Abstract To analyzes the characteristics, problems and enlightenment of physical activity observation tools, so as to provide reference for researchers to quickly and accurately choose appropriate observation tools to evaluate children s and adolescents physical activity. Literature search is conducted in eight databases of Chinese and English, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. Ultimately, eight observation tools for assessing physical activity in children and adolescents are included. Through summarization and comparison, it is found that the applications of those tools cover multiple age groups, the observation indicators cover multiple dimensions for each with varying emphases, and the applicable contexts vary in their specific background information, and recording methods tend to be quantitative. However, several issues remain to be addressed in practical applications. First, the observation indicators need to be supplemented and improved; second, physical activity in community environments and academic classrooms requires further attention; third, physical activity intensity needs to be scientifically evaluated; fourth, observation and recording methods need to be integrated and innovated; fifth, the number of observation subjects needs to be expanded. Future research could focus on developing observation tools tailored to the characteristics of Chinese children and adolescents, while drawing on foreign observation tools to comprehensively assess physical activity among children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Disease-modifying therapies have been approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). The present study aims to examine the safety of teriflunomide in Chinese patients with RMS. METHODS: This non-randomized, multi-center, 24-week, prospective study enrolled RMS patients with variant (c.421C>A) or wild type ABCG2 who received once-daily oral teriflunomide 14 mg. The primary endpoint was the relationship between ABCG2 polymorphisms and teriflunomide exposure over 24 weeks. Safety was assessed over the 24-week treatment with teriflunomide. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were assigned to variant ( n  = 42) and wild type groups ( n  = 40), respectively. Geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (SD) of pre-dose concentration (variant, 54.9 [38.0] μg/mL; wild type, 49.1 [32.0] μg/mL) and area under plasma concentration-time curve over a dosing interval (AUC tau ) (variant, 1731.3 [769.0] μg∙h/mL; wild type, 1564.5 [1053.0] μg∙h/mL) values at steady state were approximately similar between the two groups. Safety profile was similar and well tolerated across variant and wild type groups in terms of rates of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE), treatment-related TEAE, grade ≥3 TEAE, and serious adverse events (AEs). No new specific safety concerns or deaths were reported in the study. CONCLUSION: ABCG2 polymorphisms did not affect the steady-state exposure of teriflunomide, suggesting a similar efficacy and safety profile between variant and wild type RMS patients. REGISTRATION NCT04410965, https://clinicaltrials.gov .
Humans ; Crotonates/adverse effects* ; Toluidines/adverse effects* ; Nitriles ; Hydroxybutyrates ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics* ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/genetics* ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics* ; East Asian People

This study aims to investigate the potential effect of the water extract of fresh Rehmanniae Radix on hypercholesterolemia in mice that was induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and explore its possible mechanism from bile acid reabsorption. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into the following groups: control, model, low-and high-dose(4 and 8 g·kg~(-1), respectively) fresh Rehmanniae Radix, and positive drug(simvastatin, 0.05 g·kg~(-1)). Other groups except the control group were fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 6 consecutive weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia. From the 6th week, mice were administrated with corresponding drugs daily via gavage for additional 6 weeks, while continuing to be fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Serum levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-c), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-c), and total bile acid(TBA), as well as liver TC and TG levels and fecal TBA level, were determined by commercial assay kits. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, oil red O staining, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to observe the pathological changes in the liver. Three livers samples were randomly selected from each of the control, model, and high-dose fresh Rehmanniae Radix groups for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were mined and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed to predict the key pathways and target genes of the water extract of fresh Rehmanniae Radix in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. RT-qPCR was employed to measure the mRNA levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase(CYP7A1) and cholesterol 27α-hydroxylase(CYP27A1) in the liver. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 in the liver as well as farnesoid X receptor(FXR), apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter(ASBT), and ileum bile acid-binding protein(I-BABP) in the ileum. The results showed that the water extract of fresh Rehmanniae Radix significantly lowered the levels of TC and TG in the serum and liver, as well as the level of LDL-c in the serum. Conversely, it elevated the level of HDL-c in the serum and TBA in feces. No significant difference was observed in the level of TBA in the serum among groups. HE staining, oil red O staining, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the water extract reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. Further mechanism studies revealed that the water extract of fresh Rehmanniae Radix significantly down-regulated the protein levels of FXR and bile acid reabsorption-related proteins ASBT and I-BABP. Additionally, it enhanced CYP7A1 and CYP27A1, the key enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the water extract of fresh Rehmanniae Radix may exert an anti-hypercholesterolemic effect by regulating FXR/ASBT/I-BABP signaling, inhibiting bile acid reabsorption, and increasing bile acid excretion, thus facilitating the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.
