ObjectiveThe widespread adoption of portable fundus cameras for primary care and community screening is hindered by limitations in current autofocus(AF) technologies. Image-based methods relying on sharpness evaluation require iterative searches, resulting in slow convergence, while projection-based techniques are susceptible to optical artifacts and calibration errors. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel AF system based on direct wavefront sensing, designed to deliver simultaneous high speed, high precision, and operational robustness within the compact form factor essential for portable ophthalmic devices. MethodsOur approach fundamentally reimagines the AF process by directly measuring the ocular wavefront aberration. We developed a custom portable fundus camera integrating a miniaturized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) into the optical path. An 850 nm laser diode projects a point source onto the retina via oblique illumination to minimize corneal reflections. Light scattered from this spot carries the eye’s refractive error through the imaging optics and is directed to the SHWS, positioned at a plane optically conjugate to the primary color CMOS imaging sensor. A microlens array within the SHWS samples the incident wavefront, generating a pattern of focal spots on a CCD. Real-time centroid analysis of these spots provides a map of local wavefront slopes. These measurements are processed through a singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm to fit a Zernike polynomial basis set, enabling real-time reconstruction of the wavefront phase. The defocus component (S) is extracted from the second-order Zernike coefficients, providing a direct, quantitative measure of the refractive error in diopters. This value serves as a precise error signal in a closed-loop control system, which commands a voice-coil actuated focusing lens to its null position in a single, deterministic step, eliminating the need for iterative search algorithms. ResultsComprehensive evaluation demonstrated the system’s high performance. Testing on a calibrated model eye (OEMI-7) established a highly linear relationship between the computed defocus S and the focusing lens position across a ±20 Diopter (D) compensation range, achievable within a 5 mm mechanical travel. The system achieved a focusing precision of 0.08 D, corresponding to an 18-fold improvement over a conventional projection spot-size method tested under identical conditions. The total focus acquisition time, encompassing wavefront measurement, computation, and lens actuation, averaged under 0.5 s. Clinical validation with 25 human volunteers (50 eyes, refractive range -15 D to +10 D) confirmed practical efficacy. The wavefront-sensing AF succeeded in 92% of attempts with a mean time of 0.5 s, substantially outperforming a projection-based benchmark which achieved only a 32% success rate with an average time of 4.25 s. The system provided instantaneous directional guidance and maintained stability during minor ocular movements. Objective assessment of image quality, via amplitude contrast of retinal vasculature, showed consistent and significant enhancement following AF correction across the entire tested diopter range. ConclusionThis work successfully implements and validates a direct wavefront-sensing autofocus paradigm for portable fundus cameras. By directly quantifying and compensating for the optical defocus aberration, this method bypasses the fundamental limitations of image-processing and projection-based techniques, enabling rapid, precise, and deterministic diopter compensation. The developed system delivers an exceptional combination of a wide operational range (±20 D), high accuracy (0.08 D), fast convergence (0.5 s), and a compact physical footprint. This technology provides a practical and high-performance focusing solution capable of enhancing the reliability, throughput, and diagnostic utility of portable retinal imaging in large-scale screening applications. Future efforts will be directed towards system cost optimization and performance adaptation for diverse ocular conditions.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of constructing a programmed death receptor-1（PD-1） molecular probe for non-invasive micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography （Micro-PET/CT） imaging of PD-1 protein in mouse S180 sarcoma. MethodsA transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model was established using the S180 sarcoma cell injection. Furthermore， ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody probe was synthesized. 18.5 MBq of the ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 probe was injected into the tail vein of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice. Subsequently， S180 sarcoma was imaged using Micro-PET/CT. ResultsStudy successfully established a transgenic PD-1 C57 S180 sarcoma mouse model. Immunohistochemical （IHC） results showed PD-1 protein expression in S180 sarcoma. Micro-PET/CT imaging successfully visualized the PD-1 protein receptor in S180 sarcoma at different time points （20， 48， 72， and 120 h） after probe injection. ConclusionThe ¹²⁴I-anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody molecular probe successfully targets the PD-1 receptor in S180 sarcoma of transgenic PD-1 C57 mice， and presents clear Micro-PET/CT immunoassay results， thus it potentially enables the non-invasive screening of patients with PD-1 positive malignant tumors.

