Objective To explore the clinical value of chitinase 3-like protein 1(CHI3L1)in the diagnosis of lung cancer.Methods A total of 106 patients with lung cancer admitted to the North District of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January to December 2022 were selected as the lung cancer group,76 patients with benign lung disease admitted during the same period were selected as the benign lung disease group and 20 healthy subjects were selected as the control group.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect CHI3L1 levels.The levels of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),neuron-specific eno-lase(NSE),cytokeratin-19 fragment(CYFRA21-1),squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC-Ag)and gastrin-releasing peptide precursor(ProGRP)were determined by chemiluminescence assay.Results The levels of CEA,ProGRP,NSE,CYFRA21-1 and CHI3L1 in lung cancer group were significantly higher than those in control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Serum CEA in lung cancer group was significantly higher than that in benign lung disease group,while serum CHI3L1 was significantly lower than that in benign lung disease group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).Serum levels of NSE and Pro-GRP were higher in patients with small cell lung cancer than those with lung adenocarcinoma and lung squa-mous cell carcinoma(P＜0.05).Compared with patients with lung adenocarcinoma and small cell lung canc-er,the serum CYFRA21-1 level in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma was higher,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the serum levels of NSE,CY-FRA21-1 and CHI3L1 in patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅱ lung cancer group were significantly increased,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic stepwise regression analysis was per-formed for CEA,ProGRP,NSE,CYFRA21-1 and CHI3L1,and it was found that NSE and CHI3L1 had an effect on the occurrence of lung cancer.The sensitivity,specificity and area under the curve of CHI3L1 and NSE were 96.2％,90.0％and 0.965 respectively.Conclusion Serum CHI3L1 can assist in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lung cancer.The combined detection of CHI3L1 and NSE is helpful for the early de-tection of lung cancer and has good clinical application value.

Objective To investigate the expression of OTU deubiquitinase 3(OTUD3)and interleukin en-hancer binding factor 2(ILF2)in esophageal squamous cell cancer and their correlation with clinicopathologi-cal characteristics and prognosis.Methods A total of 102 patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer who underwent radical resection in Huai'an Fifth People's Hospital between January 2019 and July 2020 were in-cluded in this study.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect OTUD3 and ILF2 expression.Spearman rank correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between OTUD3 and ILF2.Kaplan-Meier surviv-al curves were used to analyze the impact of OTUD3 and ILF2 expression on patient survival prognosis.COX regression analysis was employed to identify prognostic factors.Results Compared with adjacent tissues,the positive rate of OTUD3 was lower and the positive rate of ILF2 was higher in esophageal squamous cell cancer tissues,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).A significant negative correlation was ob-served between the expression of OTUD3 and ILF2 in esophageal squamous cell cancer(r=-0.712,P＜0.001).Furthermore,patients with TNM stage Ⅲ,low differentiation,and lymph node metastasis exhibited a lower positive rate of OTUD3 and a higher positive rate of ILF2 compared to patients with TNM stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ,medium-high differentiation,and no lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).The 3-year survival rate for the OTUD3-positive group was significantly higher than that of the OTUD3-negative group(Log-rank x2=5.869,P=0.015).The 3-year survival rate for the ILF2-positive group was significantly lower than that of the ILF2-negative group(Log-rank x2=16.257,P＜0.001).TNM staging,lymph node metastasis,degree of differentiation,OTUD3,and ILF2 were independent factors affecting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell cancer patients.Conclusion Decreased expression of OTUD3 and increased expression of ILF2 in esopha-geal squamous cell cancer tissues are implicated in the malignant progression of esophageal squamous cell cancer and serve as independent factors affecting patient outcomes.

