Background: Remimazolam is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine. This study compared the effects of remimazolam and propofol on cognitive function in adult patients after surgery or other procedures. Methods: We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who experienced delirium or impaired cognitive function postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 1295 patients from 11 randomized controlled trials were included. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 8.0% in the remimazolam group and 10.4% in the propofol group that was not significantly different (OR: 0.74, 95% CI [0.39–1.42], P = 0.369, I2 = 32%). More favorable cognitive function, as assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, was observed in the remimazolam group compared to the propofol group (MD: 1.06, 95% CI [0.32–1.80], P = 0.005, I2 = 89%). Remimazolam lowered the incidence of hypotension (OR: 0.28, 95% CI [0.21–0.37], P = 0.000, I2 = 0%) compared to propofol. Conclusions Remimazolam did not increase the risk of postoperative delirium and maintained cognitive function well, providing hemodynamic stability during surgery compared to propofol.

Background: Remimazolam is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine. This study compared the effects of remimazolam and propofol on cognitive function in adult patients after surgery or other procedures. Methods: We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who experienced delirium or impaired cognitive function postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 1295 patients from 11 randomized controlled trials were included. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 8.0% in the remimazolam group and 10.4% in the propofol group that was not significantly different (OR: 0.74, 95% CI [0.39–1.42], P = 0.369, I2 = 32%). More favorable cognitive function, as assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, was observed in the remimazolam group compared to the propofol group (MD: 1.06, 95% CI [0.32–1.80], P = 0.005, I2 = 89%). Remimazolam lowered the incidence of hypotension (OR: 0.28, 95% CI [0.21–0.37], P = 0.000, I2 = 0%) compared to propofol. Conclusions Remimazolam did not increase the risk of postoperative delirium and maintained cognitive function well, providing hemodynamic stability during surgery compared to propofol.

Background: Remimazolam is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine. This study compared the effects of remimazolam and propofol on cognitive function in adult patients after surgery or other procedures. Methods: We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who experienced delirium or impaired cognitive function postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 1295 patients from 11 randomized controlled trials were included. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 8.0% in the remimazolam group and 10.4% in the propofol group that was not significantly different (OR: 0.74, 95% CI [0.39–1.42], P = 0.369, I2 = 32%). More favorable cognitive function, as assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, was observed in the remimazolam group compared to the propofol group (MD: 1.06, 95% CI [0.32–1.80], P = 0.005, I2 = 89%). Remimazolam lowered the incidence of hypotension (OR: 0.28, 95% CI [0.21–0.37], P = 0.000, I2 = 0%) compared to propofol. Conclusions Remimazolam did not increase the risk of postoperative delirium and maintained cognitive function well, providing hemodynamic stability during surgery compared to propofol.

Background: Remimazolam is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine. This study compared the effects of remimazolam and propofol on cognitive function in adult patients after surgery or other procedures. Methods: We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus, for relevant studies. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who experienced delirium or impaired cognitive function postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs using a random-effects model. Results: In total, 1295 patients from 11 randomized controlled trials were included. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 8.0% in the remimazolam group and 10.4% in the propofol group that was not significantly different (OR: 0.74, 95% CI [0.39–1.42], P = 0.369, I2 = 32%). More favorable cognitive function, as assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, was observed in the remimazolam group compared to the propofol group (MD: 1.06, 95% CI [0.32–1.80], P = 0.005, I2 = 89%). Remimazolam lowered the incidence of hypotension (OR: 0.28, 95% CI [0.21–0.37], P = 0.000, I2 = 0%) compared to propofol. Conclusions Remimazolam did not increase the risk of postoperative delirium and maintained cognitive function well, providing hemodynamic stability during surgery compared to propofol.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study was to identify the current status of underweight among elderly Koreans and to identify factors related to underweight among elderly. Methods: : This study is a secondary analysis based on the raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2021. The subjects of the study were 1,723 people in 2021 aged 65 years and older. Analysis method was frequency analysis, complex samples Chi-square test, complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results: : The results showed that the current status of underweight in the elderly in Korea was 3.4%, and the factors influencing underweight in the elderly were age, subjective health recognition, depressed for more than 2 weeks, current smoking, drinking frequency over the past 1 year, and energy level. Conclusion : Underweight in the elderly causes negative health problems, so it is necessary to identify the cause of underweight in each individual and apply an individual management program to manage it. In addition, it is necessary to participate in the relevant program and receive psychological counseling to manage the individual’s subjective health recognition, depression, and drinking/smoking, and a program for a lively life should be developed and applied to always have energy.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of stroke and related factors and thereby to provide fundamental data for the prevention and management of stroke. Methods : This study is a secondary analysis based on the raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2011 and 2021. The subjects of the study were 5,350 people in 2011 and 4,687 people in 2021 aged 30 years and older. Analysis method was frequency analysis, complex samples Chi-square test, complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results : In 2011, the factors associated with stroke prevalence were gender, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, maternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, drinking, and Stress recognition. In 2021, the factors included age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, paternal hyperlipidemia, maternal stroke, paternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, smoking present, and Stress recognition. Conclusion : To control the factors related to stroke prevalence, it is necessary to make active interventions for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, such as medical treatment at healthcare institutions and individual treatment and preventive activities. Additionally, it is necessary to apply age-specific management programs, participate in health management programs, and receive psychological counseling to manage health related factors. Individuals, who have parental history of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes, should receive selective screening and actively manage health behaviors and dietary habits in order to prevent stroke.

