Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal failure, and antibody-mediated rejection remains the leading cause of late allograft loss. Macrophages, as central effectors of innate immunity, play a crucial role in the initiation, progression and tissue damage of antibody-mediated rejection. This article reviews the spatiotemporal dynamic evolution of macrophage polarization status in different stages of antibody-mediated rejection, the fine regulation of key signaling pathways for macrophage polarization, macrophage related molecules and the application prospects of targeted macrophage therapy. In depth analysis of the research progress of macrophages in antibody-mediated rejection, aiming to provide important theoretical basis for the development of precision diagnostic tools based on macrophages and novel immune intervention targets for antibody mediated rejection, ultimately promoting the improvement of long-term prognosis in kidney transplantation.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of respiratory training based on core stabilization training on lumbar disc herniation. MethodsFrom January, 2023 to October, 2024, 96 patients with lumbar disc herniation admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University were divided into control group (n = 32), core group (n = 32) and respiratory group (n = 32). All the groups underwent conventional rehabilitation therapy, with core stabilization training in the core group and respiratory training combined with core stabilization training in the respiratory group, additionally, for four weeks. Before and after training, the scores of Visual Analogue Scale, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI) were compared, the average electromyographic value (AEMG) and root mean square (RMS) value of the multifidus and transversus abdominis were detected by surface electromyography (sEMG); and the thickness of the multifidus and transversus abdominis were measured by musculoskeletal ultrasonography bilaterally. ResultsThe intra-group effect (F > 597.796, P < 0.001), inter-group effect (F > 16.535, P < 0.001) and interaction effect (F > 49.622, P < 0.001) were significant in the scores of VAS, JOA and ODI; which were better in the respiratory group than in the control group and the core group (P < 0.05), and were better in the core group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The intra-group effect (F > 7971.631, P < 0.001), inter-group effect (F > 177.760, P < 0.001) and interaction effect (F > 478.771, P < 0.001) were significant in the thickness of the transversus abdominis and multifidus; which were better in the respiratory group than in the control group and the core group (P < 0.001), and were better in the core group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The intra-group effect (F > 144303.007, P < 0.001), inter-group effect (F > 1495.458, P < 0.001) and interaction effect (F > 3121.361, P < 0.001) were significant in the RMS of the multifidus and transversus abdominis; which were better in the respiratory group than in the control group and the core group (P < 0.001), and were better in the core group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The intra-group effect (F > 1890.532, P < 0.001), inter-group effect (F > 607.132, P < 0.001) and interaction effect (F > 824.923, P < 0.001) were significant in the AEMG of the multifidus and transversus abdominis; which were better in the respiratory group than in the control group and core group (P < 0.001), and were better in the core group than in the control group (P < 0.001). ConclusionCore training combined with respiratory training can more effectively reduce pain and improve dysfunction by enhancing the strength and control of the core muscles， thus improving the quality of life of patients with lumbar disc herniation.

As one of the core pathogenesis during treatment with traditional Chinese medicine，liver heat runs through different stages of liver disease. The interpretation of its meaning in different medicine categories（traditional Chinese medicine，Tibetan medicine，Mongolian medicine，Uygur medicine，Dai medicine，Yao medicine，etc.） is not unified， and the phenomena of the same name with different meanings，confusion， and misappropriation emerge. This seriously restricts the inheritance，innovation， and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine. By tracing and analyzing liver heat， it is found that liver heat in traditional Chinese medicine is caused by disordered rest and diet， as well as internal injury due to emotional disorder， which leads to liver dysfunction， Qi stagnation， and heat turning to fire in the liver meridian. The liver heat in Tibetan medicine is caused by the accumulated heat of the liver nature and the evil heat in the liver， which stimulates the toxin of Chiba fever. The liver heat in Mongolian medicine derives from the abnormal diet and rest， making excessive Sheila accumulate in the liver and causing disease. The above etiologies are all related to diet， rest，exogenous evil，emotion，and so on， and the pathogenesis is related to the imbalance of Qi and the metabolic disorder of organs. The clinical symptoms are pain in the liver region，yellow eyes， bitter mouth， fever，digestion，and loss of appetite. The principle of treatment and compatibility of prescription are heat-based， with auxiliary detoxification. Other ethnomedicine， such as Uygur medicine， Dai medicine， Yao Medicine，Miao medicine， and She medicine do not have a clear discussion on liver heat，and their etiology， pathogenesis， treatment，and prescription are not systematic，mostly based on a single drug or proven prescriptions.Through the systematic tracing，mining，induction，analysis， and arrangement of the liver heat based on existing literature information database in China，this paper regarded syndrome as the outline and disease as the goal，clarified the similarities and differences of the pathogenesis of liver heat in traditional Chinese medicine，and determined the relationship between liver heat and liver disease and the status quo of syndrome and treatment.This review provides evidence and reference for clinical prevention and treatment，as well as drug development for liver disease.

