BACKGROUND:Exercise is an effective way to improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.In recent years,exercise has been used as an intervention therapy for microvascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.However,few studies have systematically explored the influence of factors,such as"exercise type,exercise intensity and amount of exercise,"on microvascular function in patients.To some extent,this limits the formulation of precise exercise prescriptions to improve microvascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes and the comparison of study results.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of exercise type,intensity,frequency and amount of exercise on microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and to make suggestions on exercise prescription.METHODS:The first author used computer to search the studies on the improvement of microvascular function in type 2 diabetes patients involving exercise in CNKI,WanFang,PubMed and other databases.The search terms were"diabetes mellitus,type 2 diabetes mellitus,microcirculation,microvascular reactivity,microvessels,capillaries,vasodilation,blood perfusion volume,endothelial cells,shear stress,exercise,aerobic exercise,resistance exercise,high-intensity exercise"in Chinese and English.The articles were screened by a quick glance at the article titles and abstracts to exclude those that were not closely related to the topic,and finally 60 articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Exercise is an effective way to improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.Aerobic exercise lasting 12-24 weeks,3-5 times/week,exercise time＞30 minutes and intensity between 40％and 59％reserve oxygen intake can significantly improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.On the basis of aerobic exercise,systemic resistance exercise 2-3 times a week(50％-85％1RM,every other day)or pressure resistance exercise can obtain better intervention effects.(2)In addition,exercise can improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes in a"dose-effect"manner,and patients can get better results from the intervention by increasing the amount of exercise,while maintaining safety.(3)The mechanism of exercise improving microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes is mainly related to promoting the release of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor from endothelial cells and inhibiting the release of endothelin1.

BACKGROUND:Exercise is an effective way to improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.In recent years,exercise has been used as an intervention therapy for microvascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes.However,few studies have systematically explored the influence of factors,such as"exercise type,exercise intensity and amount of exercise,"on microvascular function in patients.To some extent,this limits the formulation of precise exercise prescriptions to improve microvascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes and the comparison of study results.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of exercise type,intensity,frequency and amount of exercise on microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and to make suggestions on exercise prescription.METHODS:The first author used computer to search the studies on the improvement of microvascular function in type 2 diabetes patients involving exercise in CNKI,WanFang,PubMed and other databases.The search terms were"diabetes mellitus,type 2 diabetes mellitus,microcirculation,microvascular reactivity,microvessels,capillaries,vasodilation,blood perfusion volume,endothelial cells,shear stress,exercise,aerobic exercise,resistance exercise,high-intensity exercise"in Chinese and English.The articles were screened by a quick glance at the article titles and abstracts to exclude those that were not closely related to the topic,and finally 60 articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Exercise is an effective way to improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.Aerobic exercise lasting 12-24 weeks,3-5 times/week,exercise time＞30 minutes and intensity between 40％and 59％reserve oxygen intake can significantly improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes.On the basis of aerobic exercise,systemic resistance exercise 2-3 times a week(50％-85％1RM,every other day)or pressure resistance exercise can obtain better intervention effects.(2)In addition,exercise can improve microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes in a"dose-effect"manner,and patients can get better results from the intervention by increasing the amount of exercise,while maintaining safety.(3)The mechanism of exercise improving microvascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes is mainly related to promoting the release of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor from endothelial cells and inhibiting the release of endothelin1.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which Notoginsenoside R1 （NGR1） ameliorates hypoxia/reoxygenation （H/R）-induced injury in AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell lines through the regulation of mitophagy. MethodsCommon genes linked to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and mitophagy were identified by intersecting data from GeneCards and MitoCarta databases. AC16 cell viability was assessed via CCK-8 assay under varying NGR1 concentrations （0， 6.25， 12.5， 25， 50， 100， 200， 300， 400， 500 μmol/L）. AC16 cells were divided into the following groups： control group （Control）， model group （H/R）， and treatment groups （H/R + NGR1 at 100， 200 and 300 μmol/L）. Mitochondrial membrane potential （ΔΨm） was measured using 5，5'，6，6'-tetrachloro-1，1'，3，3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide （JC-1） staining. Transcriptional levels of mitophagy-related genes （Parkin， Pink1， P62） were quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR）. Protein expression of mitophagy-related markers （Parkin， Pink1， P62， and LC3BⅡ） was evaluated via Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. ResultsCompared to the control group， cell viability in the H/R group significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Treatment with NGR1 at concentrations above 100 μmol/L significantly enhanced the cell viability of AC16 cells compared to the H/R group （P<0.01）. H/R induced a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.01）， which was restored by NGR1 treatment （P<0.01）. The mRNA levels of Parkin， Pink1， and P62 in the H/R group were upregulated compared to the control group （P<0.05）， while NGR1 intervention downregulated their expression （P<0.05）. Protein expression levels of Parkin， Pink1， and LC3BⅡ in the H/R group significantly increased， while P62 expression decreased compared to the control group （P<0.01）. In contrast， different doses of NGR1 treatment significantly reduced the expression of Parkin， Pink1， and LC3BⅡ while increasing P62 expression （P<0.05）. TEM revealed that the mitochondrial structure in the H/R group was severely disrupted， with fragmented and disorganized cristae， which was alleviated by NGR1. ConclusionNGR1 ameliorates H/R-induced AC16 cell injury， and its mechanism may be associated with modulating the Pink1/Parkin pathway to suppress excessive mitophagy.

