The new era imposes heightened demands on medical professionals,who must not only possess a solid theoretical foundation but also exhibit strong practical skills and innovative capabilities.The quality of medical func-tional laboratory construction is crucial for cultivating high-caliber medical talents.In light of the current developmental status and trends regarding functional experiment teaching within Chinese higher education institutions,particularly the disparities in development across various regions and institutions,the Functional Experiment Teaching Committee of the Chinese Pathophysiology Society has developed an expert consensus on laboratory construction standards.This consensus was established through comprehensive investigations,research,and extensive discussions to provide a reference for di-verse institutions to continuously enhance their levels of laboratory construction.

The new era imposes heightened demands on medical professionals,who must not only possess a solid theoretical foundation but also exhibit strong practical skills and innovative capabilities.The quality of medical func-tional laboratory construction is crucial for cultivating high-caliber medical talents.In light of the current developmental status and trends regarding functional experiment teaching within Chinese higher education institutions,particularly the disparities in development across various regions and institutions,the Functional Experiment Teaching Committee of the Chinese Pathophysiology Society has developed an expert consensus on laboratory construction standards.This consensus was established through comprehensive investigations,research,and extensive discussions to provide a reference for di-verse institutions to continuously enhance their levels of laboratory construction.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value and clinical application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology in pediatric urinary tract infections (UTI).Methods:In this retrospective study, the clinical data of children with UTI admitted to the Department of Nephrology, Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, from March 2023 to March 2024 were collected.The positive detection rates, timeliness, and consistency of mNGS technology were compared with those of urine culture.Measurement data were subject to test of normality.The independent sample t test, Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact probability test were used for comparison between groups. Results:A total of 193 patients were included.The positive detection rate of urine culture was 36.3% (70/193).Among 42 patients who underwent mNGS testing, 37 cases (88.1%) tested positive.The positive detection rate of mNGS was significantly higher than that of urine culture ( χ2=37.357, P<0.001).It took significantly less time to report mNGS results than to report urine culture results ( Z=3.524, P<0.001).In the 42 cases that underwent mNGS testing, 5 cases (11.9%) were negative for urine pathogens by both methods, and 21 cases (50.0%) were positive by mNGS but negative by urine culture.Among the remaining 16 cases (38.1%) positive by both mNGS and urine culture, 14 cases (33.3%) achieved fully matching results, 1 case (2.4%) was fully mismatched, and 1 case (2.4%) was partially matched.Comparison of the positive detection rate and the duration of anti-infective treatment prior to specimen collection between urine culture and mNGS showed that the median durations for urine culture and mNGS positivity were 5 and 20 days, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=0.537, P<0.001). Conclusions:mNGS technology has high sensitivity for diagnosing pathogens in pediatric UTI.Compared with urine culture, mNGS provides good consistency and significantly shortens the detection time.The positive detection rate is less affected by antimicrobial treatment.For children with UTI, especially those who have failed empirical anti-infective treatment and whose pathogen cannot be identified by urine culture, mNGS testing is recommended as early as possible.

