ObjectiveIn nature, objects cast shadows due to illumination, forming the basis for stereoscopic perception. Birds need to adapt to changes in lighting (meaning they can recognize stereoscopic shapes even when shadows look different) to accurately perceive different three-dimensional forms. However, how neurons in the key visual brain area in birds handle these lighting changes remains largely unreported. In this study, pigeons (Columba livia) were used as subjects to investigate how neurons in pigeon’s ventrolateral mesopallium (MVL) represent stereoscopic shapes consistently, regardless of changes in lighting. MethodsVisual cognitive training combined with neuronal recording was employed. Pigeons were first trained to discriminate different stereoscopic shapes (concave/convex). We then tested whether and how light luminance angle and surface appearance of the stereoscopic shapes affect their recognition accuracy, and further verify whether the results rely on specify luminance color. Simultaneously, neuronal firing activity of neurons was recorded with multiple electrode array implanted from the MVL during the presentation of difference shapes. The response was finally analyzed how selectively they responded to different stereoscopic shapes and whether their selectivity was affected by the changes of luminance condition (like lighting angle) or surface look. Support vector machine (SVM) models were trained on neuronal population responses recorded under one condition (light luminance angle of 45°) and used to decode responses under other conditions (light luminance angle of 135°, 225°, 315°) to verify the invariance of responses to different luminance conditions. ResultsBehavioral results from 6 pigeons consistently showed that the pigeons could reliably identify the core 3D shape (over 80% accuracy), and this ability wasn’t affected by changes in light angle or surface appearance. Statistical analysis of 88 recorded neurons from 6 pigeons revealed that 83% (73/88) showed strong selectivity for specific 3D shapes (selectivity index>0.3), and responses to convex shapes were consistently stronger than to concave shapes. These shape-selective responses remained stable across changes in light angle and surface appearance. Neural patterns were consistent under both blue and orange lighting. The decoding accuracy achieves above 70%, suggesting stable responses under different conditions (e.g., different lighting angles or surface appearance). ConclusionNeurons in the pigeon MVL maintain a consistent neural encoding pattern for different stereoscopic shapes, unaffected by illumination or surface appearance. This ensures stable object recognition by pigeons in changing visual environments. Our findings provide new physiological evidence for understanding how birds achieve stable perception (“invariant neural representations”) while coping with variations in the visual field.

