Objective:To analyze the epidemiological patterns and temporal trends of gastric cancer incidence and mortality in China and globally, and to formulate evidence-based prevention strategies.Methods:Based on the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, we evaluated gastric cancer incidence and mortality patterns stratified by sex, age group, geographic region and human development index (HDI). Simple linear regression and Spearman's correlation analysis assessed associations between HDI and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) or age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR). Temporal trends from 2002 to 2020 were described in selected regions, and projections of global gastric cancer burden by 2050 were estimated.Results:In 2022, there were estimated 969 000 new gastric cases and 660 000 deaths worldwide. The burden was higher in men than in women, with incidence peaking at ages 65-69 and mortality at 70-74. ASIR was weakly correlated with HDI ( r=0.261, P＜0.001), while no significant association was found between HDI and ASMR ( r=-0.005, P=0.947). China accounted for 359 000 new cases and 260 000 deaths, representing 37.0% and 39.4% of the global totals, respectively. Both ASIR (13.7/10 5) and ASMR (9.4/10 5) in China exceeded the global averages (9.2/10 5 and 6.1/10 5, respectively). Although the overall global burden is decreasing, absolute case numbers are projected to increase by 84.1% (1.78 million cases) and deaths by 91.2% (1.26 million cases) by 2050. High-HDI regions will bear greater absolute burdens, whereas low-HDI regions face steeper relative increases. In China, new cases and deaths are projected to reach 607 000 and 504 000 by 2050, rising by 69.1% and 93.8%, respectively. Conclusions:Despite a declining global trend, the burden of gastric cancer remains substantial, with notable disparities across regions, sex and age groups. Targeted strategies are urgently needed, particularly in East Asia, among males, and older populations, to mitigate the future burden.

Objective:To investigate the status of health economics evaluation studies on the core interventions in early essential newborn care (EENC).Methods:Relevant articles were retrieved from Chinese databases including CNKI, Wanfang Data, Yiigle, and VIP Chinese Journals using keywords in Chinese, including "early neonatal care," "resuscitation of birth asphyxia," "kangaroo mother care (KMC)" "neonatal vitamin K," "health economics," and "cost," "benefit," or "effect" and from databases such as PubMed, Embase, Springer, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using keywords such as "economic evaluation," "assessing," "cost," "cost-effective," "effective," "effect," "kangaroo mother care or KMC," "resuscitation of neonatal asphyxia/help baby breathe/neonatal asphyxia," "injection of vitamin K 1/intramuscular vitamin K 1 neonatal/newborns" and other core interventions in EENC. The retrieved literature was screened. The quality of the included articles was evaluated according to the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. The research objects, types, main indicators, and results were summarized. Results:A total of 16 articles were finally included in this study, including nine related to KMC (of which two had no real-world data and were only statistical model studies), four related to neonatal resuscitation (all without real-world data), and three related to intramuscular injection of vitamin K 1 (of which one had no real-world data). No articles on other core interventions in EENC were retrieved. There were eight articles based on the analysis of previous health system or hospital data, four using a randomized controlled trial, two retrospective studies based on convenience sampling, and two comparing the effects before and after a project. Only two studies used the data from 2018 onwards. The 16 included articles were evaluated according to QHES and only three were rated as excellent. Regarding health economics evaluation of intervention measures, the included studies believed implementing KMC was more effective and less costly. Full resuscitation, selective resuscitation, and intramuscular injection of vitamin K 1 for newborns were cost-effective intervention measures. Conclusions:There are few health economics evaluation studies on EENC intervention measures, and the evidence of the studies is limited. In the future, the effects and health economic benefits of interventions in EENC in China can be predicted and analyzed by conducting high-quality randomized controlled studies or pre- and post-intervention comparative studies or using statistical methods such as establishing decision tree models to analyze the past data of hospital cases or from the health system.