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Objective To observe the value of singular value decomposition(SVD)combined with block-matching and three-dimensional(BM3D)filtering for improving imaging quality of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS).Methods Three subject who would undergo liver,kidney and ovarian CEUS examination respectively were prospectively enrolled,and 250 images unaffected by respiratory movements were acquired in each one.SVD filtering was performed alone and combined with BM3D filtering,and contrast-to-tissue ratio(CTR),contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the obtained CEUS images were calculated and compared.Results Compared with original CEUS images,CTR,CNR and SNR of SVD alone filtered CEUS images improved,which all further improved after combining with BM3D filtering.Conclusion SVD combined with BM3D filtering could significantly suppress the background tissue signals and remove noise,improving imaging quality of CEUS.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value and clinical application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology in pediatric urinary tract infections (UTI).Methods:In this retrospective study, the clinical data of children with UTI admitted to the Department of Nephrology, Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, from March 2023 to March 2024 were collected.The positive detection rates, timeliness, and consistency of mNGS technology were compared with those of urine culture.Measurement data were subject to test of normality.The independent sample t test, Chi-square test or Fisher′s exact probability test were used for comparison between groups. Results:A total of 193 patients were included.The positive detection rate of urine culture was 36.3% (70/193).Among 42 patients who underwent mNGS testing, 37 cases (88.1%) tested positive.The positive detection rate of mNGS was significantly higher than that of urine culture ( χ2=37.357, P<0.001).It took significantly less time to report mNGS results than to report urine culture results ( Z=3.524, P<0.001).In the 42 cases that underwent mNGS testing, 5 cases (11.9%) were negative for urine pathogens by both methods, and 21 cases (50.0%) were positive by mNGS but negative by urine culture.Among the remaining 16 cases (38.1%) positive by both mNGS and urine culture, 14 cases (33.3%) achieved fully matching results, 1 case (2.4%) was fully mismatched, and 1 case (2.4%) was partially matched.Comparison of the positive detection rate and the duration of anti-infective treatment prior to specimen collection between urine culture and mNGS showed that the median durations for urine culture and mNGS positivity were 5 and 20 days, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=0.537, P<0.001). Conclusions:mNGS technology has high sensitivity for diagnosing pathogens in pediatric UTI.Compared with urine culture, mNGS provides good consistency and significantly shortens the detection time.The positive detection rate is less affected by antimicrobial treatment.For children with UTI, especially those who have failed empirical anti-infective treatment and whose pathogen cannot be identified by urine culture, mNGS testing is recommended as early as possible.

Objective To observe the value of singular value decomposition(SVD)combined with block-matching and three-dimensional(BM3D)filtering for improving imaging quality of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS).Methods Three subject who would undergo liver,kidney and ovarian CEUS examination respectively were prospectively enrolled,and 250 images unaffected by respiratory movements were acquired in each one.SVD filtering was performed alone and combined with BM3D filtering,and contrast-to-tissue ratio(CTR),contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the obtained CEUS images were calculated and compared.Results Compared with original CEUS images,CTR,CNR and SNR of SVD alone filtered CEUS images improved,which all further improved after combining with BM3D filtering.Conclusion SVD combined with BM3D filtering could significantly suppress the background tissue signals and remove noise,improving imaging quality of CEUS.

