Health management is highly complex due to interactions across multiple levels and factors. System dynamics model (SDM) offers a holistic perspective and a dynamic analytical framework for understanding such complex systems. It has been applied across various domains of health management, including psychological interventions, chronic disease management, rehabilitation, optimization of medical services, and health policy development. By identifying key factors and pathways influencing health behaviors, determining critical targets for interventions, conducting cost-benefit analyses and process optimization, and simulating the long-term effects of health policies, SDM provides quantitative support for decision-making from individual-level interventions to macro-level policies. This article reviews the application of SDM in these four major areas within health management, discusses its advantages and limitations, and serves as a reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to utilize SDM in future studies. The goal is to advance health management toward greater personalization and precision, thereby offering stronger support for health interventions and policy development.
Humans ; Health Policy ; Models, Theoretical

Objective:To explore the application of the O-PIRTAS flipped classroom in teaching the course of "developmental psychology".Methods:This study involved second-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical psychology. The 26 undergraduate students enrolled in 2023 who participated in the late adulthood section of the course were selected as the experimental group (O-PIRTAS teaching), while the 25 undergraduate enrolled in 2022 in the same course were selected as the control group (traditional teaching). Assessments were conducted through closed-book tests and questionnaires. The student questionnaire evaluated their theoretical knowledge, class assessment, and class engagement. The teacher questionnaire assessed the completeness of the lecture, logical flow, and student engagement. SPSS 22.0 was used for t test. Results:In the theoretical examination, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores compared to the control group in knowledge application [(13.09±1.59) vs. (10.54±0.77)] and practical problem-solving ability [(8.27±0.57) vs. (6.95±0.32)]. In the questionnaire survey, 24 (92.00%) students in the experimental group expressed recognition of the flipped classroom mode. Teachers reported greater improvement in satisfaction with the classroom performance of the experimental group compared to the control group.Conclusions:O-PIRTAS flipped classroom improves the quality of teaching "developmental psychology", enhances student learning outcomes, and stimulates learning motivation.

Objective To investigate the expression level of centromere protein(CENP)Ⅰin lung adenocarcinoma cells,to study the effects of CENPⅠon the proliferation,invasion,migration,apoptosis,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of lung adenocarci-noma cells,and to explore the possible mechanisms related to its occurrence.Methods The expression of CENPⅠmRNA and protein in four types of lung adenocarcinoma cells and normal alveolar epithelial cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.The expression of CENPⅠin H1650 cells was knocked down by the siRNA technique,The transfection efficiency was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.The effects of knock-down CENPⅠon proliferation,cell cycle,apoptosis,invasion and migration of H1650 cells were detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay,the transwell assay,and flow cytometry.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,vimentin,Ki-67,cyclin D1,Bcl-2,PI3K,AKT,mTOR,p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR.Results After the knock-down of CENPⅠ,the proliferative ability of the H1650 cells significantly decreased,the number of apoptotic cells significantly decreased,and the cell invasion and migration abilities significantly decreased(P<0.01).E-cadherin expression was upregulated and N-cadherin,vimentin,Ki-67,cyclin D1,Bcl-2,p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR expres-sion were down-regulated in the CENTI group compared with the control group(P<0.05).The expression of p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR in the si-CENPⅠ+IGF-1 group was upregulated compared to that in the si-CENPⅠgroup(P<0.05).Conclusion High expression of CENPⅠin lung adenocarcinoma cells promotes the proliferation,invasion,and migration of lung adenocarcinoma H1650 cells and EMT inhibits apoptosis,which may be related to the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the expression level of centromere protein(CENP)Ⅰin lung adenocarcinoma cells,to study the effects of CENPⅠon the proliferation,invasion,migration,apoptosis,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)of lung adenocarci-noma cells,and to explore the possible mechanisms related to its occurrence.Methods The expression of CENPⅠmRNA and protein in four types of lung adenocarcinoma cells and normal alveolar epithelial cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting.The expression of CENPⅠin H1650 cells was knocked down by the siRNA technique,The transfection efficiency was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting.The effects of knock-down CENPⅠon proliferation,cell cycle,apoptosis,invasion and migration of H1650 cells were detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay,the transwell assay,and flow cytometry.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,vimentin,Ki-67,cyclin D1,Bcl-2,PI3K,AKT,mTOR,p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR.Results After the knock-down of CENPⅠ,the proliferative ability of the H1650 cells significantly decreased,the number of apoptotic cells significantly decreased,and the cell invasion and migration abilities significantly decreased(P<0.01).E-cadherin expression was upregulated and N-cadherin,vimentin,Ki-67,cyclin D1,Bcl-2,p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR expres-sion were down-regulated in the CENTI group compared with the control group(P<0.05).The expression of p-PI3K,p-AKT,and p-mTOR in the si-CENPⅠ+IGF-1 group was upregulated compared to that in the si-CENPⅠgroup(P<0.05).Conclusion High expression of CENPⅠin lung adenocarcinoma cells promotes the proliferation,invasion,and migration of lung adenocarcinoma H1650 cells and EMT inhibits apoptosis,which may be related to the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Objective:To explore the application of the O-PIRTAS flipped classroom in teaching the course of "developmental psychology".Methods:This study involved second-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical psychology. The 26 undergraduate students enrolled in 2023 who participated in the late adulthood section of the course were selected as the experimental group (O-PIRTAS teaching), while the 25 undergraduate enrolled in 2022 in the same course were selected as the control group (traditional teaching). Assessments were conducted through closed-book tests and questionnaires. The student questionnaire evaluated their theoretical knowledge, class assessment, and class engagement. The teacher questionnaire assessed the completeness of the lecture, logical flow, and student engagement. SPSS 22.0 was used for t test. Results:In the theoretical examination, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores compared to the control group in knowledge application [(13.09±1.59) vs. (10.54±0.77)] and practical problem-solving ability [(8.27±0.57) vs. (6.95±0.32)]. In the questionnaire survey, 24 (92.00%) students in the experimental group expressed recognition of the flipped classroom mode. Teachers reported greater improvement in satisfaction with the classroom performance of the experimental group compared to the control group.Conclusions:O-PIRTAS flipped classroom improves the quality of teaching "developmental psychology", enhances student learning outcomes, and stimulates learning motivation.