Animals ; Male ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects* ; Cholesterol/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Hypercholesterolemia/genetics* ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics* ; Rehmannia/chemistry* ; Liver/drug effects* ; Humans ; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics* ; Plant Extracts

OBJECTIVE: To establish foot and ankle models of different lateral collateral ligament injuries of ankle joint, and conduct finite element analysis on, and to explore the force conditions of subtalar articular cartilage during foot inversion movements under different gait stages and under different loads. METHODS: A normal ankle CT scan of a 30-year-old male healthy volunteer (heighted 175 cm and weighted 60 kg) was selected. The CT images were imported into software such as Mimics 21.0, Geomajic 2017, and Solidworks 2017 respectively, extract the normal ankle bone model. Then, the foot and ankle finite element models of different lateral collateral ligament injuries of ankle joint were constructed and divided into anterior talofibular ligament(ATFL) rupture group, ATFL and calcaneo fibular ligament (CFL) rupture group, ATFL, CFL and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) rupture group, and control group with intact ligament function by ANSYS 2021. Corresponding horizontal and vertical loads and torques were applied respectively on tibia and talus according to the force conditions of different phases to simulate landing phase, neutral and off-ground phase in walking gait. The changes in stress distribution area and stress peak of subtalar articular cartilage in the loading phase, neutral phase and off-ground phase gaits among four groups were observed. Simulate varus sprain action, apply different loads of 600, 1, 800, and 4, 200 N respectively, and changes in stress distribution area and the stress peak of subtalar articular cartilage among four groups of models were observed. RESULTS: In the gait simulation, the stress results of loading phase in ATFL fracture group, ATFL and CFL fracture groups, ATFL, CFL and PTFL fracture groups, and control group were 0.889 54, 0.960 89, 1.139 20, and 0.722 64 MPa, respectively. The neutral response force results were 1.250 60, 1.358 50, 1.363 70, 1.246 40 MPa respectively;the results of corresponding forces off-ground phase were 1.029 90, 1.138 70, 1.145 90 and 0.832 40 MPa respectively. In the inversion simulation, the stresses of ATFL fracture group, ATFL and CFL fracture groups, ATFL, CFL and PTFL fracture groups, and control group under load of 600 N were 2.191 3, 2.208 5, 2.215 7, and 2.156 6 MPa respectively. The stresses under a load of 1 800 N were 7.134 7, 9.715 2, 10.064 0, and 7.107 0 MPa respectively;the stresses under a load of 4 200 N were 17.435 0, 25.309 0, 26.119 0 and 16.010 0 MPa respectively. CONCLUSION The lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint plays an important role in the stability of the subtalar joint, especially CFL plays an important role in restricting calcaneal varus. If these ligaments are damaged, it will cause instability of the subtalar joint and further lead to lesions in the subtalar articular cartilage. Relevant exercises should be reduced or the ligament injuries should be treated in a timely manner.
