearing loss but without common GJB2, SLC26A4, 12 SrRNA mutations. METHODS: Thirty-three patients were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS). Suspected mutations were verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Four patients were found to harbor previously known pathogenic variations, and four were found to carry suspicious pathogenic variations, which yielded a detection rate of 24.2%. CONCLUSION NGS can improve the detection rate for mutations underlying congenital hearing loss and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis.
Connexins ; Deafness ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mutation ; Sulfate Transporters