The medicinal use of Malvae Semen has a long history. In this paper， by consulting the ancient materia medica， prescription， agronomy， literature and other aspects of the classics， the name， origin， evolution of scientific name， quality， harvesting and processing， functions and indications and others of Malvae Semen were systematically sorted out and verified， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to use Dongkuizi as the correct name， which was used in the past dynasties， and there were also aliases such as Kuicaizi， Huacai， and Kuizi. Through the original research， it can be seen that Kuicai is the mainstream original plant of Malvae Semen， that is， Malva verticillata var. crispa， the Alcea rosea and M. cathayensis are also used. In modern times， the seeds of Abutilon theophrasti have been passed off as Malvae Semen， while the seeds of M. verticillata var. crispa have rarely been used in medicine. And Abutili Semen has been another medicinal material with different efficacy since the collection of Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties， the cultivation of Kuicai has been decreasing， while A. theophrasti is more common and easy to obtain， and Abutili Semen and Malvae Semen are similar in morphology and confused， which should be corrected. In addition， Malvae Fructus is a Mongolian customary medicinal herb， which is different from the traditional use of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine. Kuicai， as an important vegetable in history， was widely cultivated and gradually shrunk after the Song dynasty， it is now mainly produced in southern provinces. The quality evaluation of Malvae Semen is better for those with dry bodies， full grain， grayish brown color， no mud， and no impurities. The harvesting is generally in the autumn and winter. After drying， it is seeded， sieved peel and impurities， mashed， or slightly stir-fried to yellow-white color with gentle fire. It is sweet， cold and slippery in nature and taste， with the main effects of laxation， diuresis， lactation and elimination of swelling. The efficacy of Abutili Semen is clearing heat and removing toxicity， promoting diuresis and removing nebula， the efficacy is quite different from that of Malvae Semen. Based on the results of textual research， it is suggested that M. verticillata var. crispa should be used as the medicinal source of Malvae Semen in the development of famous classical formulas， the corresponding processing methods should be selected according to the requirements of drug processing in the formulas， while the raw products are recommended to be used if the processing is not specified.

The medicinal use of Malvae Semen has a long history. In this paper， by consulting the ancient materia medica， prescription， agronomy， literature and other aspects of the classics， the name， origin， evolution of scientific name， quality， harvesting and processing， functions and indications and others of Malvae Semen were systematically sorted out and verified， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， Shennong Bencaojing began to use Dongkuizi as the correct name， which was used in the past dynasties， and there were also aliases such as Kuicaizi， Huacai， and Kuizi. Through the original research， it can be seen that Kuicai is the mainstream original plant of Malvae Semen， that is， Malva verticillata var. crispa， the Alcea rosea and M. cathayensis are also used. In modern times， the seeds of Abutilon theophrasti have been passed off as Malvae Semen， while the seeds of M. verticillata var. crispa have rarely been used in medicine. And Abutili Semen has been another medicinal material with different efficacy since the collection of Newly Revised Materia Medica in the Tang dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties， the cultivation of Kuicai has been decreasing， while A. theophrasti is more common and easy to obtain， and Abutili Semen and Malvae Semen are similar in morphology and confused， which should be corrected. In addition， Malvae Fructus is a Mongolian customary medicinal herb， which is different from the traditional use of seeds in traditional Chinese medicine. Kuicai， as an important vegetable in history， was widely cultivated and gradually shrunk after the Song dynasty， it is now mainly produced in southern provinces. The quality evaluation of Malvae Semen is better for those with dry bodies， full grain， grayish brown color， no mud， and no impurities. The harvesting is generally in the autumn and winter. After drying， it is seeded， sieved peel and impurities， mashed， or slightly stir-fried to yellow-white color with gentle fire. It is sweet， cold and slippery in nature and taste， with the main effects of laxation， diuresis， lactation and elimination of swelling. The efficacy of Abutili Semen is clearing heat and removing toxicity， promoting diuresis and removing nebula， the efficacy is quite different from that of Malvae Semen. Based on the results of textual research， it is suggested that M. verticillata var. crispa should be used as the medicinal source of Malvae Semen in the development of famous classical formulas， the corresponding processing methods should be selected according to the requirements of drug processing in the formulas， while the raw products are recommended to be used if the processing is not specified.

