ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of action of Jiedu Huayu granules in improving liver injury in mice with acute liver failure （ALF） by observing its effect on a mouse model of ALF after prophylactic administration， and to provide a basis for clinical medication. MethodsA total of 60 specific pathogen-free male C57BL/6J mice were divided into normal group， model group， Jiedu Huayu granules group （JDHY group）， and farnesoid X receptor （FXR） agonist （GW4064） group using a random number table， with 15 mice in each group. The model of ALF was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine combined with lipopolysaccharide. The mice in the JDHY group were given prophylactic administration of 0.3 g/mL drug solution of Jiedu Huayu granules by gavage for 3 days before modeling， those in the normal group and the model group were given 0.9% NaCl solution by gavage， and those in the GW4064 group were given intraperitoneal injection of GW4064 for 3 consecutive days before modeling. The mice were sacrificed after modeling， and serum and liver tissue samples were collected. A veterinary automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the serum levels of total bilirubin （TBil）， total bile acids （TBA）， gamma-glutamyl transferase （GGT）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in mice from each group； HE staining was used to observe liver pathological changes； RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of FXR， fibroblast growth factor 15 （FGF15）， fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 （FGFR4）， small heterodimer partner （SHP）， and bile salt export pump （BSEP） in mice， and Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of FXR， FGF15， FGFR4， SHP， and BSEP. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups， and the Dunett method was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group had significant increases in the serum levels of TBil， ALT， AST， TBA， and GGT （all P<0.01）， and compared with the model group， the JDHY group and the GW4064 group had significant reductions in the serum levels of TBil， ALT， AST， TBA， and GGT （all P <0.01）. HE staining showed that compared with the model group， the JDHY group and the GW4064 group had milder pathological injury， a reduction in the area of hepatocyte necrosis， and alleviation of cellular swelling and edema. Compared with the normal group， the model group had significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression levels of FXR， FGF15， FGFR4， SHP， and BSEP in liver tissue （all P <0.01）， and compared with the model group， the JDHY group and the GW4064 group had significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression levels of FXR， FGF15， FGFR4， SHP， and BSEP in liver tissue （all P <0.05）. ConclusionJiedu Huayu granules may alleviate liver injury in mice with ALF through the FXR/SHP axis.

Objective: To establish a real-time quality control scheme based on the median (MD-IC) of internal control cycle threshold value in negative samples (NEG-IC-CT), so as to monitor anomalies such as progressive drift in nucleic acid testing system not covered by conventional internal quality control (IQC) in blood center nucleic acid laboratories, and to verify its feasibility. Methods: The internal control CT values of 54 426 negative samples were retrospectively collected. These samples were from four reagent batches of the two new and old equipment sets during the operation of the Wantai nucleic acid testing system in our blood center. The daily median of NEG-IC-CT values was used as the research indicator. Control limits were calculated using median absolute deviation (MAD) to construct the Median-MAD quality control chart. The monitoring performance of this scheme for the operation status of the testing system was simultaneously evaluated. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences in NEG-IC-CT value distribution between the new and old equipment sets, as well as between the two different reagent batches of the old equipment (P<0.000 1). The NEG-IC-CT value performance of the two different reagent batches of the new equipment was no significant difference in distribution (P>0.05). This scheme identified three typies of distinct anomalies. The out-of-control events observed with the old equipment in both the O1 and O2 reagent batches suggested potential performance decay due to equipment aging. The unreported change of reagent batch in time of Phase B with new equipment caused a stepwise drift on the quality control chart. In the later stage of Phase A with the new equipment, an alert was triggered, indicating potential quality risks associated with practices such as the mixed use of the remaining reagents and extremely long operator working hours. Conclusion: The realtime quality control scheme based on NEG-IC-CT value established in this study has been preliminarily validated for its monitoring effectiveness in nucleic acid testing in our blood center. This scheme performed well in detecting differences among testing systems and reagent batches, serving as an effective supplement to routine internal quality control. It can provide an intuitive and effective evaluation method for monitoring the performance of the nucleic acid testing process at blood center.