Humans ; Finite Element Analysis ; Male ; Adult ; Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology* ; Ankle Injuries/physiopathology* ; Ankle Joint/physiopathology* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Subtalar Joint/injuries* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the "Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction" combined with physical therapy in the treatment of patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis(DLS). METHODS: From January 2021 to December 2021, 72 patients diagnosed with DLS were enrolled and divided into the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group and the pelvic traction group, with 36 cases in each group. In the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group, there were 15 males and 21 females;aged 54 to 66 years old, with an average of (59.07±5.69) years old;the course of disease was 14 to 26 years old, with an average of (20.35±5.66) years old. They were treated with the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction combined with low-frequency physical therapy, 3 times a week, for a 4-week course. In the pelvic traction group, there were 12 males and 24 females;aged 54 to 66 years old, with an average of (59.69±5.59) years old;the course of disease was 13 to 26 years old, with an average of (19.74±5.80) years old. They were treated with pelvic traction combined with low-frequency physical therapy. Efficacy evaluation was conducted using the visual analogue scale(VAS), Oswestry disability index(ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) before treatment, after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, and at the 8-week follow-up after the end of treatment. In addition, imaging parameters of paravertebral muscles were evaluated before treatment and at the completion of treatment. RESULTS: All 72 patients completed the follow-up for 8 weeks. At the 8-week follow-up after the end of treatment, in the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group, the VAS score for low back pain decreased from (6.25±1.23) points before treatment to (1.25±0.65) points, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);the ODI decreased from (57.17±7.13)% before treatment to (19.89±5.66)%, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);the JOA score and SF-36 score increased from (15.46±3.20) points and (35.25±9.28) points before treatment to (23.75±2.10) points and (62.31±13.03) points, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The improvement of each index in the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group was better than that in the pelvic traction group (P<0.05), but the change in imaging parameters was not significant (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05), and no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION The Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction combined with physical therapy has a definite efficacy in the treatment of DLS. It can significantly relieve pain symptoms, improve physical function and patients' quality of life. Its effect is better than that of pelvic traction combined with physical therapy, and it has high safety. However, its improvement on paravertebral muscles is not obvious.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Spondylolisthesis/physiopathology* ; Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiopathology* ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Adult

OBJECTIVES: To study the differences in clinical characteristics of term and preterm neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing surgical treatment. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 142 NEC neonates who underwent surgery at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2017 to August 2023. The neonates were categorized into a preterm group (gestational age <37 weeks; 95 cases) and a term group (gestational age 37-42 weeks; 47 cases) to compare clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The preterm group had a higher postnatal age at both diagnosis and surgery compared to the term group (P<0.05). The preterm group also had a higher incidence of preoperative bloody stools, lower preoperative platelet counts, and higher rates of preoperative respiratory distress, apnea, reduced/absent bowel sounds, and mechanical ventilation compared to the term group (P<0.05). Postoperatively, the preterm group had higher rates of purulent meningitis, sepsis, and coagulation dysfunction, lower postoperative platelet counts, and lower intraoperative minimum body temperature than the term group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the clinical characteristics of preterm and term neonates with NEC undergoing surgery, suggesting the need for tailored perioperative management strategies based on these characteristics.
Humans ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/surgery* ; Infant, Newborn ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Infant, Premature ; Gestational Age

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role and mechanism of Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) in regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) model. METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 and Brg1^f1/f1 mice were randomly divided into four groups: wild-type control, wild-type BPD, Brg1^f1/f1 control, and Brg1^f1/f1 BPD (n=5 each). Immortalized mouse pulmonary alveolar type 2 cells (imPAC2) were cultured, and Brg1 gene was knocked down using lentivirus transfection technology. Cells were divided into three groups: control, empty vector, and Brg1 knockdown. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence were used to detect pathological changes in mouse lung tissue. Western blot and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were used to measure Brg1 protein and mRNA expression levels in mouse lung tissue. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of homeodomain-containing protein homeobox (HOPX), surfactant protein C (SPC), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins in mouse lung tissue and imPAC2 cells. The CCK8 assay was used to assess the proliferation of imPAC2 cells, and co-immunoprecipitation was performed to verify the interaction between Brg1 and β-catenin proteins in imPAC2 cells. RESULTS: Compared to the Brg1^f1/f1 control group and wild-type BPD group, the Brg1^f1/f1 BPD group showed increased alveolar diameter and SPC protein expression, and decreased relative density of pulmonary vasculature and HOPX protein expression (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the Brg1 knockdown group showed increased cell proliferation ability, protein expression levels of SPC, Wnt5a and β-catenin, and β-catenin protein fluorescence intensity, along with decreased HOPX protein expression (P<0.05). An interaction between Brg1 and β-catenin proteins was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The Brg1 gene may promote the proliferation of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus influencing the occurrence and development of BPD.