Objective:To describe the prevalence and distributions of mood disorder in Inner Mongolia Au-tonomous Region,and analyze the related risk factors.Methods:The multistage stratified sampling method with un-equal probability was used to select permanent residents aged 18 years and over in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Re-gion.The Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 was used as a diagnostic tool.Mood disorders were di-agnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ).Single and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the related factors of mood disorders.Results:Totally,12 315 community residents were interviewed in the survey.The weighted 12-month prevalence and lifetime prevalence of mood disorder were 5.4％and 8.7％,respectively.Weighted 12-month prevalence of depressive disorder was 4.9％,and that of bipolar disorder was 0.3％.Among all subtypes of mood disorder,the 12-month prevalence rate of major depressive disorder(3.1％)was the highest.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female,unmarried,separated or divorced,unemployment,family history,other mental disorders,sleep disorders and chronic diseases(OR=1.56,2.80,2.07,1.42,13.46,7.97,3.23,2.13)were risk factors of mood disorder,while aged 65 years and over(OR=0.44)was protective factor of mood disorders.The lifetime consultation rate in patients with mood disorders was 15.5％,the rate of psychiatric consultation was 3.7％,the rate of medication was 1.8％.Con-clusion:It indicates that female residents and people who are unmarried,separated and divorced,unemployed,with family history,suffering from other mental disorders,suffering from sleep disorders,and suffering from chronic dis-eases may be high risk groups of mood disorders,and the utilization rate of health services is rather low in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of common pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)in CHINET program from 2015 to 2021.Methods The bacterial strains isolated from CSF were identified in accordance with clinical microbiology practice standards.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using Kirby-Bauer method and automated systems per the unified CHINET protocol.Results A total of 14 014 bacterial strains were isolated from CSF samples from 2015 to 2021,including the strains isolated from inpatients(95.3％)and from outpatient and emergency care patients(4.7％).Overall,19.6％of the isolates were from children and 80.4％were from adults.Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 68.0％and 32.0％,respectively.Coagulase negative Staphylococcus accounted for 73.0％of the total Gram-positive bacterial isolates.The prevalence of MRSA was 38.2％in children and 45.6％in adults.The prevalence of MRCNS was 67.6％in adults and 69.5％in children.A small number of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium(2.2％)and linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis(3.1％)were isolated from adult patients.The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftriaxone were 52.2％and 76.4％in children,70.5％and 63.5％in adults.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E.coli and K.pneumoniae(CRKP)was 1.3％and 47.7％in children,6.4％and 47.9％in adults.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CRAB)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(CRPA)was 74.0％and 37.1％in children,81.7％and 39.9％in adults.Conclusions The data derived from antimicrobial resistance surveillance are crucial for clinicians to make evidence-based decisions regarding antibiotic therapy.Attention should be paid to the Gram-negative bacteria,especially CRKP and CRAB in central nervous system(CNS)infections.Ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance is helpful for optimizing antibiotic use in CNS infections.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates from elderly patients(≥65 years)in major medical institutions across China.Methods Bacterial strains were isolated from elderly patients in 52 hospitals participating in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program during the period from 2015 to 2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion method and automated systems according to the same CHINET protocol.The data were interpreted in accordance with the breakpoints recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2021.Results A total of 514 715 nonduplicate clinical isolates were collected from elderly patients in 52 hospitals from January 1,2015 to December 31,2021.The number of isolates accounted for 34.3％of the total number of clinical isolates from all patients.Overall,21.8％of the 514 715 strains were gram-positive bacteria,and 78.2％were gram-negative bacteria.Majority(90.9％)of the strains were isolated from inpatients.About 42.9％of the strains were isolated from respiratory specimens,and 22.9％were isolated from urine.More than half(60.7％)of the strains were isolated from male patients,and 39.3％isolated from females.About 51.1％of the strains were isolated from patients aged 65-＜75 years.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains(MRSA)was 38.8％in 32 190 strains of Staphylococcus aureus.No vancomycin-or linezolid-resistant strains were found.The resistance rate of E.faecalis to most antibiotics was significantly lower than that of Enterococcus faecium,but a few vancomycin-resistant strains(0.2％,1.5％)and linezolid-resistant strains(3.4％,0.3％)were found in E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae(PSSP),penicillin-intermediate S.pneumoniae(PISP),and penicillin-resistant S.pneumoniae(PRSP)was 94.3％,4.0％,and 1.7％in nonmeningitis S.pneumoniae isolates.The resistance rates of Klebsiella spp.(Klebsiella pneumoniae 93.2％)to imipenem and meropenem were 20.9％and 22.3％,respectively.Other Enterobacterales species were highly sensitive to carbapenem antibiotics.Only 1.7％-7.8％of other Enterobacterales strains were resistant to carbapenems.The resistance rates of Acinetobacter spp.(Acinetobacter baumannii 90.6％)to imipenem and meropenem were 68.4％and 70.6％respectively,while 28.5％and 24.3％of P.aeruginosa strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.Conclusions The number of clinical isolates from elderly patients is increasing year by year,especially in the 65-＜75 age group.Respiratory tract isolates were more prevalent in male elderly patients,and urinary tract isolates were more prevalent in female elderly patients.Klebsiella isolates were increasingly resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents,especially carbapenems.Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is helpful for accurate empirical antimicrobial therapy in elderly patients.