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of action of modified Chaihu Shugan Powder in the treatment of abnormal gallbladder relaxation in gallbladder cholesterol stone （CS） with liver depression syndrome， and to provide a basis for clinical medication. MethodsMice were given a high-fat lithogenic diet combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） to establish a model of CS. A total of 45 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank group （6 mice fed a normal diet） and CS group （39 mice fed a high-fat lithogenic diet）. After CS modeling， the CS group was further randomly divided into four subgroups of CS group， CS liver depression group， traditional Chinese medicine group （treated with modified Chaihu Shugan Powder）， and Western medicine group （treated with ursodeoxycholic acid）， with 9 mice in each group. All subgroups were fed with the high-fat lithogenic diet， and all mice except those in the CS group were given 21 days of CUMS for modeling. Samples were collected after intervention. The serum levels of cholecystokinin （CCK）， liver function parameters， and blood lipid profiles were measured； HE staining was performed for liver and gallbladder tissue； qPCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 （TGR5） and glucagon-likepeptide-1/2 （GLP-1/2） in the intestine and TGR5 and glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor （GLP-2R） in gallbladder； metabolomics methods were used to determine bile acid composition in intestinal contents. The independent-samples t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups； a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test or the Games-Howell method was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the CS group showed significant gallstone formation， bile turbidity， hepatic steatosis， abnormal gallbladder wall structure， and significant increases in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors based on behavioral tests； significant increases in the level of total cholesterol in bile and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase， aspartate aminotransferase， and low-density lipoprotein and significant reductions in the level of total bile acid （TBA） in bile and the serum levels of CCK and high-density lipoprotein （HDL） （all P<0.05）； significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of GLP-1/2 and TGR5 in the intestine and the protein expression levels of GLP-2R and TGR5 in the gallbladder and significant reductions in the mRNA expression levels of GLP-2R and TGR5 in the gallbladder （all P<0.05）； significant changes in multiple bile acid components in intestinal contents （all P<0.05）. Compared with the CS group， the CS liver depression group had further aggravation of pathological and behavioral manifestations， changes in bile acid composition， significant increases in the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGR5 and GLP-1/2 in the intestine， and significant increases in the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGR5 and GLP-2R in the gallbladder （all P<0.01）. Compared with the CS liver depression group， both treatment groups had an improvement in gallbladder morphology， alleviation of stones and liver injury， and recovery of liver function and blood lipid levels， as well as significant reductions in the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGR5 and GLP-1/2 in the intestine and TGR5 and GLP-2R in the gallbladder （all P<0.05）； the traditional Chinese medicine group showed significant increases in glycodeoxycholic acid （GDCA）， tauro-α-muricholic acid （T-α-MCA）， and taurochenodeoxycholic acid （TCDCA） （all P<0.05）， while the Western medicine group showed significant increases in taurohyodeoxycholic acid， T-α-MCA， TCDCA， GDCA， and glycoursodeoxycholic acid （all P<0.05）. Compared with the Western medicine group， the traditional Chinese medicine group had significantly greater behavioral improvements， significantly higher levels of TBA in bile and serum HDL （both P<0.01）， significant reductions in the protein expression levels of TGR5 and GLP-1/2 in the intestine and TGR5 and GLP-2R in the gallbladder， and a significant reduction in the mRNA expression level of TGR5 in the intestine （all P<0.01）， as well as a significant increase in tauroursodeoxycholic acid and significant reductions in glycoursodeoxycholic acid， taurohyodeoxycholic acid， TCDCA， and taurolithocholic acid （all P<0.05）. ConclusionModified Chaihu Shugan Powder can improve liver function and abnormal gallbladder relaxation in CS with liver depression syndrome by regulating the bile acid-TGR5 axis， thereby exerting the therapeutic effect of soothing the liver， resolving depression， moving Qi， and promoting bile flow.