Objective: To understand current state of physical health levels of first year students in different body mass index (BMI) categories in Ningxia universities, and to explore the correlation between BMI and physical fitness index (PFI), so as to provide a reference for enhancing physical health levels of university students. Methods: In November 2024, physical fitness test data from 16 631 first year students across four universities in Yinchuan City, Ningxia from 2019 to 2023 were collected by adopting convenience and stratified cluster random sampling methods. The PFI was calculated using the Z score of the physical fitness test results, and a nonlinear quadratic model was established via least squares regression to examine the relationship between BMI and PFI among university students. Results: The BMI for males was (21.69±3.53)kg/m 2, while for females was (20.78±2.94)kg/m 2. The composite score for males physical fitness (69.86±9.25) was lower than that for females (72.24± 8.15 ), with a statistically significant difference ( t =-17.54, P <0.01). Moreover, the failure rates of various physical fitness indicators (vital capacity, sit and reach, standing long jump, pull ups/1 minute sit ups, 1 000 m/800 m run) were higher among males than females ( χ 2=103.48, 72.45, 14.38, 5 134.85, 188.89, all P <0.01). Comparisons across BMI categories revealed that among males, the normal weight group outperformed other groups in the 50 m sprint, standing long jump, 1 000 m sprint, composite score, and PFI ( F =89.17, 113.90, 179.02, 573.35, 593.08); among female students, the normal weight group outperformed other groups in the 50 m sprint, sit and reach, 800 m run, composite score, and PFI ( F =10.67, 19.58 , 96.45, 294.05, 183.45) (all P <0.01). The relationship between BMI and PFI among first year students exhibited a parabolic change trend, students with a moderate BMI demonstrated higher PFI, and as BMI increased, PFI decreased (all P <0.01). Conclusions The physical health level of male students in Ningxia universities is lower than that of female students. There is a correlation between BMI classification and PFI. Tailored intervention measures should be implemented according to the physical characteristics of students across different genders and BMI classifications to enhance university students physical health.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical utility of machine learning model based radiomics in predicting high-risk molecular subtypes of lower-grade gliomas(LrGGs).Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 287 patients diagnosed with LrGGs in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People′s Hospital, and the Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2011 to September 2023 were retrospectively collected, including 166 males and 121 females; 114 cases of high-risk molecular subtypes and 173 cases of non-high-risk molecular subtypes. All patients were divided into 201 cases in the training set and 86 cases in the test set according to 7∶3 in simple randomized grouping method. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced T 1WI (CE-T 1WI) and T 2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence imaging (T 2-FLAIR), and the imaging features of high-risk and non-high-risk molecular subtypes were analyzed. Analysis of variance, recursive feature elimination, and Kruskal-Wallis were used for radiomics feature screening, and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used to construct a radiomics-based classifier model. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze clinical variables independently influencing high-risk molecular subtypes of LrGGs to construct a clinical model; a combined model was developed by integrating radiomics labels and clinical variables. Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve were used to compare the predictive performance of different models. Results:The patient′s age ( OR=1.042, 95% CI 1.018-1.068, P=0.001), pathological grade ( OR=2.270, 95% CI 1.212-4.311, P=0.011), MGMT methylation status ( OR=0.456, 95% CI 0.238-0.866, P=0.017), and ependymal involvement ( OR=7.335, 95% CI 2.929-18.370, P<0.001) were independent influencing factors for the high-risk molecular subtype of LrGGs, and a clinical model was developed based on these factors. An SVM model was constructed based on 12 radiomics features (3 radiomics features based on CE-T 1WI and 9 radiomics features based on T 2-FLAIR). The radiomics score of the probability output by the SVM model was combined with age, pathological grade, MGMT methylation status, and ependymal involvement to develop a combined model. The AUC values of the SVM model for predicting the high-risk molecular subtype of LrGGs were 0.824 and 0.859 in the training set and test set, respectively; the AUC values of the clinical model in the training set and test set were 0.759 and 0.721, respectively; and the AUC values of the combined model in the training set and test set were 0.823 and 0.815, respectively. The combined model had a high clinical net benefit. Conclusion:The machine learning MRI radiomics model can preoperatively predict high risk molecular subtypes of LGGrs, assist in individualized treatment decisions.

AIM To observe the protective effects and mechanism of Shuli Jiangzhuo Formula on cardiac function in a rat model of uremic cardiomyopathy(UCM).METHODS The successful UCM models established by 5/6 nephrectomy were randomly allocated into the model group,the valsartan group(8.33 mg/kg),and the low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose Shuli Jiangzhuo Formula groups(7.19,14.38,28.76 g/kg),in contrast to those of the sham operation group,followed by 8 weeks respective drug administration.Upon the completion of the pharmacological intervention,the rats had the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVEDD),left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVESD),ejection fraction(EF)and fractional shortening(FS)measured by echocardiography;the whole heart mass index(HMI)and left ventricular mass index(LVMI)detected;the renal function(serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen)and the hemoglobin concentration detected;the mitochondrial morphology analyzed by observation of cardiomyocyte ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy;the DNA damage in cardiomyocytes detected by TUNEL staining;the serum levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and BNP detected by ELISA;and the myocardial mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and IL-1β detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the sham operated controls,the model group demonstrated significant elevation of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen(P＜0.01);decreased hemoglobin concentration(P＜0.01);disorganized myocardial collagen fiber architecture,and pronounced mitochondrial swelling with ultrastructural damage;decreased EF and FS(P＜0.05);increased LVEDD and LVESD(P＜0.01);increased HMI and LVMI(P＜0.01);increased levels of serum IL-1β,IL-18 and BNP(P＜0.01);increased cardiomyocyte pyroptosis(P＜0.01);and enhanced mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and IL-1 β(P＜0.01).Compared to model group controls,the high-dose Shuli Jiantuo Formula intervention exhibited decreased levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen(P＜0.01);increased hemoglobin concentration(P＜0.01);reduced DNA fragmentation,alleviated mitochondrial swelling and mitigated ultrastructural damage;reduced LVEDD and LVESD(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);decreased HMI and LVMI(P＜0.01);downregulated levels of serum IL-1β,IL-18 and BNP(P＜0.01);decreased cardiomyocyte pyroptosis(P＜0.01);and inhibited mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and IL-1β(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Shuli Jiangzhuo Formula demonstrates dual cardiorenal protective effects in UCM rats through suppression of the left ventricular hypertrophy progression and inhibition of the adverse ventricular remodeling processess.The therapeutic efficacy primarily stems from targeted suppression of NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway activation and substantial attenuation of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis cascade.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of spinal subtle adjustment manipulation combined with acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation(LDH).Methods:A total of 94 patients with LDH were enrolled and randomly divided into a control group and an observation group using a random number table method,with 47 cases in each group.The control group received acupuncture treatment;the observation group was treated with spinal subtle adjustment manipulation in addition to the intervention of the control group.The treatment lasted for 4 consecutive weeks.The Oswestry disability index(ODI)and visual analog scale(VAS)scores were compared before and after treatment;isokinetic testing was used to evaluate the biomechanical properties of lower back extensor muscle groups before and after treatment,measuring the peak torque(PT),average power(AP),and lower back flexion/extension ratio(F/E)at 60(°)/s isokinetic movements;after treatment,the comprehensive efficacy was assessed using the MacNab criteria,and the incidence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups.Results:After treatment,the ODI and VAS scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05),while the AP and PT were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the F/E was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).During the treatment period,the incidence of adverse reactions in both groups was 4.3％,and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Spinal subtle adjustment manipulation combined with acupuncture in the treatment of LDH can reduce the patients'pain and dysfunction,improve the biomechanical properties of lower back muscles,enhance the effectiveness of conservative treatment,and has a relatively high safety.