Objective: To investigate the environmental contamination of norovirus in nurseries and primary/secondary schools, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control measures. Methods: A total of 483 external environmental samples were collected from 34 cluster outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools in Linhai City from 2021 to 2024. Pathogen detection was conducted using a rapid nucleic acid extraction kit and realtime fluorescence RT-PCR, and the results were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fishers exact test. Results: Among the collected external environmental samples, the total positive rate of surface contamination was 13.66%. The positive rates in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools were 12.20% and 15.82%, respectively. In kindergartens, the five surfaces with the highest detection rates were desks/chairs (23.33%), toilet stool troughs (20.69%), urinal troughs (12.00%), washbasins/sinks (11.11%), and toilet mops (9.38%). In primary/secondary schools, the top five were toilet stool troughs (38.30%), urinal troughs (23.53%), toilet door handles (13.04%), toilet mops (12.50%), and drinking cups (11.11%). The difference in positive detection rates among different external environments in primary/secondary schools was statistically significant (Fishers exact probability test, P<0.01). The positive detection rate in sanitary toilets was higher than that in classroom environments (χ2=17.38), while the positive detection rate in classroom environments of kindergartens was higher than that in primary/secondary schools (χ2=5.42)(P<0.05). Conclusions Norovirus exhibits a high contamination rate in nurseries and schools, particularly in restroom areas. Strengthening sanitation and disinfection in highrisk environments, and improving hygiene awareness among children and staff, are essential for the effective prevent and control of norovirus.

Objective:To explore the clinical warning value of ischemic modified albumin (IMA) and IMA to human serum albumin (HSA) ratio (IMAR) in the development of pre-eclampsia (PE) and its severity.Methods:A total of 156 pregnant women with PE admitted to the Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing from April 2022 to March 2023 were collected as the PE group, and 156 healthy pregnant women with the same age and gestational age were matched as the control group. PE pregnant women were further divided into severe PE group (78 cases) and non-severe PE group (78 cases). Severe PE pregnant women were divided into emergency group (42 cases) and non-emergency group (36 cases) according to the disease progression time.All pregnant women were stratified according to their HSA levels (<30 g/L, 30-32 g/L, ≥32 g/L), and the peripheral blood IMA, HSA, and IMAR of pregnant women in different periods and subgroups were compared, and also the difference of IMA levels in umbilical artery blood. Bivariate correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between severe PE and IMA or IMAR, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to analyze the diagnostic value of IMA, HSA, and IMAR for PE and severe PE.Results:(1) The IMA level and IMAR in peripheral serum of pregnant women in the PE group at diagnosis, and the IMA level in umbilical artery blood at delivery, and peripheral serum at 2 days after delivery were higher than those in the control group. The HSA level in peripheral serum was lower than that in the control group at diagnosis, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.001). (2) The IMA level and IMAR in the peripheral serum of pregnant women with severe PE were higher than those in the non-severe PE group at diagnosis, while the HSA level were lower than those in the non-severe PE group. The differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). At diagnosis, the IMA level and IMAR in peripheral serum of pregnant women in the emergency group were higher than those in the non-emergency group, while the HSA level was lower than that in the non-emergency group. The differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). When diagnosed, the peripheral serum IMA levels of pregnant women in the PE group were compared between subgroups with HSA<30 g/L, 30-32 g/L, ≥32 g/L, and there was no statistically significant difference ( F=0.366, P=0.694). However, the IMAR was compared between the three subgroups, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=28.544, P<0.001), which increased with the decrease of HSA levels. In the subgroup with HSA≥32 g/L, the peripheral serum IMA level and IMAR of pregnant women in the PE group were higher than those in the control group at diagnosis, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.001). (3) The severe PE manifestations positively correlated with peripheral serum IMAR at diagnosis include systolic blood pressure ( r=0.279), mean arterial pressure ( r=0.212), and urinary protein quantification ( r=0.277), while the severe PE manifestations negatively correlated include HSA levels ( r=-0.644) and newborn birth weight ( r=-0.305), all of which were significantly correlated ( P<0.05). (4) The area under curve (AUC) for IMAR diagnosis of PE was 0.875 (95% CI: 0.833-0.916), with the highest diagnostic efficiency at a cutoff value of 2.06, sensitivity of 72.5%, and specificity of 85.1%. The AUC for diagnosing severe PE was 0.871 (95% CI: 0.822-0.919), with the highest diagnostic efficacy at a cutoff value of 2.18, sensitivity of 72.3%, and specificity of 88.3%. The diagnostic efficacy of IMAR for PE and severe PE were higher than those of IMA and HSA levels. Conclusions:The level of IMA and IMAR in pregnant women with PE are higher than those in normal pregnant women. IMA and IMAR are correlated with the severity of PE, with IMAR changes occurring earlier and more significantly. IMAR could be considered as one of the evaluation indicators for the development of PE, or as a more sensitive PE severity warning indicator than HSA.