Charcoal-processed traditional Chinese herbal medicine has various therapeutic effects， including astringing， hemostasis， anti-diarrhea， clearing heat， tonifying， and warming the interior. This paper summarizes the clinical application features， compatible experiences， dosages， and precautions for over 20 types of charcoal-processed herbal medicine in the treatment of gynecological bleeding disorders caused by dysfunctions such as dysfunctional uterine bleeding， endometriosis， uterine incision pseudocavity， and vaginal bleeding resulting from threatened miscarriage. The charcoal-processed herbal medicine include Huangqin （Scutellaria Baicalensis） Charcoal， Dahuang （Rheum Palmatum） Charcoal， Cebai （Platycladus Orientalis） Charcoal， Diyu （Sanguisorba Officinalis） Charcoal， Daji （Cirsium Setosum） Charcoal， Xiaoji （Cirsium Japonicum） Charcoal， Shengdi （Rehmannia Glutinosa） Charcoal， Aiye （Artemisia Argyi） Charcoal， Paojiang （Zingiber Officinale） Charcoal， Xuduan （Dipsacus Asper） Charcoal， Duzhong （Eucommia Ulmoides） Charcoal， Qiancao （Rubia Cordifolia） Charcoal， Puhuang （Typha Angustifolia） Charcoal， Shanzha （Crataegus Pinnatifida） Charcoal， Jingjie （Schizonepeta Tenuifolia） Charcoal， Xueyu （Carthamus Tinctorius） Charcoal， Zonglyu （Areca Catechu） Charcoal， Wumei （Prunus Mume） Charcoal， Shudahuang （Rheum Officinale） Charcoal， Lianfang （Nymphaea Alba） Charcoal， Mianmaguanzhong （Clematis Armandii） Charcoal， and Oujie （Nelumbo Nucifera） Charcoal.

Objective To establish a quality evaluation method for Abri Mollis Herba based on its morphological characteristics, microscopic features, and the determination of principal component contents. Methods The morphological characteristics of Abri Mollis Herba were identified by morphological authentication methods. Microscopic techniques were employed to observe the microscopic features of both the powdered form and cross-sectional tissue of Abri Mollis Herba. Additionally, a high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method was developed to establish the quantify the main components, abrine and soyasaponin Bb, in Abri Mollis Herba. Results The morphological characteristics of Abri Mollis Herba were defined by numerous long pubescence on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaflets, with indistinct veins and vein islands. The microscopic features mainly included non-glandular hairs, prismatic crystals, and crystal-sheathed fibers in the powdered form. In the root cross-section, xylem bundles, rays, vessels, and stone cells were visible. The stem cross-section displayed rays, vessels, and a hollow pith, while the leaf cross-section revealed collateral vascular bundles, vessels, and prismatic crystals. Conclusion The quality of Abri Mollis Herba could be effectively evaluated by the combination of morphological identification, microscopic authentication, and the quantification of main components abrine and soyasaponin Bb .

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of action of Bushen Huoxue prescription （BSHXP） in regulating premature ovarian failure in rats through the PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkinson's protein （Parkin） signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy. MethodsA total of 48 rats were randomly divided into a blank group consisting of eight rats， while the remaining 40 rats underwent modeling. The modeling group was intraperitoneally injected with 4 mg·kg^-1 cisplatin solution， followed by a second injection one week later， for a total of two injections. The estrous cycle was observed through vaginal smears for 14 consecutive days to determine whether the modeling was successful. The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group， groups receiving low， medium， and high doses of BSHXP at 9.72， 19.44， and 38.88 g·kg^-1·d^-1 （BSHXP-L， BSHXP-M， and BSHXP-H groups）， and a positive control group treated with estradiol valerate （0.09 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）， for 21 consecutive days. The body weight of the rats was measured weekly. After the final administration， rats were anesthetized， and their blood and ovaries were collected. The ovarian weight was measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， and estradiol （E₂）. Assay kits were used to measure the levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the rat serum. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was performed to detect microtubule autophagy-related protein 1 light chain 3B（LC3B） protein expression in ovarian tissue， and electron microscopy was employed to examine the mitochondrial and autophagosome changes in the rat ovaries. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in ovarian tissue. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed significant reductions in body weight， weight gain， and ovarian weight （P<0.01）， along with decreased serum AMH and E₂ levels （P<0.01）， while FSH and LH levels were increased （P<0.01）. Serum MDA levels were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and SOD levels were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The ovarian tissue structure was disordered， and the zona pellucida was wrinkled into an irregular acidophilic annular object， accompanied by an increased number of closed follicles. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial swelling， unclear structure， and no obvious autophagosomes and autolysosome structures. The proteins and mRNA expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in the ovarian tissue were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed varying degrees of increases in body weight and ovarian weight （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Except for the BSHXP-L group， all treatment groups showed increased body weight gain （P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed significantly increased serum AMH and decreased FSH levels （P<0.01）. Except for the BSHXP group， all treatment groups showed varying degrees of increase and decrease in serum E₂ and LH levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed reduced serum MDA levels （P<0.01）， while the BSHXP-M， BSHXP-H， and the positive control groups demonstrated improved serum SOD levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed an increased number of follicles at all stages， visible mature follicles， and a decreased number of closed follicles. Electron microscopy showed relieved mitochondrial swelling， morphology close to normal， clear structure， and visible formation of autolysosomes in all treatment groups. Additionally， the protein and mRNA expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in ovarian tissue were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionBSHXP may improve ovarian function in rats with premature ovarian failure by regulating the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway， activating mitochondrial autophagy， and reducing oxidative damage.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of action of Bushen Huoxue prescription （BSHXP） in regulating premature ovarian failure in rats through the PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkinson's protein （Parkin） signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy. MethodsA total of 48 rats were randomly divided into a blank group consisting of eight rats， while the remaining 40 rats underwent modeling. The modeling group was intraperitoneally injected with 4 mg·kg^-1 cisplatin solution， followed by a second injection one week later， for a total of two injections. The estrous cycle was observed through vaginal smears for 14 consecutive days to determine whether the modeling was successful. The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group， groups receiving low， medium， and high doses of BSHXP at 9.72， 19.44， and 38.88 g·kg^-1·d^-1 （BSHXP-L， BSHXP-M， and BSHXP-H groups）， and a positive control group treated with estradiol valerate （0.09 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）， for 21 consecutive days. The body weight of the rats was measured weekly. After the final administration， rats were anesthetized， and their blood and ovaries were collected. The ovarian weight was measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， and estradiol （E₂）. Assay kits were used to measure the levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the rat serum. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was performed to detect microtubule autophagy-related protein 1 light chain 3B（LC3B） protein expression in ovarian tissue， and electron microscopy was employed to examine the mitochondrial and autophagosome changes in the rat ovaries. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in ovarian tissue. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed significant reductions in body weight， weight gain， and ovarian weight （P<0.01）， along with decreased serum AMH and E₂ levels （P<0.01）， while FSH and LH levels were increased （P<0.01）. Serum MDA levels were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and SOD levels were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The ovarian tissue structure was disordered， and the zona pellucida was wrinkled into an irregular acidophilic annular object， accompanied by an increased number of closed follicles. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial swelling， unclear structure， and no obvious autophagosomes and autolysosome structures. The proteins and mRNA expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in the ovarian tissue were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed varying degrees of increases in body weight and ovarian weight （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Except for the BSHXP-L group， all treatment groups showed increased body weight gain （P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed significantly increased serum AMH and decreased FSH levels （P<0.01）. Except for the BSHXP group， all treatment groups showed varying degrees of increase and decrease in serum E₂ and LH levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed reduced serum MDA levels （P<0.01）， while the BSHXP-M， BSHXP-H， and the positive control groups demonstrated improved serum SOD levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All treatment groups showed an increased number of follicles at all stages， visible mature follicles， and a decreased number of closed follicles. Electron microscopy showed relieved mitochondrial swelling， morphology close to normal， clear structure， and visible formation of autolysosomes in all treatment groups. Additionally， the protein and mRNA expression levels of PINK1， Parkin， LC3B， and p62 in ovarian tissue were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionBSHXP may improve ovarian function in rats with premature ovarian failure by regulating the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway， activating mitochondrial autophagy， and reducing oxidative damage.