ObjectiveTo construct and validate a predictive model for hepatic encephalopathy （HE） in patients with end-stage liver disease （ESLD） by combining key indicators such as cytokines and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease （MELD） score， and to provide evidence-based support for the early identification of high-risk populations and the optimization of intervention strategies in clinical practice. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for 2 167 patients with ESLD who were admitted to The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming from January 2022 to December 2024， the patients were divided into a training set with 1 517 patients and a validation set with 650 patients at a ratio of 7∶3 using the stratified random sampling method. A univariate analysis and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator （LASSO） regression analysis were performed for the training set to identify potential influencing variables， and then a binary Logistic regression model was constructed to investigate the independent influencing factors for HE in ESLD patients. A nomogram prediction model was established based on this regression model， and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was performed. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve， calibration curves， decision curve analysis， and clinical impact curve were used to comprehensively evaluate the degree of fit， accuracy， consistency， and clinical practicability of the predictive model derived from the training set. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed quantitative data between two groups. The chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsThe univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the study group and the control group in age， sex， blood ammonia， lymphocytes， hemoglobin， platelet count， prothrombin time， fibrinogen， international normalized ratio， total bilirubin， aspartate aminotransferase， total protein， albumin， prealbumin， alkaline phosphatase， cholinesterase， total bile acid， triglyceride， total cholesterol， high-density lipoprotein， low-density lipoprotein， blood glucose， CD3⁺ T cells， CD4⁺ T cells， CD8⁺ T cells， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein， carcinoembryonic antigen， triiodothyronine， thyroxine， free triiodothyronine， free thyroxine， interleukin-1β， interleukin-5， interleukin-6， interleukin-8， interleukin-12p70， interleukin-17， interferon-γ， and MELD score （all P<0.05）. The LASSO regression analysis identified nine variables of age， blood ammonia， albumin， prealbumin， cholinesterase， total cholesterol， thyroxine， interleukin-17， and MELD score， and the binary Logistic regression analysis showed that blood ammonia， interleukin-17， and MELD score were independent risk factors for HE in ESLD patients， while age and thyroxine were independent protective factors （all P<0.05）. A nomogram model was constructed based on these five variables. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test in the training set showed a good degree of fit （P=0.207）， with a McFadden’s pseudo-R² of 0.184， suggesting that the model had acceptable explanatory power； the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test in the internal validation set further confirmed the calibration stability of the model （P=0.067）， suggesting that the model had a good degree of fit in independent data. The model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.784 in the validation set， with a sensitivity of 0.710 and a specificity of 0.752. The mean absolute error of the calibration curve was 0.067， and decision curve analysis and clinical impact curve showed that the nomogram model had positive net benefit and good clinical practicability. ConclusionThe nomogram model constructed based on age， blood ammonia， thyroxine， interleukin-17， and MELD score for predicting HE in patients with ESLD has a good degree of fit， high accuracy and consistency， and excellent clinical practicability.