Background: In the absence of significant pleural effusion, conventional medical thoracoscopy (MT) is often not feasible due to the risk of lung injury. Dry MT mitigates these risks by inducing artificial pneumothorax through needle insufflation or blunt dissection. Although the Veress needle is commonly used by surgeons to create pneumoperitoneum before laparoscopic surgeries, its application in dry MT has not been widely reported in recent times. Methods: We report on a series of 31 patients who underwent dry MT with artificial pneumothorax induction using Veress needle under thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) guidance. A procedure was considered technically successful if it met all the following criteria: successful pneumothorax induction, allowing smooth insertion of the semi-rigid thoracoscope; absence of immediate significant procedural-related complications; and no delayed complications such as persistent air leaks, defined as leakage lasting more than 5 days necessitating extended chest tube placement. Results: Complete pneumothorax induction was achieved in 25 cases, resulting in an 80.6% technical success rate; however, biopsies were successfully performed in all cases. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were malignancy (n=9, 29.0%), followed by inflammatory pleuritis (n=8, 25.8%) and tuberculosis (n=8, 25.8%). No procedural complications were reported. Conclusion These results indicate that TUS-guided dry MT utilizing a Veress needle is technically feasible and secure when performed by experienced MT practitioners in TUS.

Background: In the absence of significant pleural effusion, conventional medical thoracoscopy (MT) is often not feasible due to the risk of lung injury. Dry MT mitigates these risks by inducing artificial pneumothorax through needle insufflation or blunt dissection. Although the Veress needle is commonly used by surgeons to create pneumoperitoneum before laparoscopic surgeries, its application in dry MT has not been widely reported in recent times. Methods: We report on a series of 31 patients who underwent dry MT with artificial pneumothorax induction using Veress needle under thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) guidance. A procedure was considered technically successful if it met all the following criteria: successful pneumothorax induction, allowing smooth insertion of the semi-rigid thoracoscope; absence of immediate significant procedural-related complications; and no delayed complications such as persistent air leaks, defined as leakage lasting more than 5 days necessitating extended chest tube placement. Results: Complete pneumothorax induction was achieved in 25 cases, resulting in an 80.6% technical success rate; however, biopsies were successfully performed in all cases. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were malignancy (n=9, 29.0%), followed by inflammatory pleuritis (n=8, 25.8%) and tuberculosis (n=8, 25.8%). No procedural complications were reported. Conclusion These results indicate that TUS-guided dry MT utilizing a Veress needle is technically feasible and secure when performed by experienced MT practitioners in TUS.

Background: In the absence of significant pleural effusion, conventional medical thoracoscopy (MT) is often not feasible due to the risk of lung injury. Dry MT mitigates these risks by inducing artificial pneumothorax through needle insufflation or blunt dissection. Although the Veress needle is commonly used by surgeons to create pneumoperitoneum before laparoscopic surgeries, its application in dry MT has not been widely reported in recent times. Methods: We report on a series of 31 patients who underwent dry MT with artificial pneumothorax induction using Veress needle under thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) guidance. A procedure was considered technically successful if it met all the following criteria: successful pneumothorax induction, allowing smooth insertion of the semi-rigid thoracoscope; absence of immediate significant procedural-related complications; and no delayed complications such as persistent air leaks, defined as leakage lasting more than 5 days necessitating extended chest tube placement. Results: Complete pneumothorax induction was achieved in 25 cases, resulting in an 80.6% technical success rate; however, biopsies were successfully performed in all cases. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were malignancy (n=9, 29.0%), followed by inflammatory pleuritis (n=8, 25.8%) and tuberculosis (n=8, 25.8%). No procedural complications were reported. Conclusion These results indicate that TUS-guided dry MT utilizing a Veress needle is technically feasible and secure when performed by experienced MT practitioners in TUS.

Background: In the absence of significant pleural effusion, conventional medical thoracoscopy (MT) is often not feasible due to the risk of lung injury. Dry MT mitigates these risks by inducing artificial pneumothorax through needle insufflation or blunt dissection. Although the Veress needle is commonly used by surgeons to create pneumoperitoneum before laparoscopic surgeries, its application in dry MT has not been widely reported in recent times. Methods: We report on a series of 31 patients who underwent dry MT with artificial pneumothorax induction using Veress needle under thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) guidance. A procedure was considered technically successful if it met all the following criteria: successful pneumothorax induction, allowing smooth insertion of the semi-rigid thoracoscope; absence of immediate significant procedural-related complications; and no delayed complications such as persistent air leaks, defined as leakage lasting more than 5 days necessitating extended chest tube placement. Results: Complete pneumothorax induction was achieved in 25 cases, resulting in an 80.6% technical success rate; however, biopsies were successfully performed in all cases. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were malignancy (n=9, 29.0%), followed by inflammatory pleuritis (n=8, 25.8%) and tuberculosis (n=8, 25.8%). No procedural complications were reported. Conclusion These results indicate that TUS-guided dry MT utilizing a Veress needle is technically feasible and secure when performed by experienced MT practitioners in TUS.