Objective To construct and validate a risk prediction model for delayed healing of venous leg ulcer(VLU),so as to provide a reference basis for early identification of people at high risk of delayed healing.Methods Using a convenience sampling method,331 VLU patients attending vascular surgery departments in 2 tertiary A hospitals in Sichuan Province from January 2018 to December 2022 were selected as a modeling group and an internal validation group,and 112 patients admitted to another tertiary A hospital were selected as an external validation group.Risk factors for delayed healing in VLU patients were screened using univariate analysis,LASSO regression,and multivariate logistic regression analysis,and a risk prediction model was constructed using R software,and the predictive effects of the models were examined using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,the Hosmer-Lemeshow test,decision curve,and the bootstrap resampling for internal validation and spatial external validation were performed,respectively.Results The predictors that ultimately entered the prediction model were diabetes(OR=4.752),deep vein thrombosis(OR=4.104),lipodermatosclerosis(OR=5.405),ulcer recurrence(OR=3.239),and ankle mobility(OR=5.520).The model had good discrimination(AUC:0.819 for internal validation and 0.858 for external validation),calibration(Hosmer-Lemeshow test:χ2=13.517,P=0.095 for internal validation and χ2=3.375,P=0.909 for external validation)and clinical validity.Conclusion The model constructed in this study has good differentiation and calibration,and it can effectively predict people at high risk of delayed healing of VLU,which facilitates targeted clinical interventions to improve ulcer outcomes and reduce the risk of delayed ulcer healing.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features and the prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in children with massive proteinuria.Methods:It was a retrospective cohort study. Clinical data of IgAN children with massive proteinuria admitted to the Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2008 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into effective group and ineffective group according to whether urine protein turned negative after 6 months of initial treatment. The follow-up endpoint event was defined as a reduction in proteinuria of less than 50% or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) achievement. MedCalc software was used to perform Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Log-rank test was used to compare the difference of renal survival between the two groups.Results:A total of 127 patients were diagnosed as primary IgAN by renal biopsy, of whom 57 patients with IgAN showed massive proteinuria. These 57 IgAN patients with macroproteinuria accounted for 44.9% of the total IgAN patients and were enrolled in the study. Among the 57 cases, 33 cases (57.9%) were Lee's grade Ⅲ, 11 cases (19.3%) were below Lee's grade Ⅲ, and 13 cases (22.8%) were above Lee's grade Ⅲ. The follow-up time was 4.0 (3.0,5.8) years. In the initial treatment, among 57 patients, 46 (80.7%) were effective (effective group) and 11 (19.3%) were ineffective (ineffective group). Compared with the effective group, the ineffective group had a higher proportion of concurrent AKI at the onset of disease and longer recovery time of renal function, with significant difference (7/11 vs. 13/46, χ2=4.878, P=0.027). Compared with the effective group, the proportion of Lee grade Ⅲ or above was higher in the ineffective group, and the difference was statistically significant (5/11 vs. 8/46, χ2=3.971, P=0.046). There were significant differences in endocapillary hypercellularity (E1), segmental glomerulosclerosis or adhesion (S1) and cellular/fibrocellular crescents (C2) of Oxford classification between IgAN children with Lee grade Ⅲ or below and those over Lee grade Ⅲ (11/13 vs. 20/44, χ2=6.204, P=0.013; 12/13 vs. 17/44, χ2=11.566, P=0.001; 9/13 vs. 7/44, χ2=14.131, P=0.001). Among 57 patients, endpoint events occurred in 2 patients who both were urinary protein unmitigated, and none of the children progressed to ESRD. There was no significant difference in cumulative renal survival between the two groups by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-rank test ( χ2=0.537, P=0.460) after addition of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) to the initial treatment ineffective group. Conclusions:Macroproteinuria is the prominent manifestation of IgAN in children. The pathological type is mainly Lee grade Ⅲ. Children with macroproteinuria have a good prognosis in the short and medium term after active treatment. For IgAN with macroproteinuria that does not respond well to initial treatment, AKI is more common at onset, and renal function recovery time is longer. The application of CNIs may have a certain effect on improving the renal outcome of IgAN with massive proteinuria.

Objective To observe the value of ultrasound vector flow imaging(VFI)combined with singular value decomposition(SVD)filtering for depicting deep microvasculature flow velocity of liver.Methods Grayscale ultrasound,CDFI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)were prospectively performed in a patient with suspected liver hemangioma.Images of CEUS were dealt with SVD filtering.Cross-correlation algorithm was used to obtain images of VFI based on grayscale ultrasound,original CEUS and SVD filtered CEUS,respectively,and the ability of the above images for depicting liver microvascular flow direction and velocity were compared.Results The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of liver grayscale ultrasound,original CEUS and SVD filtered CEUS images was 7.56,17.65 and 22.43 dB,respectively,while their contrast-to-issue ratio(CTR)was 1.12,7.56 and 16.34 dB,respectively.Compared with VFI based on grayscale ultrasound and original CEUS,VFI based on SVD filtered CEUS could display faster velocity and more uniform direction of blood flow.Before and after SVD filtering,liver microvascular flow velocity measured with VFI was 1.91(0.81,4.11)and 6.83(4.25,9.41)mm/s,respectively,which were significantly different(Z=-10.671,P＜0.001).Conclusion Combined with SVD filtering could significantly improve the efficiency of VFI for depicting liver deep microvasculature flow velocity.