Purpose Discover new prostate cancer-related single nucleotide variants.Methods Tissue wax blocks from 21 prostate cancer patients who underwent radical surgery and had relatively complete clinical data were collected for somatic mutation detection to analyze new mutated genes associated with prostate cancer.The levels of cor-responding proteins in the urine of prostate cancer patients were tested according to the results of the selected genes.Results All 21 prostate cancer patients showed obvious somatic mutations,and the mutation types were dominated by C＞T and G＞A.The number of somatic mutations was 521,of which 27 genes had high mutation proportions(≥2 ca-ses),including ZSWIM6(5/21),FOXA1(4/21),SPTA1(2/21),FAM47C(2/21),FLG2(2/21),PRSS3(2/21),TP53(2/21),FLG(2/21),UBR4(2/21),and the mutations occurring in ZSWIM6 were all deletion muta-tions,and the mutations occurring in FOXA1 were missense mutations,deletion mutations,and deletion insertion mu-tations.The urinary levels of UPF1,SPTA1,and IDH1 proteins of the 10 prostate cancer patients were significantly different than those of the healthy controls.Correlation analysis showed that FOXA1 was positively correlated with UBR4(r=0.669,P=0.001),SPTA1 was positively correlated with FLG2(r=1.000,P＜0.001),FAM47C was positively correlated with PRSS3(r=1.000,P＜0.001),and there was a significant positive correlation between TP53 and FLG(r=1.000,P＜0.001).ZSWIM6 and FOXA1 were not correlated with biochemical recurrence.SP-TA1 mutation affected progression-free survival(PFS)[(66.0±0)months vs(30.0±7.8)months,P=0.008].FAM47C was positively correlated with PFS[(66.0±0)months vs(19.0±0)months,P＜0.001].ZNF676 was correlated with PFS[(66.0±0)months vs(26.0±5.0)months,P=0.008].FLG2 was correlated with PFS[(66.0±0)months vs(30.0±7.8)months,P=0.008].PRSS3 was correlated with PFS[(66.0±0)months vs(19.0±0)months,P＜0.001].Conclusion All 21 prostate cancer patients harbored somatic mutations,including ZSWIM6(5/21)and FOXA1(4/21)mutations.SPTA1,FAM47C,ZNF676,FLG2,and PRSS3 may be associated with prognosis.

The background of revising GB 19083-2023 Protective face mask for medical use was introduced.GB 19083-2023 was compared with GB 19083-2010 Technical requirements for protective face mask for medical use.The revision points were described in detail involving in dead space,total leakage rate,respiratory resistance,resistance to synthetic blood penetration,microbial indicators,biocompatibility and etc,and the convergence between GB 19083-2023 and international mainstream standards was analyzed.References were provided for the understanding of the standard for the production enterprises and consumers.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(1):73-77]

Objective:To evaluate the application value of mini-clinical evaluation exercise-direct observation of procedural skills (Mini-CEX-DOPS) in the assessment of the Simodont digital virtual simulation training system in general dentistry residency training.Methods:A total of 172 general dentistry residents at West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, from January 2023 to December 2024 were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups using a random number table. The control group received traditional teaching, and the training group received Simodont digital virtual simulation training and traditional teaching. Through clinical treatment of real patients, differences between groups were compared in Mini-CEX+DOPS assessment scores, exit examination scores, and teaching satisfaction. A statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test, and inter-group comparisons were performed using the independent-samples t test with a significance level of α=0.05. Results:There were no significant differences in Mini-CEX scores between the two groups at the beginning of residency training at the Department of General Dentistry ( P>0.05). At the end of residency training, the Mini-CEX scores of the training group in clinical consultation, physical examination, and humanistic care were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05); the comprehensive competency score of the training group was (7.65±0.50), while that of the control group was (6.84±0.43). The comprehensive competency scores of both groups were higher at the end of residency training compared to that at the beginning of residency training ( P<0.05). At the beginning of residency training, there were no significant differences in DOPS assessment scores between the two groups ( P>0.05). At the end of residency training, the DOPS evaluation scores were higher in the training group than in the control group ( P<0.05). The overall operation skill scores for the training and control groups were (7.61±0.45) and (6.90±0.31), respectively. The DOPS scores of both groups were higher at the end of residency training compared to those at the beginning of residency training ( P<0.05). The theoretical evaluation, professional skill, and medical record writing quality scores of the training group were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05); the professional skill scores of the training and control groups were (86.32±4.12) and (77.39±4.58), respectively. The overall satisfaction of the training group was higher than that of the control group [95.35％(82/86) vs. 70.93％(61/86), P<0.05]. Conclusions:Based on the formative evaluation system of Mini-CEX+DOPS, the Simodont digital virtual simulation training system can improve the training effectiveness, physician satisfaction, teaching quality, and patient satisfaction in general dentistry residency training. This approach has significant application value and promising prospects for broader promotion.