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of an automated scanning and uptake system to assist pathologists with hu-man epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)FISH interpretation.Methods:HER2 gene amplification is detected using FISH,and"result interpretation by independent pathologists"is regarded as the"gold standard."The consistency of"human-machine dialogue results"(use of a CytoVision* system combined with manual interpretation)and"CytoVision*-based automated interpretation"with the"gold standard"was assessed.Results:Consistency between"human-machine dialogue results"and the"gold standard"can surpass 91%,with the former method saving up to 50%of the manual operation time.The tendency of each cell nucleus's HER2 copy number to be"underestimated"is the main reason for the low sensitivity observed in cases with low copy number amplification and HER2 heterogeneous expression cases in"human-machine dialogue interpretation."Conclusions:Automatic FISH image analysis and uptake systems simulate the process of manu-ally interpreted cell selection,ensure random cell selection,and improve work efficiency.With its accurate selection of the hybridization re-gion and"human-computer dialogue,"the system is expected to"replace"interpretation by independent pathologists.

As a serine protease,thrombin can convert soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin and plays a pivotal role in the coagulation cascade.Therefore,the accurate quantitative assay of thrombin levels is of great value in the evaluation of coagulation function,clinical screening and prognostic monitoring of coagulation-related diseases,and screening of drugs for targeted therapy.Existing methods for thrombin detection can be divided into two categories,e.g.,the assay of concentration levels using nucleic acid aptamers as the affinity elements and the assay of activity levels based on the hydrolytic cleavage of substrate peptides.In recent years,electrochemical biosensors have attracted much attention in thrombin detection due to high sensitivity,high selectivity,simple instrument,fast response,and good portability.In this review,the latest research progress in methods for electrochemical detection of thrombin was summarized,focusing on the detection principles and the applied signal amplification strategies of related electrochemical biosensors.In addition,the challenges with respect to the practical use of electrochemical thrombin biosensors and the prospects were discussed.

There exist risks of ionizing radiation in radiodiagnosis examinations. Implementing shielding protection following the optimization and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principles represents a measure to reduce radiation doses to patients. The implementation of shielding protection in clinical practices should meet high requirements due to variations in the modalities and items in radiodiagnosis examinations, the characteristics and irradiation method of X-ray beams, the method of automatic selection of image quality and radiation dose-related parameters by imaging equipment, the radiation sensitivity of human tissues and organs. This review introduced the shielding products, methods and effects in various radiodiagnosis examinations, as well as the current status and challenges in their applications, aiming to provide a reference for future related research and clinical practices.