Animals ; DNA Helicases/genetics* ; Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology* ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics* ; Mice ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/etiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; beta Catenin/physiology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Cell Proliferation ; Lung/pathology* ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the common genotypes and distribution characteristics of thalassemia in Guiyang region, and preliminarily analyze the rare mutations of globin genes in this area. METHODS: A total of 9 334 individuals who came to our hospital for thalassemia screening from June 2016 to February 2023 were included in this study. They were examined for common thalassemia mutations using PCR-based flow-through hybridization technology. Meanwhile, rare and unknown mutations were detected by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Among the 9 334 cases, 895 positive cases of common thalassemia were detected, with a positive rate of 9.59%. Among the positive samples, 565 cases (63.13%) were confirmed to be α thalassemia, of which the most common genotypes were αα/-α^3.7 (46.37%), followed by αα/--^SEA(26.55%) and αα/-α^4.2(10.62%); 310 cases (34.64%) were diagnosed as β thalassemia, with β^CD17/β^N (39.35%) being the most frequent genotype, followed by β^CD41-42 /β^N (31.29%) and β ^IVS-II-654/ β^N (12.90%). There were 20 cases (2.23%) of αβ complex thalassemia, mainly being αα/-α^3.7 combined with β^CD17 /β^N . Additionally, 8 cases of rare globin gene mutations were found by Sanger sequencing, including 7 mutation types. Among them, HBB: c. -137C> T (-87 C>T) was reported for the first time in Guizhou; HBA1 : c.*29C>T and HBB : c. 93-50C>T (IVS I-81C>T) were new mutations that had not been recorded in either the HbVar or IthaGenes database. CONCLUSION Guiyang region has a high incidence of thalassemia mutations, and these mutations are diverse and complex. Analyzing gene mutation types of thalassemia in this area can contribute to the prevention of the birth of children with severe thalassemia.
Humans ; Genotype ; Mutation ; beta-Thalassemia/genetics* ; alpha-Thalassemia/genetics* ; Thalassemia/epidemiology* ; Genetic Testing ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female

Objective:To observe the effects of different repair methods in the defects after Mohs surgical excision of malignant nasal tumors. Methods:Twenty-two cases of external nasal malignant tumor surgery from January 2021 to May 2024 were selected as the research. The tumors were resected using Mohs surgical technique, and the defects were repaired using forehead axial flap, bipedicle flap, nasolabial flap, free full-thickness skin graft from the groin, forehead axial flap, facial kite flap, and composite flap of earlobe cartilage and perichond. The postoperative flap survival, external nasal morphology, and tumor recurrence were observed. Results:Among the 22 cases, there were 1 case of Kaposis sarcoma（KS）, 2 cases of squ cell carcinoma, and 19 cases of basal cell carcinoma. Tumors were located at the nasal root in 3 cases, the nasal dorsum in5 cases, the nasal tip in 2 cases, the ala in 8 cases, both the ala and the nasal dorsum in 2 cases, nasal columella, the nasal tip, and the ala in 1 case, the nasal tip, the nasal dorsum, the ala, and paranasal area in 1 case. The size of the defects ranged from 1.2 cm×1.4 cm to 3.7 cm×4.8 cm. Three cases were repaired with forehead axial flaps, four cases with bilobed flaps, thirteen cases with nasolabial groove flaps, one case with free full-thickness skin grafts from the inguinal region, and one case with a combination of forehead axial flaps and facial kite flaps plus a composite of earlobe cartilage and perichondrium. All flaps survived well after surgery. Patients were followed up for 6 months to 3 years after surgery, during which no tumor recurrence was observed, and most patients were satisfied with appearance of their nose. Conclusion:Mohs surgery is used to excise the malignant tumor of the external nose, and satisfactory surgical results can be obtained by using different repair methods based the location and size of the postoperative defect.
Humans ; Mohs Surgery/methods* ; Nose Neoplasms/surgery* ; Surgical Flaps ; Skin Transplantation ; Male ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery* ; Skin Neoplasms/surgery* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Nose/surgery* ; Aged ; Adult ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery*

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern to activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling in macrophages, promoting tissue inflammation. However, its role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. Macrophage-specific Sting1 knockout mice were used to validate STING's pathological role in AMI. Cardiac and liver mtDNA were used to activate macrophages in co-culture systems with cardiomyocytes to assess fibrosis and hypertrophy. Panaxatriol saponin (PTS) was tested for its ability to block mtDNA-driven macrophage activation and subsequent cardiomyocyte damage. STING-PTS binding ability was analyzed. AMI rats received PTS to evaluate its effects on myocardial inflammation and ventricular remodeling. In vivo, macrophage-specific Sting1 knockout reduced myocardial inflammation and injury after AMI. In vitro, mtDNA-activated macrophages induced cardiomyocyte fibrosis and hypertrophy through STING signaling. PTS suppressed mtDNA-driven macrophage activation by directly binding STING, thereby blocking inflammatory cascades. In AMI rats, PTS treatment attenuated acute inflammation and reversed ventricular remodeling. These findings establish the mtDNA-STING axis in macrophages as a critical driver of post-AMI inflammation and identify pharmacological STING inhibition with PTS as a promising therapeutic strategy. The study bridges genetic validation with translational applications, highlighting macrophage STING as a novel target for ischemic heart disease management.