OBJECTIVE: To investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and socioeconomic factors influencing the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Guangdong Province between 2010 and 2019. METHOD: Spatial and temporal variations in TB incidence were mapped using heat maps and hierarchical clustering. Socioenvironmental influencing factors were evaluated using a Bayesian spatiotemporal conditional autoregressive (ST-CAR) model. RESULTS: Annual incidence of TB in Guangdong decreased from 91.85/100,000 in 2010 to 53.06/100,000 in 2019. Spatial hotspots were found in northeastern Guangdong, particularly in Heyuan, Shanwei, and Shantou, while Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Foshan had the lowest rates in the Pearl River Delta. The ST-CAR model showed that the TB risk was lower with higher per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [Relative Risk ( RR), 0.91; 95% Confidence Interval ( CI): 0.86-0.98], more the ratio of licensed physicians and physician ( RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.98), and higher per capita public expenditure ( RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.97), with a marginal effect of population density ( RR, 0.86; 95% CI: 0.86-1.00). CONCLUSION The incidence of TB in Guangdong varies spatially and temporally. Areas with poor economic conditions and insufficient healthcare resources are at an increased risk of TB infection. Strategies focusing on equitable health resource distribution and economic development are the key to TB control.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; Bayes Theorem ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology* ; Socioeconomic Factors

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations of medically refractory hereditary movement disorders in children and the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS).Methods:A case series study.The clinical and follow-up data of 20 children with medically refractory hereditary movement disorders who underwent DBS treatment at the Neurology and Functional Neurosurgery Departments of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University, from July 2018 to April 2024, were retrospectively analyzed.The severity of movement disorder symptoms and surgical effects were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale Movement(BFMDRS-M) or the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ(UPDRS Ⅲ).Results:There were 12 males and 8 females among the 20 children, with an onset age ranging from 4 months to 12 years and 5 months.Fourteen patients had hereditary dystonia, which is related to KMT2B in 11 patients, TOR1A in 2 patients and SGCE in 1 patient.Two patients had choreoathetosis, which is related to ADCY5-related familial movement disorders.Two patients had early-onset Parkinson′s disease, which is related to ATP6AP2 in 1 patient and VPS13C in 1 patient.Two patients had neurodevelopmental disorders with involuntary movements, which is related to GNAO1 in 1 patient, and the other patient was idiopathic.All the children were given oral Levodopa, Benzhexol, Baclofen, Tiapride Hydrochloride, Clonazepam alone or in combination.Three children showed obvious dyskinesia after Levodopa treatment.The symptoms of movement disorders in all children exhibited little to no improvement.Levetiracetam and Zonisamide had unstable effects in the treatment of myoclonia.DBS surgery was performed on all the patients aged from 3 to 16 years.Electrodes were successfully inserted into bilateral globus pallidus internus in 14 cases and bilateral subthalamic nuclei in 4 cases.The target was unknown in 2 cases.No surgery-related complications were observed.The patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 years, and the last follow-up age of the patients ranged from 5 years and 7 months to 22 years and 1 month.The rate of improvement in BFMDRS-M score was 37%-100% in 16 patients and >70% in 7 patients with hereditary dystonia.The rate of improvement in UPDRS Ⅲ score was 23% in 1 patient with VPS13C-related early-onset Parkinson′s disease. Conclusions:Childhood medically refractory hereditary movement disorders are a case series that exhibits significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity.DBS surgery demonstrates significant efficacy for KMT2B-, TOR1A-, and SGCE-related hereditary movement disorders.

Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

BACKGROUND:The age distribution of patients with distal femur fracture is bimodal,being more common in young adults with high-energy injuries and older individuals with low-energy injuries.In cases of complex distal femoral fractures,a single less invasive stabilization system or retrograde femoral nail is insufficient to provide a stable environment for fracture healing and combined fixation is often necessary.OBJECTIVE:A novel combined fixation method(less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde tibial nail)was developed for the treatment of type A3 distal femur fractures.Using finite element analysis,the bio-mechanical properties of this method were compared with two common combined fixation methods—dual plate(less invasive stabilization system combined with locking compression plate)and nail plate combination(less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde femoral nail).This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of clinical internal fixation methods for distal femur fracture.METHODS:CT images of a 23-year-old healthy male volunteer were utilized to reconstruct the femur three-dimensional model using Mimics and Geomagic Studio software.This model was then compared with in vitro finite element analysis data from existing literature to validate the accuracy of the femoral three-dimensional model.The three-dimensional model of type A3 distal femur fractures and internal fixation were then created using Creo 5.0 software.Three kinds of different combined fixation methods(less invasive stabilization system+retrograde tibial nail,less invasive stabilization system+locking compression plate,less invasive stabilization system+retrograde femoral nail)were assembled and subjected to Boolean operation to establish three sets of finite element models.These models were then imported into Abaqus finite element analysis software to assign material properties,apply consistent boundary conditions,and submit calculations under three loads(normal standing,slow walking,and descending stairs).The resulting stress distribution within the internal fixation as well as overall and local deformation of the femur was analyzed.Furthermore,the failure risk and anti-deformation ability of the new combined fixation method(less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde tibial nail)were evaluated.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Although the anti-deformation ability of the less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde tibial nail was approximately 10％lower than that of the less invasive stabilization system combined with locking compression plate,it was comparable to that of less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde femoral nail and demonstrated good anti-deformation ability.(2)The stiffness of the femur with all three combined fixation methods remained consistent during gait,while femur displacement increased linearly with load,indicating high stability.(3)The failure risk associated with less invasive stabilization system combined with retrograde tibial nail was lower than that of the other two methods,with a 2.94％reduction in failure risk compared to less invasive stabilization system combined with locking compression plate.(4)This new combined fixation method offers distinct advantages in terms of anti-deformation ability,safety,and effectiveness,laying a theoretical foundation for further clinical application.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,with certain infectivity and iatrogenic transmission risks.With the rapid progress and application of new dia-gnostic biomarkers and detection methods,as well as the construction and improvement of surveillance and reporting systems,the detection of CJD in patients domestically and internationally has shown an increasing trend year by year.Due to its long incubation period and heterogeneity of early symptoms,early identification and diagnosis of the disease is difficult,increasing the risk of transmission within medical institutions.Currently,there is a lack of con-sensus on the infection prevention and control of CJD.In order to timely identify and diagnose CJD as well as effec-tively block its transmission in medical institutions,this consensus summarizes 15 clinical concerns and formulates 24 specific recommendations based on the latest domestic and international research findings and clinical evidence,as well as combines with clinical practice,aiming to standardize healthcare-associated infection prevention and control measures for CJD and reduce its transmission risk in medical institutions.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of retrograde tibial intramedullary nail (RTN) combined with less invasive stabilization system (LISS) in the treatment of distal femoral fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 11 patients with distal femoral fractures who underwent RTN combined with LISS locking plate treatment at the 909th Hospital from June 2021 to December 2022. There were 5 males and 6 females, with an average age of 56.5±17.5 years. The fracture types were AO/OTA 33A2 in 2 cases, A3 in 2 cases, C1 in 2 cases, and C2 in 2 cases. There were 3 cases of periprosthetic femoral fractures after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), all classified as Rorabeck type Ⅱ. They were treated with retrograde intramedullary nailing of the tibia combined with a minimally invasive lateral internal fixation system. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, full weight-bearing time, femorotibial angle, range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, and complications were recorded.Results:The operation was successfully completed in all 11 cases. The operation time was 98.3±9.0 min (range 83-115 min), and the intraoperative blood loss was 167.8±24.3 ml (range 120-210 ml). All 11 cases were followed up for 11.0±1.9 months (range 9-15 months). The healing time of 11 cases was 5.3±0.8 months (range 4-6 months) after operation. The time of complete weight-bearing activity after operation was 55.7±6.5 d (range 46-67 d). At the last follow-up, the femoral-tibial angle of 11 cases was 171.2°±1.8° (range 169°-174°), the ROM of knee joint was 129.5°±4.7° (range 120°-135°), and the HSS score was 86.8±6.9 points (range 69-95 points). There were no major complications except for one case of superficial infection of surgical incision after operation.Conclusion:RTN combined with lateral LISS locking plate showed good clinical effect with the advantages of less trauma, reliable fixation, rapid recovery, less postoperative complications.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance(PDR)and molecular transmission networks in Yubei District,Chongqing,providing evidence for targeted interventions.Methods Using a cross-sectional design,plasma samples were collected from HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy(ART)in Yubei District from January 2022 to December 2023.Pol gene fragments were extracted and amplified for HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance analysis.Molecular transmission networks were constructed based on genetic distance calculations.Results Among 478 HIV-1 pol sequences,eight geno-types were identified:with CRF07_BC(60.4%,289/478),CRF08_BC(15.5%,74/478),CRF01_AE(11.7%,56/478),and CRF85_BC(5.9%,28/478).The overall PDR rate was 6.3%(30/478),with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs)and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs)at 1.7%(8/478)and 5.2%(25/478),respectively.No protease inhibitor(PI)resistance was de-tected.The molecular network included 177 cases(37.0%network entry rate),forming 53 clusters with 198 connections.Cluster sizes ranged from 2 to 17 nodes,and 75.3%(149/198)of connections were associated with five subdistricts/towns:Shuanglonghu Street,Huixing Street,Luoqi Town,Gulu Town,and Baoshenghu Street.Conclusion HIV-1 genotypes in Yubei District exhibit diversity and complexity,with moderate PDR prevalence.Regional clustering of transmission networks suggests the need for enhanced molecular surveil-lance and targeted interventions based on analytical findings.

Objective:To develop a network-structured clinical pathway grouping rule based on the principles and methods of China healthcare security diagnosis related groups(CHS-DRG), for references for optimizing clinical pathway management.Methods:From August to November 2024, this study constructed a network-structured clinical pathway management framework, followed the grouping principles of CHS-DRG, and developed a network-structured clinical pathway grouping rule through literature analysis and expert discussions. 54 clinical specialists from the sample hospital were organized and grouped according to the rule for the normal magnification cases(139 218 cases) of DRG medical insurance settlement in the hospital in 2023. Using a stratified random sampling method, 205 physicians from 54 clinical specialties in the hospital were selected to quantitatively evaluate the rationality, homogeneity, and clarity of the grouping results. The Likert 5-level scoring method was wsed to assign scores.Results:The network-structured clinical pathway grouping rule and nomenclature was established. A total of 341 main pathways and 35 sub-pathways covering 169 adjacent diagnosis related groups were formed. The quantitative assessment scores for rationality, homogeneity, and clarity were 4.90, 4.87 and 4.87 points, respectively.Conclusions:The network-structured clinical pathway grouping rule based on CHS-DRG had good, feasibility and standardization, and could meet the practical needs of clinical applications.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio(TAPSE/sPAP) in identifying precapillary pulmonary hypertension(pcPH) patients requiring repeat balloon pulmonary angioplasty(BPA) within 3 months after initial intervention, and to determine independent risk factors associated with postoperative reintervention.Methods:We retrospectively collected clinical data from 215 consecutive patients with pcPH undergoing BPA. After applying exclusion criteria, 200 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. The predictive value of the TAPSE/sPAP for short-term BPA reintervention was assessed using receiver operating characteristic( ROC) curve analysis and multivariable logistic regression. Internal validation was performed through bootstrap resampling with 1 000 iterations to evaluate model stability. Results:A risk model for echocardiography was constructed using multiple logistic regression, and the results showed that systolic pulmonary artery pressure(sPAP), peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity(TRV), tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient(PGTR), and TAPSE/sPAP ratio were predictive factors for BPA surgery in patients with pulmonary hypertension within 3 months. Multivariate regression analysis suggests that the TAPSE/sPAP ratio is an independent influencing factor for BPA after 3 months( OR=0.023, P<0.05). The predicted area under the ROC curve( AUC) for BPA after 3 months is 0.62(95% CI: 0.530-0.648), P<0.01, which is better than other cardiac ultrasound indicators. At the same time, internal bootstrap method was used for internal self-validation, and the AUC of the internal self-validation set was 0.67. Conclusion:The TAPSE/sPAP ratio serves as an independent predictor for requiring repeat BPA within 3 months postoperatively in patients with pcPH.