Objective: To examine the relationship between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and neurodevelopment among 6-month-old infants, so as to provide insights into the prevention of neurodevelopmental abnormalities among infants. Methods: Puerparas with full-term delivery at Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital from April 2017 to July 2018 and their babies were recruited. The demographic features, behaviors during pregnancy, IPI and birth outcomes were collected through questionnaires and medical records. The neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (third edition) among infants at 6 months of age. The association between IPI and neurodevelopment was examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results : Totally 485 maternal-newborn pairs were investigated, and the puerparas had a mean age of ( 29.43±4.40 ) years. There were 330 puerparas ( 68.04% ) with normal pre-pregnancy body mass index, 325 puerparas ( 67.01% ) with eutocia, 233 puerparas (48.04%) with the first delivery, 44 puerparas ( 9.07% ) with IPI of less than one year and 208 puerparas ( 42.89% ) with IPI of one year and greater. There were 246 male babies ( 50.72% ) and 437 babies ( 90.10% ) with normal birth weight. A total of 148 newborns were diagnosed with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, with a detection rate of 30.52%. Of all newborns with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, there were 45 babies with communication abnormalities ( 9.28% ), 87 babies with gross motor abnormalities ( 17.94% ), 73 babies with fine motor abnormalities ( 15.05% ), 68 babies with abnormalities of solving problems ( 14.02% ) and 60 babies with personal-social abnormalities ( 12.37% ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a reduced risk of infant's communication abnormalities ( OR=0.273, 95%CI: 0.090-0.833 ), gross motor abnormalities ( OR=0.340, 95%CI: 0.150-0.770 ), fine motor abnormalities ( OR=0.266, 95%CI: 0.106-0.670 ), personal-social abnormalities ( OR=0.321, 95%CI: 0.121-0.851 ) and neurodevelopmental abnormalities ( OR=0.353, 95%CI: 0.171-0.730 ) among puerparas with IPI of one year and greater as compared to those with IPI of less than one year, and no significant difference was seen in infant's neurodevelopmental abnormalities between puerparas with the first delivery and with IPI of less than one year. Conclusion IPI is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities among 6-month-old infants.

Objective:To explore the clinical value of heparin binding protein (HBP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia.Methods:Eighty eight patients with pulmonary infection from the respiratory department of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2019 to January 2021 were enrolled in the study, including 48 cases of bacterial pneumonia and 40 cases of non-bacterial pneumonia; meanwhile, 40 non-pulmonary infection patients were also enrolled as the control group. The BALF levels of HBP, procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured, and the clinical values of the above indexes in differential diagnosis of bacterial and non-bacterial pneumonia were analyzed.Results:The BALF levels of HBP and IL-6 in bacterial pneumonia group were significantly higher than those of the non-bacterial pneumonia group and the control group ( P<0.05). ROC curve showed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of HBP and IL-6 were 0.930 and 0.893 for the early diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia; and the sensitivity was 88.5% and 82.7%, the specificity was 92.5% and 92.5%, respectively. Combined detection of HBP and IL-6, the AUC was 0.942 and the sensitivity was 94.2% and the specificity was 95.0%. When they were used to distinguish bacterial pneumonia, the AUC of HBP and IL-6 were 0.890 and 0.777, and the sensitivities were 80.8% and 71.2%, and the specificity were 91.7% and 75.0%, respectively. Combined detection of HBP and IL-6, the AUC was 0.902, and the sensitivity was 96.2% and the specificity was 79.2%. Conclusions:BALF HBP and IL-6 have good clinical value in the early diagnosis and distinguishing bacterial pulmonary infection and the joint value of the two is better.

Objective:To establish the nutrition literacy core items for preschool children in China.Methods:The framework system and preliminary items of nutrition literacy were established through literature review and experts consultation. E-Delphi method was used to determine the nutrition literacy items. Nine experts in the field of nutrition, child and adolescent health, health education were invited to score the importance of each nutrition literacy item via Email. The judgment basis and familiarity of experts towards the items, active coefficient, authority coefficient and harmony coefficient were evaluated and analyzed to generate the final list of nutrition literacy items.Results:In the first round of E-Delphi consultation, the active coefficient and authority coefficient were 88.9%(8/9) and(0.88±0.07).The harmony coefficient was 0.350 (χ 2=36.432, P=0.001). In the second round, the active coefficient and authority coefficient were 100% (9/9) and (0.89±0.11).The harmony coefficient was 0.347 (χ 2=34.330, P<0.001). After qualitative and quantitative analyses, we identified the final list of nutrition literacy items consisting of two scales (basic knowledge, lifestyles and dietary behaviors), six subscales (food knowledge, food characteristic, food choice, dietary behavior, dietary safety, and physical activity)with 14 items in total. Conclusion:The framework system and core items of nutrition literacy are established for Chinese preschool children, which could provide a reference basis for the implementation of nutrition education project and the establishment of standardized evaluation tools.