Background::Histological healing is closely associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes and lowered relapses in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, we developed a novel diagnostic criterion for assessing histological healing in UC patients.Methods::We conducted a retrospective cohort study in UC patients, whose treatment was iteratively optimized to achieve mucosal healing at Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University from January 2017 to May 2022. We identified an inflammatory cell enumeration index (ICEI) for assessing histological healing based on the proportions of eosinophils, CD177 + neutrophils, and CD40L + T cells in the colonic lamina propria under high power field (HPF), and the outcomes (risks of symptomatic relapses) of achieving histological remission vs. persistent histological inflammation using Kaplan-Meier curves. Intrareader reliability and inter-reader reliability were evaluated by each reader. The relationships to the changes in the Nancy index and the Geboes score were also assessed for responsiveness. The ICEI was further validated in a new cohort of UC patients from other nine university hospitals. Results::We developed an ICEI for clinical diagnosis of histological healing, i.e., Y = 1.701X 1 + 0.758X 2 + 1.347X 3 - 7.745 (X 1, X 2, and X 3 represent the proportions of CD177 + neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD40L + T cells, respectively, in the colonic lamina propria under HPF). The receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analysis revealed that Y <-0.391 was the cutoff value for the diagnosis of histological healing and that an area under the curve (AUC) was 0.942 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.905-0.979) with a sensitivity of 92.5% and a specificity of 83.6% ( P <0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the intrareader reliability was 0.855 (95% CI: 0.781-0.909), and ICEI had good inter-reader reliability of 0.832 (95% CI: 0.748-0.894). During an 18-month follow-up, patients with histological healing had a substantially better outcome compared with those with unachieved histological healing ( P <0.001) using ICEI. During a 12-month follow-up from other nine hospitals, patients with histological healing also had a lower risk of relapse than patients with unachieved histological healing. Conclusions::ICEI can be used to predict histological healing and identify patients with a risk of relapse 12 months and 18 months after clinical therapy. Therefore, ICEI provides a promising, simplified approach to monitor histological healing and to predict the prognosis of UC.Registration::Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, No. ChiCTR2300077792.

Objective:To analyze the research hotspots, research directions and future trends of social isolation of the elderly in the past 10 years, so as to provide reference for future research.Methods:The literature on social isolation of the elderly included in the Web of Science database from 2010 to 2020 was retrieved, and bibliometrics analysis was conducted on the number of literature publications, key words, countries and institutions, keyword knowledge graph analysis and keyword emergence and other aspects using science citation analysis and Citespace5.7.R3 visualization software.Results:A total of 1 178 articles were included. The document volume showed a rising tendency, The majority of them was in Britain and the United States, less international cooperation among the author, issuing agency is given priority to with university. The research focuses on the mental health of the elderly, social isolation intervention methods, risk factors, quality of life and mortality, etc.Conclusions:The phenomenon of social isolation of the elderly has become a research hotspot in the international community, while China′s research in this field is still in its infancy. Future research should draw lessons from the experience and methods of foreign research, and explore intervention methods suitable for the social isolation of the elderly in China, so as to better promote the healthy aging of the elderly.