Diabetes is a common chronic non-infectious disease. Diabetic patients not only suffer from metabolic disorders, but are also prone to immune deficiencies and are at a higher risk of being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Many studies at home and abroad have shown that the HPV infection rate of patients with diabetes is higher than that of non-diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes can benefit from HPV vaccination, and the tolerance is good. HPV vaccination is recommended for diabetic patients. This article reviews the research on diabetes, HPV infection, and HPV vaccine, which will provide references for HPV vaccination in diabetic patients.

Background/Aims: Ubiquitination is widely involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by regulating various cellular processes. However, systematic strategies for screening core ubiquitin-related genes, clarifying their functions and mechanisms, and ultimately developing potential therapeutics for patients with HCC are still lacking. Methods: Cox and LASSO regression analyses were performed to construct a ubiquitin-related gene prediction model for HCC. Loss- and gain-of-function studies, transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis were used to explore the function and mechanism of UBE2S on HCC cell glycolysis and growth. Results: Based on 1,423 ubiquitin-related genes, a four-gene signature was successfully constructed to evaluate the prognosis of patients with HCC. UBE2S was identified in this signature with the potential to predict the survival of patients with HCC. E2F2 transcriptionally upregulated UBE2S expression by directly binding to its promoter. UBE2S positively regulated glycolysis in a HIF-1α-dependent manner, thus promoting the proliferation of HCC cells. Mechanistically, UBE2S enhanced K11-linkage polyubiquitination at lysine residues 171 and 196 of VHL independent of E3 ligase, thereby indirectly stabilizing HIF-1α protein levels by mediating the degradation of VHL by the proteasome. In particular, the combination of cephalomannine, a small molecule compound that inhibits the expression of UBE2S, and PX-478, an inhibitor of HIF-1α, significantly improved the anti-tumor efficacy. Conclusions UBE2S is identified as a key biomarker in HCC among the thousands of ubiquitin-related genes and promotes glycolysis by E3 enzyme-independent ubiquitination, thus serving as a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Pterocarya hupehensis Skan total flavonoids(PHSTF)for rheumatoid arthritis(RA).Methods Twenty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group,RA model group,PHSTF treatment(45 and 90 mg/kg)groups,and Tripterygium glycosides(TPG)tablet(10 mg/kg)group(n=5).Except for those in the normal control group,all the rats were subjected to collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)modeling using a secondary immunization method,after which PHSTF and TPG were administered via gavage once daily for 4 weeks.After the treatments,serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured using ELISA,and ankle joint pathologies were assessed with HE staining;the expression of citrullinated histone H3(Cit-H3),a neutrophil extracellular trap(NET)marker,in the ankle joints was evaluated with immunohistochemistry.In primary cultures of rat peripheral blood neutrophils stimulated with phorbol ester(PMA),the effects of PHSTF(100 and 200 μg/mL)on the expressions of Cit-H3,peptidylarginine deiminase 4(PADI4),neutrophil elastase(NE),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)were examined with Western blotting;immunofluorescence assay was used to observe Cit-H3 expression and NET formation in the cells.Results In the CIA rat models,PHSTF significantly alleviated ankle swelling,decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β,improved histopathological changes in the ankle joints,and reduced Cit-H3 expression in both the serum and ankle joint cartilage.In the isolated rat neutrophils,PHSTF showed no significant effect on cell viability but strongly inhibited PMA-induced NET release.Conclusion PHSTF can alleviate RA by inhibiting the formation of NETs.