Objective:To establish the nutrition literacy core items for preschool children in China.Methods:The framework system and preliminary items of nutrition literacy were established through literature review and experts consultation. E-Delphi method was used to determine the nutrition literacy items. Nine experts in the field of nutrition, child and adolescent health, health education were invited to score the importance of each nutrition literacy item via Email. The judgment basis and familiarity of experts towards the items, active coefficient, authority coefficient and harmony coefficient were evaluated and analyzed to generate the final list of nutrition literacy items.Results:In the first round of E-Delphi consultation, the active coefficient and authority coefficient were 88.9%(8/9) and(0.88±0.07).The harmony coefficient was 0.350 (χ 2=36.432, P=0.001). In the second round, the active coefficient and authority coefficient were 100% (9/9) and (0.89±0.11).The harmony coefficient was 0.347 (χ 2=34.330, P<0.001). After qualitative and quantitative analyses, we identified the final list of nutrition literacy items consisting of two scales (basic knowledge, lifestyles and dietary behaviors), six subscales (food knowledge, food characteristic, food choice, dietary behavior, dietary safety, and physical activity)with 14 items in total. Conclusion:The framework system and core items of nutrition literacy are established for Chinese preschool children, which could provide a reference basis for the implementation of nutrition education project and the establishment of standardized evaluation tools.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a dementia-type neurodegenerative disease with an increasing incidence in elderly population and a poor prognosis. Therefore, the early diagnosis technology of AD urgently needs to be improved. In this paper, the laboratory diagnostic technologies of Alzheimer's disease were reviewed in the field of neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging technology, and biomarker detection, including the simple intelligence state scale, the Montreal cognitive assessment scale, the memory and executive function screening scale, structural MRI, and functional MRI, positron emission computed tomography, MRI-based artificial intelligence analysis, and β amyloid (Aβ), homocysteine, S100B protein, Aβ 42, tau protein, urine AD-related neurofilament protein (AD7c-NTP) and Aβ plaques in the retinas. The limitations of these technologies were analyzed, and the development trends of the technologies were summarized. In order to improve the efficiency of AD screening, it is necessary to build an early diagnosis system for AD, in which multimodal diagnosis technology should be used to distinguish different types of AD.

Metronomic photodynamic therapy (mPDT) is a new type of photodynamic therapy (PDT) that has received much attention in recent years. It has a similar therapeutic mechanism to traditional PDT, i.e. the photosensitizer is irradiated by visible light irradiation with a specific wavelength, and tissue oxygen photochemical reactions produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively kill rapidly proliferating tumor cells. Unlike traditional PDT, the photosensitizer and light in mPDT are continuously transmitted at a low time and at a low rate, and the specificity of tumor treatment is enhanced by apoptosis. In this paper, the current researches on the in vitro and in vivo effects and mechanisms of mPDT, as well as the research status of photosensitizers and light sources for in vivo research, were reviewed, with a view to understanding the existing mPDT technology and providing reference for the further studies. This review paper can provide a basic for promoting the clinical research and application of mPDT.