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Zhejiang cancer registration areas in 2021 and the trends from 2000 to 2021.[Methods]Data of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Zhejiang cancer registration areas from 2000 to 2021 were collected.The crude incidence/mortality rates,age-standardized incidence/mortality rates by Chinese stan-dard population(ASIRC/ASMRC)and world standard population(ASIRW/ASMRW),cumulative rates(0～74 years old)were calculated.Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the annual percentage change(APC)and average annual percentage change(AAPC)to assess trends.[Results]In 2021,6 683 new prostate cancer cases were reported in Zhejiang cancer registration areas,the crude incidence rate and ASIRC of prostate cancer were 61.21/105 and 26.78/105,respec-tively.The number of prostate cancer deaths was 1 036,the crude mortality rate and ASMRC were 9.49/105 and 3.28/105,respectively.From 2000 to 2021,a total of 30 876 new prostate cancer cases and 7 458 deaths were reported.The average crude incidence rate was 25.50/105,and the ASIRC was 13.35/105;the crude mortality rate and ASMRC rates were 6.16/105 and 2.82/105,respectively.The ASIRC was higher in urban areas(13.58/105)than that in rural areas(12.84/105),while the ASMRC was lower in urban areas(2.60/105)than that in rural areas(3.33/105).From 2000 to 2021,both the ASIRC and ASMRC showed significant upward trends in Zhejiang cancer registration areas with AAPC of 13.88％(95％CI:11.43％～16.08％,P＜0.001)and 4.35％(95％CI:2.21％～6.18％,P＜0.001),respectively.[Conclusion]Prostate cancer incidence in Zhejiang Province had risen rapidly in last two decades,with rural areas facing a heavier mortality burden.Special attention should be paid to the elderly male population in rural areas,and the three-level prevention strategy should be strengthened to reduce the disease burden.

Objective:To analyze the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality in China and selected global regions, providing evidence for lung cancer prevention strategies in China.Methods:We extracted data from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database. Age-standardized Incidence rate (ASIR) and Age-standardized Mortality rate (ASMR) were calculated using Segi's world standard population. Epidemiological patterns were analyzed by region, age, sex, and human development index (HDI). Simple linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to examine associations between HDI and ASIR/ASMR.Results:In 2022, global lung cancer incidence and mortality reached 2.48 million and 1.82 million cases respectively, with age-standardized rates of 23.6 per 100 000 (ASIR) and 16.8 per 100 000 (ASMR). Gender disparities were prominent, with male ASIR and ASMR being 2.0-fold and 2.5-fold higher than females. Elderly populations showed 11.6-fold higher ASIR and 14.4-fold higher ASMR compared to working-age adults. HDI demonstrated strong positive correlations with both ASIR ( r=0.79, P＜0.001) and ASMR ( r=0.74, P＜0.001). China accounted for 1.06 million new cases and 0.73 million deaths, with ASIR (40.8 per 100 000) and ASMR (26.7 per 100 000) exceeding global averages by 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold respectively. Chinese males showed 1.7-fold higher ASIR and 2.7-fold higher ASMR than females. Trend analysis revealed persistently high male incidence in China whereas rapidly increasing female rates, narrowing gender disparities. Projections estimate 1.80 million incident cases and 1.41 million deaths by 2050, representing 69.3% and 92.0% increases from 2022 levels. Conclusions:Significant heterogeneity exists in lung cancer burden across demographics and development levels, with strong HDI correlations. China bears disproportionate disease burden, necessitating intensified prevention efforts. These findings underscore the urgency of targeted interventions in high-risk populations.

