Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To preliminarily explore the potential efficacy of Xuesaitong Soft Capsule(XST)against post-stroke depression(PSD),and to investigate the material basis of XST's anti-PSD effect based on the metabolomics results to analyze its related pharmacokinetic(PK)characteristics and further analyze the pharmacodynamic(PD)equation of representative ingredients.Methods The initial evaluation of drug effica-cy was conducted by detecting the depressive-like behavior and neurotransmitter levels in rats.The Pearson correlation analysis was employed to analyze the correlation between the main metabolites regulated by XST and the saponin components entering the bloodstream.At various time points after drug administration,the blood concentration of ginsenoside Re and the concentration of norepinephrine(NE)in the serum of PSD rats were measured,and the compartment model was fitted accordingly.Furthermore,the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to determine the content of ginsenoside Re in the liver,spleen,kidney,prefron-tal cortex,hippocampus and striatum of PSD rats.Results Ginsenoside Re showed the optimal correlation by the Pearson correlation analysis.Based on its pharmacokinetic parameters,the pharmacodynamic equation with NE was E=160.462 × Ce/(38.663+Ce).The contents of ginsenoside Re in the liver,spleen,kidney,prefron-tal cortex,hippocampus and striatum of rats were(17.23+11.90),(19.05+5.67),(1.95+0.79),(70.13+6.75),(57.03+3.11),and(72.45+5.45)ng/g,respectively.Conclusion XST could improve the depressive-like behaviors in PSD rats by regulating the expression levels of neurotransmitter NE and 5-HT.Ginsenoside Re may be the pharmacodynamical material foundation for XST's preventative treatment of PSD.

Objective This study aimed to provide an effective scientific basis for prevention and control of cockroaches on aircrafts by identifying cockroach-carried pathogens,and assess the insecticidal efficacy of gel bait mediated cockroach control on aircrafts,to provide technical guidance for aircraft disinsection.Methods Cassette-trapping was used to trap cockroaches,and the carried pathogens were detected using bacterial cultivation techniques.The gel bait mediated killing rate was calculated after 1,7,and 30 d by field application of gel bait.Results A total of 411 cockroaches were captured,and all were identified as Blattella germanica.26 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the trapped cockroaches.The killing rates of cockroaches were 58.8％-96.3％with 1-30 day application of gel bait.Statistically significant differences were observed in cockroach killing rates on different days(χ2=58.95,P<0.01).Conclusions B.germanica carry a large variety of pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens and are thus important infectious disease carriers.Gel bait agents have proven to be very effective against cockroaches on aircrafts.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis risk factors of aggressive NK-cell leukemia(ANKL).Methods:The clinical and laboratory data of 34 patients with ANKL and 15 patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders of NK cells(CLPD-NK)admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2019 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates,and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze prognostic factors.Results:Compared with CLPD-NK patients,ANKL patients had a younger median age of onset,a higher proportion patients with EBV-DNA≥500 copies/ml,hepatosplenomegaly and hemophagocytic syndrome.They also presented with a higher peak of fever,a shorter median survival time,lower WBC count,PLT count,ALB and Fib values,while having higher LDH,AST,TG,ferritin,CRP and PCT levels.There were statistically significant differences in the morphology and expression of HLA-DR,CD56,CD57,CD16 and CD158 on abnormall cells between ANKL patients and CLPD-NK patients.Multivariate survival analysis revealed that combined with asparaginase treatment could improve patients' survival,and CRP≥ 15 mg/L and Fib＜2.0 g/L were independent risk factors affecting the overall survival of patients with ANKL.Conclusion:The differences in clinical features and laboratory tests between patients with ANKL and CLPD-NK aid in the diagnosis of ANKL.CRP and Fib levels can be used to predict the prognosis of patients,and combined asparaginase therapy can enhance the overall survival of patients.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis risk factors of aggressive NK-cell leukemia(ANKL).Methods:The clinical and laboratory data of 34 patients with ANKL and 15 patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders of NK cells(CLPD-NK)admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2019 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates,and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze prognostic factors.Results:Compared with CLPD-NK patients,ANKL patients had a younger median age of onset,a higher proportion patients with EBV-DNA≥500 copies/ml,hepatosplenomegaly and hemophagocytic syndrome.They also presented with a higher peak of fever,a shorter median survival time,lower WBC count,PLT count,ALB and Fib values,while having higher LDH,AST,TG,ferritin,CRP and PCT levels.There were statistically significant differences in the morphology and expression of HLA-DR,CD56,CD57,CD16 and CD158 on abnormall cells between ANKL patients and CLPD-NK patients.Multivariate survival analysis revealed that combined with asparaginase treatment could improve patients' survival,and CRP≥ 15 mg/L and Fib＜2.0 g/L were independent risk factors affecting the overall survival of patients with ANKL.Conclusion:The differences in clinical features and laboratory tests between patients with ANKL and CLPD-NK aid in the diagnosis of ANKL.CRP and Fib levels can be used to predict the prognosis of patients,and combined asparaginase therapy can enhance the overall survival of patients.