Twelve pre-processing protocols for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded(FFPE)tissue samples were developed by orthogonal experimental design,incorporating different dewaxing buffers(Triton X-100 and xylene),lysis buffers(TFE and RapiGest),and enzyme digestion methods(iST,SP3,and FASP)to explore the optimal experimental conditions.These protocols were assessed based on protein and peptide identification depth,identification stability,and quantitative levels of protein abundance.The results indicated that Triton X-100 and xylene minimally impacted proteomics identification,whereas the TFE lysis buffer and iST digestion method significantly enhanced the proteomics analysis of FFPE samples.Considering the potential toxicity of xylene,the TTI protocol based on Triton X-100,TFE,and iST was determined to be the optimal choice.This protocol exhibited the best repeatability and stability,and a higher number of proteins associated with significant biological functions were identified.In conclusion,the established TTI protocol offered an efficient and comprehensive approach for proteomic analysis of FFPE samples,significantly enhancing the repeatability and stability of protein identification.

Guanylate binding protein subunit β-2(GNB2)is an important part of G protein family.In the process of cell signal transduction,GNB2 plays a structural support and regulatory role in G protein complex,ensuring the correct transmission and amplification of signals,interacting with receptors and regulating vari-ous effector enzymes and ion channels,and mediating a variety of physiological functions.Therefore,GNB2 plays a key role in cell signaling,and participates in the regulation of cell proliferation,differentiation and mi-gration and other biological processes.This article reviews the research progress of GNB2,focusing on its structure,function,regulatory mechanism,disease correlation and importance in tumor research.

Objective:To investigate the association of serum levels of myoglobin(Myo)and reticulocyte(Ret)with cardiac function class in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods:A total of 106 CHF patients treated in First Rongjun Special Care Hospital of Hebei Province between February 2020 and February 2024 were retrospec-tively selected as the observation group.According to New York Heart Association(NYHA)cardiac function class,patients were divided into class Ⅱ group(n=61)and class Ⅲ～Ⅳ group(n=45),and 107 healthy people with nor-mal physical examination results were selected from our hospital simultaneously as control group.The Myo and Ret levels were compared between control group and observation group,class Ⅱ group and class Ⅲ～Ⅳ group.Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the association of Myo and Ret levels with NYHA class in CHF patients.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of Myo,Ret and their combined detection for NYHA class Ⅲ～Ⅳ in CHF patients.Results:Compared to participants in the control group,those in the observation group had significant higher Myo level[(50.42±9.98)μg/ml vs.(35.22±5.36)μg/ml]and significant lower Ret level[(2.24±0.68)％vs.(2.91±0.61)％](P＜0.001 all).Compared to those in class Ⅱ group,those in class Ⅲ～Ⅳ group had significant higher Myo level[(60.77±5.94)μg/ml vs.(42.79±2.97)μg/ml]and significant lower Ret level[(1.73±0.31)％vs.(2.62±0.62)％](P＜0.001 all).Spearman correlation analysis showed that Myo(r=0.654)was positively correlated with NYHA cardiac function class in CHF patients,while Ret(r=-0.589)was inversely correlated with it(P＜0.001 all).ROC analysis showed that a combination of Myo and Ret had significant higher predictive efficacy(AUC=0.926,95％CI 0.858～0.968)for NYH A class Ⅲ～Ⅳ in CHF patients than Myo(AUC=0.804,95％CI 0.716～0.875)and Ret(AUC=0.701,95％CI 0.604～0.786)alone(Z=2.745,4.183,P＜0.01 both).Conclusion:Our study showed that Myo and Ret levels were significantly correlated with NYHA class in CHF patients.Moreover,a combination of Myo and Ret levels showed better diagnostic value for NYHA class Ⅲ～Ⅳ in this population.

