Metabolic reprogramming is a key characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma， and abnormal fatty acid metabolism is closely associated with tumor immune escape. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma， focusing on key enzymes and their transcriptional regulatory networks within de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation pathways. This article also analyzes the metabolic heterogeneity between β-catenin-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma and AXIN1-mutant hepatocellular carcinoma and their therapeutic implications， summarizes the multidimensional mechanisms by which the lipid microenvironment regulates immune cell function， and reviews the targeted therapeutic strategies for different molecular subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Intestinal microbiota is the most complex and important microecosystem in the human body， and gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with the development and progression of acute pancreatitis. Targeted regulation of intestinal microecology in assisting the treatment of acute pancreatitis has attracted more attention in recent years. This article describes the changes in intestinal microbiota and related mechanisms in patients with acute pancreatitis， summarizes the current research status of the use of probiotics， points out the research direction of probiotics as the adjuvant treatment regime， and proposes a new method for predicting the dominant flora in patients with acute pancreatitis， in order to bring new ideas for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is one of the most common complications of liver cirrhosis. Due to coagulation disorder and the risk of bleeding in liver cirrhosis, there are many controversies over the treatment of liver cirrhosis with PVT in clinical practice. Common therapies for PVT include anticoagulant therapy, intervention, and thrombolysis. This article elaborates on the current status of the treatment of liver cirrhosis with PVT, in order to provide help for the development of standard and reasonable clinical treatment strategies.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by multiple organ failure and high short-term mortality rate, and it has always been a research hotspot in the field of severe liver diseases. Therefore, early and accurate risk stratification and timely intervention are of great significance to improve prognosis. This article summarizes the serum biomarkers identified in recent years for evaluating the prognosis of patients with ACLF, and it is pointed out that new serum biomarkers have an important guiding significance in the prognostic evaluation of ACLF patients.