Objectives:Comparative analysis of the beagles acute-phase electrocardiographic,hemodynamic,left ventricular flow field status,and energy consumption characteristics of pacing at different sites of conduction system may help to elucidate the scientific mechanism of left bundle branch pacing(LBBP)as a option of physiological pacing therapy.Methods:Eight healthy adult beagles were used in this study.Initially,an active fixation lead was implanted in the right atrial appendage,followed by implantation of another active fixation lead at the right ventricular apex,distal His bundle,and left bundle septal branch,respectively.After connecting a dual-chamber pacemaker,electrocardiographic and acute phase hemodynamic parameters under sinus rhythm,right ventricular apex pacing(RVAP),distal His bundle pacing(DHBP),and LBBP states were collected and analyzed.Three complete cardiac cycles of standard apical three-chamber color Doppler dynamic images were acquired under vector flow mapping(VFM)mode.Offline analysis was performed on obtained parameters including isovolumic contraction period,rapid ejection period,isovolumic relaxation period,rapid filling period,atrial contraction period,and left ventricular intracavitary energy consumption.These parameters were compared under pacing at different sites and the linear correlations of major parameters were analyzed.Results:The QRS duration of baseline intrinsic sinus rhythm,RVAP,DHBP and LBBP were(45.0±4.0)ms,(98.4±6.2)ms,(50.0±4.5)ms and(62.0±4.7)ms,respectively.The LBBP-QRS duration was significantly wider than intrinsic sinus rhythm and DHBP,but significantly narrower than RVAP(all P<0.01).Compared with baseline AOO mode(the pacing rate was performed at 10 beats/min above the intrinsic heart rate),the change of acute phase maximum left ventricular pressure rise rate(LVdP/dtmax)in RVAP,DHBP and LBBP was([-7.89±5.67]% ),([0.74±2.05]% )and([-0.14±3.59]% ),respectively.There was no significant difference in LVdP/dtmax changes between DHBP and LBBP(P=0.667),but both pacing modalities were significantly better than RVAP(all P<0.01).The average energy consumption of the left ventricle under RVAP was significantly higher than that of intrinsic sinus rhythm,DHBP,and LBBP in isovolumic contraction period,rapid ejection period,isovolumic relaxation period,rapid filling period,and atrial contraction period(all P<0.01).However,there was no statistically significant difference in energy consumption among intrinsic sinus rhythm,DHBP,and LBBP during the above five phases(all P>0.05).DHBP and LBBP did not show a significant increase in the number of left ventricular vortices,vortex area,and circulation intensity compared to intrinsic sinus rhythm,and LBBP did not show a significant increase in vortex area and circulation intensity compared to DHBP.Conclusions:Although LBBP canines significantly prolonged the paced QRS duration,it showed no significant differences in acute phase left ventricular hemodynamics,left ventricular flow field status,and energy consumption compared to intrinsic sinus rhythm and DHBP.Performance of LBBP was superior to RVAP.This study may contribute to revealing the theoretical basis of LBBP as a feasible physiological pacing therapy.

Objective:To investigate the current state of oral health knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP)of plateau military personnels and to analyze the disease condition,aiming to explore new strategies for enhancing oral health.Methods:A question-naire was developed to survey 500 individuals at high altitudes(≥3 000 m)and 500 at low altitudes(≤1 000 m)regarding their oral health KAP,with 100 subjects randomly selected from each group for oral examinations.Logistic regression analysis was ap-plied to examine the correlation between KAP and disease status.Based on these findings,a survey of the oral health needs of mili-tary personnels was conducted in conjunction with their KAP.And an innovative training system,"Perception-Comprehension-Inte-gration"(PCI),was established to improve the competencies of primary healthcare providers,with its effectiveness being evaluated.Results:The high altitude group had significantly lower rates of overall oral health awareness(53.61％),positive attitude(55.00％)and positive practice(40.29％)compared with the low altitude group(P＜0.05);the incidence in high altitude group experiencing dental caries(73％),wedge-shaped defects(34％),pericoronitis(16％),gingival bleeding(74％),dental calculus(81％)and cheilitis(37％)were significantly higher than those in the low altitude group(P＜0.05).There was a significant nega-tive correlation between KAP scores and disease prevalence.The subjects in both groups showed a substantial demand(exceeding 70％)for oral health.The innovative PCI training system has markedly strengthened the health personnel's compre-hensive preventive and health care capabilities.Conclu-sion:The oral health status of plateau military personnels is in dire need of enhancement.And the PCI training sys-tem is poised to serve as a novel approach to tackling this critical concern.