Objective: To investigate the key issues in the diagnosis and treatment of foreign body aspiration in children with tracheobronchial variations. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for 11 pediatric patients who were treated in Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Province People′s Hospital after a diagnosis of foreign body aspiration with tracheobronchial variations between January 2015 and December 2017. There were 7 males and 4 females among the 11 cases of foreign body aspiration with tracheobronchial variations, ranging between 9 months and 11 years of age. Results: Among 11 cases, the types of variationswere tracheal bronchus in 9 cases, bridging bronchus in 1 case and simple tracheal stenosis in 1 case. All of the pediatric patients were under general anesthesia, and the foreign bodies were removed by bronchoscopy successfully with no significant complications. Conclusions The possibility of tracheobronchial variations should be considered in children with recurrent wheezing and poor efficacy of regular treatment before foreign body aspiration. Removal of foreign body via rigid bronchoscope under general anesthesia is a safe and effective treatment. These children are needed to combine the situation oftracheobronchial variations and the location of foreign bodies to guide the operation, and strengthened the perioperative treatment.

Objective To detect and analyze the percentages of CD4+T, CD8+T and invariant na-ture killer T ( iNKT) cells as well as iNKT subsets in different tissues and organs of non-obese diabetic (NOD)/LtJ mice before the onset and in the early and late stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D) for better under-standing the immune function in different disease stages. Methods Female NOD/LtJ mice were selected as experimental subjects. Their fasting blood glucose levels were measured by blood glucose meter. Glycosuria and blood glucose level ≥11. 1 mmol/L in two consecutive detections were used as the diagnostic criteria of T1D. These mice were divided into three groups as follows: non-onset, early stage and late stage groups. Changes in food and water intake, glucose level in the urine, body weight, mental state, fur color and urine volume were recorded. Percentages of CD4+T, CD8+T and iNKT cells and ratios of subsets in peripheral blood, thymus, spleen, liver and inguinal lymph nodes were detected by flow cytometry (FACS). Results (1) Compared with the non-onset and the early stage groups, mice in the late stage group were apathetic and had rough hair. Moreover, significantly increased water and food intake and urine output (P<0. 05) and de-creased body weight, thymus index, spleen index and the absolute lymphocyte counts of spleen, liver and thymus (P<0. 05) were observed in the late stage group. (2) Compared with the non-onset group, the early stage group showed significantly increased percentages of CD4+T cells in spleen, liver, thymus and inguinal lymph nodes (P<0. 05). Compared with the early stage group, the late stage group showed decreased per-centages of CD4+T cells in liver, thymus, inguinal lymph nodes and peripheral blood (P<0. 05). Compared with the non-onset group, the percentages of CD8+T cells in the early stage group were significantly increased in spleen and thymus, but reduced in inguinal lymph nodes (P<0. 05). Compared with the early stage group, the percentages of CD8+T cells in late stage group were significantly reduced in liver and thymus, but increased in inguinal lymph nodes (P<0. 05). (3) The percentages of iNKT cells in liver and inguinal lymph nodes of mice in the early stage group were significantly higher than those of the non-onset group (P<0. 05). The percentages of iNKT cells in peripheral blood and liver of mice in the late stage group were sig-nificantly lower than those of the early stage group (P<0. 05). No significant difference in the percentages of iNKT cells in spleen and thymus was found among the three groups (P>0. 05). (4) Compared with the non-onset group, the percentages of iNKT1 subset in thymus in the early and late stage groups were significantly increased, while the percentages of iNKT2 subset were significantly decreased (P<0. 05). No significant difference in the percentages of iNKT1 and iNKT2 subsets in spleen, liver and inguinal lymph nodes was found among the three groups (P>0. 05). (5) The percentages of iNKT2 subset in spleen, liver and ingui-nal lymph nodes were significantly lower than those of the iNKT1 subset in the three groups (P<0. 05). The percentage of iNKT2 subset in thymus was significantly higher than that of iNKT1 subset in the non-onset group (P<0. 05). (6) Compared with the non-onset and the late stage groups, the early stage group showed significantly increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A and up-regulated ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 (P<0. 05). Compared with the non-onset and the early stage groups, the late stage group showed significantly increased IL-6 level (P<0. 05). Compared with the non-onset group, IL-10 level in the other two groups was in-creased, especially in the late stage group (P<0. 05). No significant difference in IL-2 level was found among the three groups (P>0. 05). Conclusion Increased percentages of iNKT cells and iNKT1 subset in NOD/LtJ mice with early stage of T1D might be involved in the development of T1D.