This study aimed to compare the fluoride-releasing ability and degree of microbial attachment of a newly developed glass-hybrid restorative material (GH) with those of a high-viscosity glass ionomer (HvGIC), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR). In addition, the correlation between fluoride-releasing ability and microbial attachment between materials was evaluated. Specimens were prepared in a disc shape and divided into 4 groups according to the materials (GH, HvGIC, RMGI, and CR). The fluoride release experiments were performed in each group (n = 15). The amount of fluoride released was measured on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 after storage. For the microbial attachment experiment, 12 specimens were produced per group using Mutans Streptococci (S.mutans ), a cariogenic microorganism. S. mutans was cultured on the specimens for 24 hours, and the number of bacteria was measured. GH had the highest cumulative fluoride release and showed a significant difference when compared with RMGI (p = 0.001) and CR (p < 0.0001). Microbial attachment was the lowest in GH; however, no significant difference was observed between the materials (p = 0.169). There was no significant correlation between fluoride release from materials and microbial attachment (p > 0.05). From this perspective, remineralization of low-mineralized areas could be expected due to the high fluoride release of GH, and the effect of delaying the progression of dental caries could be predicted from the low cariogenic microbial attachment. Therefore, GH might be a useful restorative material for treating immature permanent teeth with hypomineralized enamel. However, further studies are needed about the degree of remineralization of hypomineralized areas after restoration and the capacity to recharge fluoride.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of stroke and related factors and thereby to provide fundamental data for the prevention and management of stroke. Methods : This study is a secondary analysis based on the raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2011 and 2021. The subjects of the study were 5,350 people in 2011 and 4,687 people in 2021 aged 30 years and older. Analysis method was frequency analysis, complex samples Chi-square test, complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results : In 2011, the factors associated with stroke prevalence were gender, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, maternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, drinking, and Stress recognition. In 2021, the factors included age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, paternal hyperlipidemia, maternal stroke, paternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, smoking present, and Stress recognition. Conclusion : To control the factors related to stroke prevalence, it is necessary to make active interventions for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, such as medical treatment at healthcare institutions and individual treatment and preventive activities. Additionally, it is necessary to apply age-specific management programs, participate in health management programs, and receive psychological counseling to manage health related factors. Individuals, who have parental history of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes, should receive selective screening and actively manage health behaviors and dietary habits in order to prevent stroke.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of stroke and related factors and thereby to provide fundamental data for the prevention and management of stroke. Methods : This study is a secondary analysis based on the raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2011 and 2021. The subjects of the study were 5,350 people in 2011 and 4,687 people in 2021 aged 30 years and older. Analysis method was frequency analysis, complex samples Chi-square test, complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results : In 2011, the factors associated with stroke prevalence were gender, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, maternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, drinking, and Stress recognition. In 2021, the factors included age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, paternal hyperlipidemia, maternal stroke, paternal diabetes, subjective health conditions, depressed more than 2 weeks, activity limitations, smoking present, and Stress recognition. Conclusion : To control the factors related to stroke prevalence, it is necessary to make active interventions for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, such as medical treatment at healthcare institutions and individual treatment and preventive activities. Additionally, it is necessary to apply age-specific management programs, participate in health management programs, and receive psychological counseling to manage health related factors. Individuals, who have parental history of hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, or diabetes, should receive selective screening and actively manage health behaviors and dietary habits in order to prevent stroke.

Restoring composite resins with the optimal shades for all primary teeth is a great challenge for pediatric dentists. A newly developed single-shade composite resin can exhibit a color similar to that of the surrounding tooth structure based on the structural color phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite resin compared to conventional multi-shade composite resins in primary teeth. A single-shade composite resin and two conventional multi-shade composite resins were included in this study. Two types of specimens, a single specimen and a dual specimen, were evaluated. For single specimens, duplications of the primary second molar denture teeth were made using experimental composite resins. For dual specimens, cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of extracted primary second molars and restored with experimental composite resins. The L*, a*, and b* values were measured using a colorimeter for the extracted teeth and specimens. The mean ΔEab* values for single and dual specimens and CAP were calculated. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was performed to confirm the statistical significance between the ΔEab* and CAP values of the experimental resins. Among the single specimens, the single-shade composite resin showed significantly higher ΔESingle compared to other composite resins (p < 0.0167). There was no significant difference between ΔEDual for all experimental resins. The single-shade composite resin showed highest CAP compared to other multi-shade composite resins. A single-shade composite resin exhibited the most prominent color adaptability compared to other conventional multi-shade composite resins for primary second molars. A single-shade composite resin can simplify shade matching and provide esthetic outcomes for the restoration of primary second molars.