As interstitial collagen,type Ⅲ collagen(Col Ⅲ)does not express in normal glomeruli.However,in Col Ⅲ nephropathy,a large amount of Col Ⅲ deposit in the mesangial and subendothelial area of the glomeruli.IgA nephropathy with Col Ⅲ deposition was extremely rare.In this article,we reported two cases of such disease.After treating with immunosuppressive agents or traditional Chinese medicine decoction,the renal function of the two patients remained stable and the urinary protein levels reduced significantly.

Objective To evaluate tolerability,safety and pharmacokinetics of JS026 and JS026-JS016 single dose intravenous infusion in healthy adults.Methods This phase 1,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,dose-escalation study totally included 48 participants:32 healthy subjects were enrolled in JS026 single intravenous infusion groups and 16 healthy subjects were enrolled in JS026-JS016 groups.JS026 was sequentially administered from low dose to high dose(30-1 000 mg),with intravenous infusion of JS026 or placebo in JS026 single-dose groups,and intravenous infusion of JS026-JS016 or placebo in the combination drug groups.Blood was collected according to the time point designed for trial.Serum concentrations of JS026 and JS016 were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbnent assay(ELISA),and pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated by WinNonlin 8.2.The power model method was used to evaluate the linear analysis of dose and drug exposure.Results 47 subjects completed trial and 1 subject lost to follow-up.After a single intravenous injection of JS026 of 30 mg,100 mg,300 mg,600 mg,and 1 000 mg,mean Cmax were(9.47±1.53),(33.20±4.95),(96.10±13.70),(177.00±22.20)and(353.00±56.70)μg·mL-1,respectively;mean AUC0-∞ were(4 225.00±607.00),(1.78 × 104±3 268.00),(5.83 × 104±1 038.00),(1.07 × 105±152.00),(1.66 × 105±327.00)μg·h·mL-1,respectively;mean t1/2 of JS026 were 563-709 h.The Cmax and AUC0-∞ of JS026 were basically similar alone or in combination with JS016.The results of Power model showed that Cmax and AUC0-∞ increased approximately linearly with the increasing dose of JS026.Treatment emergent adverse event was not increasing when dose increased and most of adverse event associated with drugs were abnormal on laboratory tests and haematuria,thus JS026 and JS016 was well tolerated in all groups.Conclusion The single intravenous infusion of JS026 can almost be thought to be a linear relationship between the doses and drug serum exposure.JS016 had no significant effect on serum concentration of JS026 and JS026 was well tolerated and safe in healthy subjects within 30-1 000 mg.

Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)among hospi-talized patients in Yunnan area from 2020 to 2022,and provide reference for optimizing corresponding prevention and control measures.Methods Data of HAI prevalence rate survey(cross-sectional survey)in Yunnan area from 2020 to 2022 were collected through Yunnan Provincial HAI Quality Control Center Surveillance System,and su-mmarized.Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 25.0 software.Results From 2020 to 2022,117 695,109 691,and 137 188 patients were surveyed respectively,and the prevalence rates of HAI were 1.58％,1.47％,and 1.29％,respectively,with statistically significant difference(x2=36.853,P＜0.001).Lower respiratory tract(n=2 526,43.60％)and urinary tract(n=785,13.55％)were the major infection sites.General intensive care unit(ICU)had the highest HAI prevalence rate(10.95％-16.47％)in all three prevalence surveys.The main patho-gens causing HAI were Gram-negative bacteria,with Escherichia coli being the first,followed by Klebsiella pneu-moniae,while the major Gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus.Antimicrobial use rates in patients were 30.96％-33.91％,showing an upward trend(x2=257.586,P＜0.001).The main purpose of antimicrobial use was for treatment(accounting for 76.46％-78.62％).Antimicrobial use was mainly single use,with a slight increase in combined use of three antimicrobials and above,increasing from 0.66％to 0.98％.The pathogenic detection rate for therapeutic antimicrobial use showed an upward trend(x2=94.823,P＜0.001).Surgical site infection rates in patients undergoing class Ⅰ incision surgery were 0.77％-1.22％;the prophylactic antimicrobial use rates in pa-tients undergoing class Ⅰ incision surgery in three years were 19.40％,19.11％,and 20.93％,respectively,both with statistically significant difference(x2=94.823,10.179,both P=0.006).Conclusion The prevalence rate of HAI among hospitalized patients in Yunnan area has decreased,however,the prevention and control of HAI pathogens,as well as the rational use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents for class Ⅰ incision surgical patients are difficult,and represent the focus of future work.