Objective:To investigate the pathogenic characteristics of viral encephalitis or meningitis in children living in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas, and to study the relationship between pathogenic and clinical findings.Methods:A total of 132 cerebrospinal fluid specimens were randomly collected from hospitalized children diagnosed with viral encephalitis or meningitis (January 2018 to December 2018) in the Department of Neurology of Hebei Children′s Hospital in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas. The nucleic acids of four viruses in cerebrospinal fluid were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 132 cases, 78 were boys and 54 were girls, with a sex ratio of 1.44∶1. However, in the gender composition of children in each age group, there was no significant difference (χ 2=3.901, P=0.272). Of the 132 children, 121 had signs of fever, 109 had symptoms of headache, 92 had symptoms of vomiting, 17 had abnormal electroencephalogram(EEG), and 15 had abnormal head magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). 132 cerebrospinal fluid specimens were tested for pathogenic pathogens, and 80 of them were successfully detected. There was 1 case of human herpesvirus type I(HHV-I), 2 cases of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and 77 cases of enterovirus(EV). The age group of 1~3 years′s EV detection rate was 66.67%, it is the highest, but overall, the EV detection rate, there was no significant difference among the four age groups (χ 2=3.147, P=0.369). The detection rate of EV in summer and autumn were 65.52% and 70.83%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in spring and winter (33.33% and 0.00%), and there was a significant difference (χ 2=22.504, P=0.000). There was no significant difference in the positive rates of fever, headache and vomiting between EV-positive and non-EV-positive children ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal EEG and abnormal head MRI between EV-positive and non-EV-positive children ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In 2018, EV was the main pathogen of viral encephalitis and meningitis in children in Shijiazhuang city and surrounding areas, and EV detection rate was high in summer and autumn.

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Objective To explore the four tumor markers of alpha-fetoprotein ( AFP ), α-L-fucosidase( AFU), carbohydrate antigen 199 ( CA199) and carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA) and their combined use for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis and treatment value. Methods From February 2016 to August 2018,92 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC group),79 patients with benign liver disease (chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis group) and 99 healthy adults (control group) were selected as subjects. The serum levels of four tumor markers in different populations were compared. Results The serum levels of four tumor markers ( AFP ( 192. 4 ± 89. 3) μg／L、AFU( 78. 6 ± 25. 8) U／L、CA199 (107. 2 ± 59. 5) U／mL、 CEA ( 37. 9 ± 14. 9) μg／L) were significantly higher than those of benign liver disease group(AFP( 17. 4 ± 6. 3) μg／L、AFU( 35. 4 ± 17. 2) U／L、CA199( 29. 3± 15. 2) U／mL、CEA( 4. 9 ±1. 7) μg／L) and normal people( AFP(4. 8±1. 1) μg／L、AFU(12. 2±3. 6) U／L、CA199( 6. 4± 2. 3) U／mL、CEA(1. 8±0. 4) μg／L) . There differences had significant ( all P＜0. 05) . The abnormal rate of single factor in hepatocellular carcinoma group ( AFP 84. 8%, AFU 52. 2%, CA199 41. 3%, CEA35. 9%) was significantly higher than that in benign liver disease group ( AFP 15. 2%, AFU 19. 0%, CA19916. 5%, CEA13. 9%) and normal group (AFP 4. 0%,AFU 5. 0%,CA199 3. 0%,CEA 6. 0% ug／L),the difference was statistically significant ( all P＜0. 05) . The highest sensitivity was AFP ( 84. 8%) and the highest specificity was AFP and CA199 (91. 0%). The sensitivity of combined detection was 94. 6% higher than that of single index ( AFP 84. 8%, AFU52. 2%, CA199 41. 3%, CEA35. 9%) . Conclusion The combined detection of AFP,AFU,CA199 and CEA can increase the sensitivity of diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and reduce the rate of missed diagnosis, which will be beneficial to the early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Heat shock protein A9 (HSPA9), a member of the heat shock protein family, is a putative receptor for Tembusu virus (TMUV). By using Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assays, E protein domains I and II were identified as the functional domains that facilitate HSPA9 binding. Twenty-five overlapping peptides covering domain I and domain II sequences were synthesized and analyzed by using an HSPA9 binding assay. Two peptides showed the capability of binding to HSPA9. Dot blot assay of truncated peptides indicated that amino acid residues 19 to 22 and 245 to 252 of E protein constitute the minimal motifs required for TMUV binding to HSPA9. Importantly, peptides harboring those two minimal motifs could effectively inhibit TMUV infection. Our results provide insight into TMUV-receptor interaction, thereby creating opportunities for elucidating the mechanism of TMUV entry.
Blotting, Western ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Peptides ; Protein Structure, Tertiary