Objective:To investigate the expression of mismatch repair protein 2(MSH2)in gastric cancer and its correlation with patient clinical characteristics,as well as its effects on malignant biological behaviors of gastric cancer cells and underlying mechanisms.Methods:Tumor tissues and matched adjacent tissues were collected from 40 gastric cancer patients admitted to Xingtai People's Hospital from May 2020 to July 2022,along with patient clinical data.Normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells(GES-1)and gastric cancer cell lines(AGS,MKN45,and BGC-823)were routinely cultured.The sh-NC(negative control),shMSH2-1,and shMSH2-2 lentiviral vectors were transfected into AGS and MKN45 cells,respectively,dividing the cells into sh-NC,shMSH2-1,and shMSH2-2 groups accordingly.The proliferation,migration,and invasion capabilities of AGS and MKN45 cells in each group were assessed using CCK-8 assay,colony formation assay,Edu staining,and Transwell chamber assay,respectively.A nude mouse MKN45 cell xenograft model was established to evaluate the effect of MSH2 knockdown on tumor growth.WB was performed to detect the expression of MSH2,PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-related proteins in cells and xenograft tissues.Results:MSH2 was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines,and this elevated expression was associated with lymph node metastasis,advanced T stage,and poor histological differentiation(all P<0.001).Successful knockdown of MSH2 expression was achieved in AGS and MKN45 cells(P<0.001).MSH2 knockdown significantly inhibited cell viability,Edu-positive cell ratio,colony formation,migration,and invasion ability of AGS and MKN45 cells(all P<0.001),as well as xenograft tumor growth(P<0.001).It markedly suppressed the expression of MSH2 protein,PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins,and N-cadherin protein(all P<0.001),while promoting E-cadherin expression(P<0.001)in both AGS,MKN45 cells and MKN45 xenograft tissues.Conclusion:MSH2 is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines and is associated with lymph node metastasis,advanced T-stage progression,and poor histological differentiation.Knockdown of MSH2 expression suppresses the malignant biological behaviors of AGS and MKN45 cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway,positioning MSH2 as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer management.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hypoxemia(HYP)on the expression of myeloid cell trigger receptor-1(TREM-1)in macrophage exosomes(Exo)and the effect of TREM-1 on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells.Methods:The expression of TREM-1 in 27 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and 30 cases of benign ovarian cysts were detected by immuno-histochemical staining.The human mononuclear cell line THP-1 was induced into macrophages by chemical induction method,and the siRNA silencing TREM-1 was transfected into the differentiated macrophages under HYP conditions.The macrophages Exo derived from normoxia(NOR)and HYP were isolated and co-cultured with the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.The cells were divided into the NOR-Exo group,HYP-Exo-siRNA group,HYP-Exo-siTREM-1 group and Control group.Transwell assay,scratch assay and Western blot were used to detect the invasion,migration,epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)ability of ovarian cancer cells in each group,the expression of TREM-1 protein in cells,and the protein phosphorylation levels of P65,ERK1/2 and AKT in the NF-κB,ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways,respectively.Results:Compared with benign ovarian cyst,the expression of TREM-1 in ovarian cancer macrophage was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with NOR,HYP could significantly promote the expression of TREM-1 in macrophage and its Exo(P<0.05).Compared with Control group,the invasion,migration and EMT ability and the protein phosphorylation levels of P65,ERK1/2 and AKT in HYP-Exo-siRNA group and HYP-Exo-siTREM-1 group were significantly in-creased(P<0.05),there was no significant change in the NOR-Exo group(P>0.05).Compared with HYP-Exo-siRNA group,the above detection indexes in NOR-Exo group and HYP-Exo-siTREM-1 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:HYP can up-regulate the EMT,invasion and migration ability of ovarian cancer cells by promoting the high expression of TREM-1 in Exo de-rived from macrophages,which may be related to the activation of NF-κB,ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.