Objective To examine the expression pattern of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1(ASK1)in the intestinal tissues of patients with Crohn's disease(CD),and analyze its mechanistic impact on intestinal epithelial barrier function and inflammatory responses.Methods Ileal tissue samples from Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls were collected.ASK1 protein level was assessed by immunohistochemistry,and its relationship with the Crohn's disease activity index(CDAI)was analyzed.A mouse model of acute colitis was constructed using TNBS,and subjected to qRT-PCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for ASK1 expression,and the association between ASK1 expression and the disease activity index was examined.Lentivirus transfection was employed to create stable Caco-2 cell lines with altered ASK1 expression,and the intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation were assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER),FITC-dextran leakage,and IL-6,IL-1β levels.Furthermore,the effects of ASK1 expression on Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4)levels was examined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting.Results ASK1 was highly expressed in the ileum of CD patients and positively correlated with CDAI.In a TNBS-induced mouse model of acute colitis,ASK1 expression was up-regulated and positively correlated with DAI.Inflammation-induced ASK1 overexpression weakened the Caco-2 cell intestinal barrier,whereas ASK1 knockdown strengthened it.Moreover,ASK1 had the capability to enhance the expression of inflammatory factors.Additionally,ASK1 knockdown increased KLF4 expression,while overexpression decreased it,indicating a negative correlation between ASK1 and KLF4.Conclusion ASK1 expression is notably higher in CD and positively correlates with disease activity.ASK1 can influence intestinal barrier integrity and inflammatory factor expression,possibly through its impact on KLF4 expression.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which 4-week high-intensity interval training(HIIT)regulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response(UPRmt)in skeletal muscle and improves mitochondrial function in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS).Methods Male SPF-grade SD rats(6～8 weeks old)were divided randomly into control(C),model(M),HIIT+control(HC),and HIIT+model(HM)groups.Rats in the M and HM groups were subjected to CUMS for 8 weeks to establish a depression model,while rats in the HC and HM groups received HIIT for 5 d a week for 4 weeks.The exercise regimen consisted of 3 min high-speed(85％～90％Smax)combined with 1 min low-speed(50％～55％Smax)uninterrupted repetitive training(Smax is maximum training speed).Behavioral changes were evaluated at weeks 4 and 8.Tissue samples were taken 24 h after the last behavioral test and skeletal muscle mitochondria were examined by transmission electron microscopy.The ATP and reactive oxygen species(ROS)contents were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and protein expression levels of activating transcription factor(ATF)4,ATF5,C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP),and heat shock protein 60(HSP60)were detected by Western blot.Results(1)The body mass,number of crossing grids,number of upright positions,sugar-water preference rate,and ATP content were significantly decreased in group M compared with group C(P＜0.01),while the number of damaged mitochondria,ROS content,ATF4,ATF5,CHOP,and HSP60 protein expression were significantly increased(P＜0.01).(2)After 4-weeks of HIIT intervention,the ATP content and ATF4 and ATF5 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the HC group compared with C group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The number of crossing grids,number of upright positions,sugar-water preference rate,ATP content,and ATF4 protein expression were significantly increased in the HM group compared with M group(P＜0.01),while the number of damaged mitochondria,ROS content,and ATF5,CHOP,and HSP60 protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).(3)After 4 weeks of HIIT intervention,the number of crossing grids in CUMS rats was significantly positively correlated with ATF4 protein expression,and ROS content was correlated with CHOP protein expression,number of damaged mitochondria,and ATF5 protein expression(|r|＞0.75,P＜0.01;|r|＞0.75,P＜0.05).Upright frequency was significantly negatively correlated with ATF5 and HSP60 protein expression,the number of crossing grids,the sugar-water preference rate,and the expression of CHOP and HSP60 proteins(|r|＜0.75,P＜0.05).Conclusions 4-week HIIT intervention can improve mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviate depressive-like behavior in CUMS rats by regulating skeletal muscle UPRmt.

The technologies for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and entire process for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation were introduced,and the medical equipment configuration was summarized for each stage of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation.Detailed plans and management methods were proposed for the medical equipment configuration of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation,and relevant precautions,possible problems and solutions during the process were put forward.References were provided for medical institutions planning to carry out ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(4):63-69]