Background: In the absence of significant pleural effusion, conventional medical thoracoscopy (MT) is often not feasible due to the risk of lung injury. Dry MT mitigates these risks by inducing artificial pneumothorax through needle insufflation or blunt dissection. Although the Veress needle is commonly used by surgeons to create pneumoperitoneum before laparoscopic surgeries, its application in dry MT has not been widely reported in recent times. Methods: We report on a series of 31 patients who underwent dry MT with artificial pneumothorax induction using Veress needle under thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) guidance. A procedure was considered technically successful if it met all the following criteria: successful pneumothorax induction, allowing smooth insertion of the semi-rigid thoracoscope; absence of immediate significant procedural-related complications; and no delayed complications such as persistent air leaks, defined as leakage lasting more than 5 days necessitating extended chest tube placement. Results: Complete pneumothorax induction was achieved in 25 cases, resulting in an 80.6% technical success rate; however, biopsies were successfully performed in all cases. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were malignancy (n=9, 29.0%), followed by inflammatory pleuritis (n=8, 25.8%) and tuberculosis (n=8, 25.8%). No procedural complications were reported. Conclusion These results indicate that TUS-guided dry MT utilizing a Veress needle is technically feasible and secure when performed by experienced MT practitioners in TUS.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of simvastatin monotherapy or in combination with doxorubicin on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells and its possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The differences in the expression levels of genes and proteins related to the mevalonate (MVA) pathway between DLBCL tissues and reactive lymph node hyperplasia tissues were compared via database analysis, as well as their effects on the prognosis. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of simvastatin and doxorubicin on the viability of different subtypes of DLBCL cells, EdU was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis, and Western blot was used to detect related protein and signaling pathway proteins. RESULTS: The expression levels of MVA pathway-related genes were increased in tumor tissues of DLBCL patients through the TCGA database, and the median overall survival time of DLBCL patients in HMGCR high expression group was shorter (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, according to The Human Protein Atlas database, HMGCR protein was significantly high expressed in DLBCL tumor tissue compared with normal tissue. The viability of DLBCL cell lines treated with simvastatin or doxorubicin monotherapy was decreased in time- and concentration-dependent manner, and could be further inhibited by simvastatin combined with doxorubicin especially in GCB subtype cell lines. Both simvastatin and doxorubicin could inhibit the proliferation of DLBCL cell lines, and their combination further suppressed dramatically. Both the two drugs promoted apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines, and the apoptosis was further increased after their combination. Compared with monotherapy, the expression of HMGCR protein and apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 was further decreased but cleaved-caspase3 and Bax increased after combination therapy. Meanwhile, the expression level of phosphorylated proteins in PI3K-Akt pro-survival signaling pathway were decreased especially in GCB subtype cell lines. CONCLUSION HMGCR, the protein associated with cholesterol synthesis pathway, is highly expressed in DLBCL tumor tissues and indicates poor prognosis. Simvastatin, a lipid-lowering drug, combined with doxorubicin can further affect the survival of DLBCL tumor cells at the cellular level.
Humans ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism* ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology* ; Simvastatin/pharmacology* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Signal Transduction ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/metabolism*

Objective To investigate the predictive value of serum oncogene[proliferation-related gene(C-myc),transformation gene(N-ras),silk/threonine kinase 1(PLK1),fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)]protein levels in patients with hepatitis B associated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)after hepatic arterial chemoem-bolization(TACE).Methods A total of 127 patients with hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma ad-mitted to a hospital from July 2016 to January 2021 were selected and divided into death group and survival group according to the follow-up results.The serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1 and FGF2 protein levels were determined by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Univariate and multivari-ate Cox analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1 and FGF2 pro-tein levels in patients with hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma after TACE.The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the prognostic value of the serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1 and FGF2 protein levels,and the patients were divided into high expression group and low expression group ac-cording to the corresponding cutoff value.Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate the prognosis of different serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1 and FGF2 protein level.Results Multivariate Cox regression a-nalysis indicated that TNM stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ(HR=2.998,95％CI:1.239-7.257),portal vein metastasis(HR=3.737,95％CI:1.941-7.193),abdominal metastasis(HR=3.482,95％CI:1.709-7.097),Child-Pugh grade B(HR=2.587,95％CI:1.045-6.406),high serum oncogene C-myc protein level(HR=1.224,95％CI:1.090-1.374),high serum oncogene N-ras protein level(HR=1.218,95％CI:1.097-1.353),high serum oncogene PLK1 protein level(HR=1.237,95％CI:1.110-1.379)and high serum oncogene FGF2 protein level(HR=1.141,95％CI:1.060-1.228)were independent risk factors for the prognosis of hepatitis B-asso-ciated hepatocellular carcinoma patients after TACE(all P＜0.05).The overall survival rate of low expression group of serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1,FGF2 protein level was significantly higher than that of high expression group of serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1,FGF2 protein level,the difference was statistically significant(all P＜0.001).Conclusion Serum oncogene C-myc,N-ras,PLK1,FGF2 protein levels have predic-tive value for the prognosis of patients with HBV-related liver cancer after TACE.