Objective:To analyze the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality in China and selected global regions, providing evidence for lung cancer prevention strategies in China.Methods:We extracted data from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database. Age-standardized Incidence rate (ASIR) and Age-standardized Mortality rate (ASMR) were calculated using Segi's world standard population. Epidemiological patterns were analyzed by region, age, sex, and human development index (HDI). Simple linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to examine associations between HDI and ASIR/ASMR.Results:In 2022, global lung cancer incidence and mortality reached 2.48 million and 1.82 million cases respectively, with age-standardized rates of 23.6 per 100 000 (ASIR) and 16.8 per 100 000 (ASMR). Gender disparities were prominent, with male ASIR and ASMR being 2.0-fold and 2.5-fold higher than females. Elderly populations showed 11.6-fold higher ASIR and 14.4-fold higher ASMR compared to working-age adults. HDI demonstrated strong positive correlations with both ASIR ( r=0.79, P＜0.001) and ASMR ( r=0.74, P＜0.001). China accounted for 1.06 million new cases and 0.73 million deaths, with ASIR (40.8 per 100 000) and ASMR (26.7 per 100 000) exceeding global averages by 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold respectively. Chinese males showed 1.7-fold higher ASIR and 2.7-fold higher ASMR than females. Trend analysis revealed persistently high male incidence in China whereas rapidly increasing female rates, narrowing gender disparities. Projections estimate 1.80 million incident cases and 1.41 million deaths by 2050, representing 69.3% and 92.0% increases from 2022 levels. Conclusions:Significant heterogeneity exists in lung cancer burden across demographics and development levels, with strong HDI correlations. China bears disproportionate disease burden, necessitating intensified prevention efforts. These findings underscore the urgency of targeted interventions in high-risk populations.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Zhejiang cancer registration areas in 2021 and the trends from 2000 to 2021.[Methods]Data of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Zhejiang cancer registration areas from 2000 to 2021 were collected.The crude incidence/mortality rates,age-standardized incidence/mortality rates by Chinese stan-dard population(ASIRC/ASMRC)and world standard population(ASIRW/ASMRW),cumulative rates(0～74 years old)were calculated.Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the annual percentage change(APC)and average annual percentage change(AAPC)to assess trends.[Results]In 2021,6 683 new prostate cancer cases were reported in Zhejiang cancer registration areas,the crude incidence rate and ASIRC of prostate cancer were 61.21/105 and 26.78/105,respec-tively.The number of prostate cancer deaths was 1 036,the crude mortality rate and ASMRC were 9.49/105 and 3.28/105,respectively.From 2000 to 2021,a total of 30 876 new prostate cancer cases and 7 458 deaths were reported.The average crude incidence rate was 25.50/105,and the ASIRC was 13.35/105;the crude mortality rate and ASMRC rates were 6.16/105 and 2.82/105,respectively.The ASIRC was higher in urban areas(13.58/105)than that in rural areas(12.84/105),while the ASMRC was lower in urban areas(2.60/105)than that in rural areas(3.33/105).From 2000 to 2021,both the ASIRC and ASMRC showed significant upward trends in Zhejiang cancer registration areas with AAPC of 13.88％(95％CI:11.43％～16.08％,P＜0.001)and 4.35％(95％CI:2.21％～6.18％,P＜0.001),respectively.[Conclusion]Prostate cancer incidence in Zhejiang Province had risen rapidly in last two decades,with rural areas facing a heavier mortality burden.Special attention should be paid to the elderly male population in rural areas,and the three-level prevention strategy should be strengthened to reduce the disease burden.

Objective:To investigate the status of health economics evaluation studies on the core interventions in early essential newborn care (EENC).Methods:Relevant articles were retrieved from Chinese databases including CNKI, Wanfang Data, Yiigle, and VIP Chinese Journals using keywords in Chinese, including "early neonatal care," "resuscitation of birth asphyxia," "kangaroo mother care (KMC)" "neonatal vitamin K," "health economics," and "cost," "benefit," or "effect" and from databases such as PubMed, Embase, Springer, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using keywords such as "economic evaluation," "assessing," "cost," "cost-effective," "effective," "effect," "kangaroo mother care or KMC," "resuscitation of neonatal asphyxia/help baby breathe/neonatal asphyxia," "injection of vitamin K 1/intramuscular vitamin K 1 neonatal/newborns" and other core interventions in EENC. The retrieved literature was screened. The quality of the included articles was evaluated according to the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. The research objects, types, main indicators, and results were summarized. Results:A total of 16 articles were finally included in this study, including nine related to KMC (of which two had no real-world data and were only statistical model studies), four related to neonatal resuscitation (all without real-world data), and three related to intramuscular