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of local visceral leishmaniasis in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of the visceral leishmaniasis control strategy. Methods Epidemiological data of visceral leishmaniasis cases reported in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023 were collected from the National Health Informatization Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the epidemiological characteristics of local visceral leishmaniasis cases were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. In November 2021 and 2023, 50 to 100 permanent residents were voluntarily selected within a 100 meter radius of sites where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections, and venous blood was sampled for anti-Leishmania antibody testing. Venous blood was sampled from dogs for anti-Leishmania antibody testing in natural villages where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections, or in districts where Leishmania infected dogs were reported. In addition, sandflies were captured with CO₂ mosquito traps and fine mesh nets in natural villages where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections from May to September, 2021 and 2023, for sandfly species identification. Results A total of 4 local visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023, with ages of 2 to 77 years, and acquiring Leishmania infections in Mentougou District (2 cases), Changping District (1 case), and Yanqing District (1 case). The anti-Leishmania antibody testing was all negative in 73 human blood samples and the sero-prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibody was 25.00% in 36 venous blood samples from domestic dogs in 2021, with a total of 4 520 Phlebotomus chinensis captured. The sero-prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibody was 0.51% in 198 human blood samples and 13.58% in 243 venous blood samples from domestic dogs in 2023, with 16.10%, 25.00%, 17.78% and 3.13% sero-prevalence in dogs sampled from Mentougou District, Changping District, Yanqing District and Haidian District, respectively (P = 0.011), while a total of 1 712 Ph. chinensis were captured, including 1 421 female sandflies (86.54%). Conclusions The prevalence of local visceral leishmaniasis was low in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023; however, there is a risk of further spread in the epidemic foci. Intensified visceral leishmaniasis surveillance and control is recommended.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of male with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) autoantibody.Methods:The clinical data of 246 patients with DM and anti-MDA5 autoantibodies hospitalized by Jiangsu Myositis Cooperation Group from 2017 to 2020 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square test was performed to compared between counting data groups; Quantitative data were expressed by M ( Q1, Q3), and rank sum test was used for comparison between groups; Single factor survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method and Log rank test; Cox regression analysis were used for multivariate survival analysis. Results:①The male group had a higher proportion of rash at the sun exposure area [67.1%(47/70) vs 52.8%(93/176), χ2=4.18, P=0.041] and V-sign [50.0%(35/70) vs 30.7%(54/176), χ2=8.09, P=0.004] than the female group. The male group had higher levels of creatine kinase [112(18, 981)U/L vs 57 (13.6, 1 433)U/L, Z=-3.50, P<0.001] and ferritin [1 500 (166, 32 716)ng/ml vs 569 (18, 14 839)ng/ml, Z=-5.85, P<0.001] than the female group. The proportion of ILD [40.0%(28/70) vs 59.7%(105/176), χ2=7.82, P=0.020] patients and the red blood cell sedimentation rate[31.0(4.0, 101.5)mm/1 h vs 43.4(5.0, 126.5)mm/1 h, Z=-2.22, P=0.026] in the male group was lower than that of the female group, but the proportion of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (PR-ILD) [47.1%(33/70) vs 31.3%(55/176), χ2=5.51, P=0.019] was higher than that of the female group. ②In male patients with positive anti-MDA5 antibodies,the death group had a shorter course of disease[1.0(1.0, 3.0) month vs 2.5(0.5,84) month, Z=-3.07, P=0.002], the incidence of arthritis [16.7%(4/24) vs 42.2%(19/45), χ2=4.60, P=0.032] were low than those in survival group,while aspartate aminotransferase (AST)[64(22.1, 565)U/L vs 51(14,601)U/L, Z=-2.42, P=0.016], lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) [485(24,1 464)U/L vs 352(170, 1 213)U/L, Z=-3.38, P=0.001], C-reactive protein (CRP) [11.6(2.9, 61.7) mg/L vs 4.95(0.6, 86.4) mg/L, Z=-1.96, P=0.050], and ferritin levels [2 000(681, 7 676) vs 1 125 (166, 32 716)ng/ml, Z=-3.18, P=0.001] were higher than those in the survival group, and RP-ILD [95.8%(23/24) vs 22.2%(10/45), χ2=33.99, P<0.001] occurred at a significantly higher rate. ③Cox regression analysis indicated that the course of disease LDH level, and RP-ILD were related factors for the prognosis of male anti-MDA5 antibodies [ HR (95% CI)=0.203(0.077, 0.534), P=0.001; HR (95% CI)=1.002(1.001, 1.004), P=0.003; HR (95% CI)=95.674 (10.872, 841.904), P<0.001]. Conclusion:The clinical manifestations of male anti-MDA5 antibody-positive patients are different from those of female. The incidence of ILD is low, but the proportion of PR-ILD is high. The course of disease, serum LDH level, and RP-ILD are prognostic factors of male anti-MDA5 antibody-positive patients.