Osteosarcoma (OS), chondrosarcoma (CS), and Ewing sarcoma (ES) represent primary malignant bone tumors and pose significant challenges in oncology research and clinical management. Conventional research methods, such as two-dimensional (2D) cultured tumor cells and animal models, have limitations in recapitulating the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and often fail to translate into effective clinical treatments. The advancement of three-dimensional (3D) culture technology has revolutionized the field by enabling the development of in vitro constructed bone tumor models that closely mimic the in vivo TME. These models provide powerful tools for investigating tumor biology, assessing therapeutic responses, and advancing personalized medicine. This comprehensive review summarizes the recent advancements in research on 3D tumor models constructed in vitro for OS, CS, and ES. We discuss the various techniques employed in model construction, their applications, and the challenges and future directions in this field. The integration of advanced technologies and the incorporation of additional cell types hold promise for the development of more sophisticated and physiologically relevant models. As research in this field continues to evolve, we anticipate that these models will play an increasingly crucial role in unraveling the complexities of malignant bone tumors and accelerating the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Bone Neoplasms/pathology* ; Humans ; Osteosarcoma/pathology* ; Tumor Microenvironment ; Sarcoma, Ewing/pathology* ; Chondrosarcoma/pathology* ; Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods* ; Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional/methods* ; Cell Line, Tumor

Objective Domestic research institutions and researchers have established a wide variety of animal disease models and accumulated a wealth of specialized, distinctive, and targeted atlas data during the model development process. These atlas data are of great value for development and application. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a professional and complete digital atlas database platform for animal models, which can achieve the open sharing of animal model atlas data and the integration and optimization of atlas resources related to disease animal models held by relevant domestic institutions. Methods Based on the B/S architecture, the authors' institution built a digital atlas database of animal models, using Java as the main development language and Oracle database system along with related auxiliary tools. The database platform ran in a Linux environment and could be accessed by users through a web browser. At present, the data on this platform mainly came from the atlas resources submitted by animal model resource units within Guangdong Province. Results In August 2024, a digital atlas database platform for animal models was constructed based on the classification structure of three dimensions: systemic diseases, animal species, and resource units. This platform provided functions such as collection, management, retrieval, and viewing of atlas data. As of January 2025, four resource units had submitted 61 atlas data entries of animal models to the platform, totalling 610 data items. Conclusion The animal model digital atlas database platform has been constructed and put into preliminary use. Although the amount of data on the platform is still limited, it is capable of integrating and openly sharing animal model atlas data. It is believed that with the continuous enrichment of atlas data in the future, this platform is expected to provide important data support for the development of laboratory animal science and comparative medicine research, thereby promoting the efficient utilization of scientific research resources.

Objective Domestic research institutions and researchers have established a wide variety of animal disease models and accumulated a wealth of specialized, distinctive, and targeted atlas data during the model development process. These atlas data are of great value for development and application. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a professional and complete digital atlas database platform for animal models, which can achieve the open sharing of animal model atlas data and the integration and optimization of atlas resources related to disease animal models held by relevant domestic institutions. Methods Based on the B/S architecture, the authors' institution built a digital atlas database of animal models, using Java as the main development language and Oracle database system along with related auxiliary tools. The database platform ran in a Linux environment and could be accessed by users through a web browser. At present, the data on this platform mainly came from the atlas resources submitted by animal model resource units within Guangdong Province. Results In August 2024, a digital atlas database platform for animal models was constructed based on the classification structure of three dimensions: systemic diseases, animal species, and resource units. This platform provided functions such as collection, management, retrieval, and viewing of atlas data. As of January 2025, four resource units had submitted 61 atlas data entries of animal models to the platform, totalling 610 data items. Conclusion The animal model digital atlas database platform has been constructed and put into preliminary use. Although the amount of data on the platform is still limited, it is capable of integrating and openly sharing animal model atlas data. It is believed that with the continuous enrichment of atlas data in the future, this platform is expected to provide important data support for the development of laboratory animal science and comparative medicine research, thereby promoting the efficient utilization of scientific research resources.