injection of vitamin K 1 (of which one had no real-world data). No articles on other core interventions in EENC were retrieved. There were eight articles based on the analysis of previous health system or hospital data, four using a randomized controlled trial, two retrospective studies based on convenience sampling, and two comparing the effects before and after a project. Only two studies used the data from 2018 onwards. The 16 included articles were evaluated according to QHES and only three were rated as excellent. Regarding health economics evaluation of intervention measures, the included studies believed implementing KMC was more effective and less costly. Full resuscitation, selective resuscitation, and intramuscular injection of vitamin K 1 for newborns were cost-effective intervention measures. Conclusions:There are few health economics evaluation studies on EENC intervention measures, and the evidence of the studies is limited. In the future, the effects and health economic benefits of interventions in EENC in China can be predicted and analyzed by conducting high-quality randomized controlled studies or pre- and post-intervention comparative studies or using statistical methods such as establishing decision tree models to analyze the past data of hospital cases or from the health system.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological patterns and temporal trends of gastric cancer incidence and mortality in China and globally, and to formulate evidence-based prevention strategies.Methods:Based on the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, we evaluated gastric cancer incidence and mortality patterns stratified by sex, age group, geographic region and human development index (HDI). Simple linear regression and Spearman's correlation analysis assessed associations between HDI and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) or age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR). Temporal trends from 2002 to 2020 were described in selected regions, and projections of global gastric cancer burden by 2050 were estimated.Results:In 2022, there were estimated 969 000 new gastric cases and 660 000 deaths worldwide. The burden was higher in men than in women, with incidence peaking at ages 65-69 and mortality at 70-74. ASIR was weakly correlated with HDI ( r=0.261, P＜0.001), while no significant association was found between HDI and ASMR ( r=-0.005, P=0.947). China accounted for 359 000 new cases and 260 000 deaths, representing 37.0% and 39.4% of the global totals, respectively. Both ASIR (13.7/10 5) and ASMR (9.4/10 5) in China exceeded the global averages (9.2/10 5 and 6.1/10 5, respectively). Although the overall global burden is decreasing, absolute case numbers are projected to increase by 84.1% (1.78 million cases) and deaths by 91.2% (1.26 million cases) by 2050. High-HDI regions will bear greater absolute burdens, whereas low-HDI regions face steeper relative increases. In China, new cases and deaths are projected to reach 607 000 and 504 000 by 2050, rising by 69.1% and 93.8%, respectively. Conclusions:Despite a declining global trend, the burden of gastric cancer remains substantial, with notable disparities across regions, sex and age groups. Targeted strategies are urgently needed, particularly in East Asia, among males, and older populations, to mitigate the future burden.

Correct sleep scoring is the base of sleep studying; nonlinear features of EEG can represent different sleep stages. In this paper, correlation dimension (D2) and approximate entropy (ApEn) of sleep EEG have been calculated. The statistical results reveal that: D2 does not come to be saturated when the embedding dimension increases, but the relative value of D2 can effectively distinguish different sleep stages. ApEn has the advantage of calculating simply, steady result and representing preferably different sleep stages. ApEn and the relative value of D2 reveal, from different point of view, the same rule about EEG (brain) complexity changing, that is, both complexity and its fluctuation are maximal in the subject's awake hour, are decreasing with the deepening of sleep, but the complexity in REM is about the level between S1 and S2.
Electroencephalography ; Entropy ; Humans ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Sleep ; physiology ; Sleep Stages ; physiology

Traditional sleep scoring system describes the sleep EEG characterized by features in time domain as well as frequency domain. Power Spectral Density (PSD) is one of the well-used methods to observe the occurrence of specified rhythms. However, the parameter model based PSD estimation is used with the assumption that the model order is determined as low as possible through prior knowledge. This paper briefs the development of Autoregressive Model Order (ARMO) criterion, and provides the distribution of ARMOs for specified sleep EEG, which shows that ARMOs concentrate on several well separated regions that are indicative of the microstructure and transition states. This study suggests the promising perspective of ARMO as a special EEG feature for weighing complexity, randomness and rhythm components.
Delta Rhythm ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Regression Analysis ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Sleep Stages ; physiology