Microplastics are hydrophobic solids or polymer matrices with a diameter less than 5 mm, which mainly originate from the degradation of daily plastic products. Based on their formation process, microplastics can be classified into primary microplastics and secondary microplastics. Microplastics are widely present in the environment, able to deposit in situ within various tissues of organisms and enter the blood circulation system to be transported to other organs of the body. Current research has found a certain correlation between microplastics and reproductive organ dysfunction, leading to the destruction of follicular structure, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and a reduction in the number of follicles, a decrease in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, disordered arrangement, and developmental malformations of sperm. This review summarized the structural and functional damage to the reproductive systems caused by microplastics and the possible mechanisms underlying such damage.

Microplastics are hydrophobic solids or polymer matrices with a diameter less than 5 mm, which mainly originate from the degradation of daily plastic products. Based on their formation process, microplastics can be classified into primary microplastics and secondary microplastics. Microplastics are widely present in the environment, able to deposit in situ within various tissues of organisms and enter the blood circulation system to be transported to other organs of the body. Current research has found a certain correlation between microplastics and reproductive organ dysfunction, leading to the destruction of follicular structure, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and a reduction in the number of follicles, a decrease in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, disordered arrangement, and developmental malformations of sperm. This review summarized the structural and functional damage to the reproductive systems caused by microplastics and the possible mechanisms underlying such damage.

Objective· To investigate the prospective value of early postoperative PI-APD in children with hydronephrosis.Methods· Data of children with hydronephrosis who underwent pyeloplasty in Xinhua Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between Jan 2012 to Nov 2015 was collected.PI-APD was divided into 3 categories (≤ 19％,19％＜PI-APD＜40％ and ≥ 40％).The relationship between PI-APD value and the degree of renal function (DRF) and dilation recovery after surgery was analyzed.Results· There were 360 children with hydronephrosis.The median follow-up was 20 months.The PI-APD value (3 months after pyeloplasty) was positively correlated with the degree of DRF recovery (r=0.631,P=0.000).Five patients received redo-pyeloplasty.PI-APD of all these patients was ＜19％.Conclusion· PI-APD is a new feasible ultrasound parameter in pyeloplasty followup.PI-APD ≥ 40％ at the first post-operative visit predicts pyeloplasty success.PI-APD ≤ 19％ indicates close follow-up after operation.PI-APD can also help select children at high risk for repeat intervention after pyeloplasty.

The four properties theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important basis for the guidance of TCM clinical medication.However,TCM modernization has produced a large number of active substances with unknown medicine properties.Therefore,it is urgent to build a new drug development system guided with TCM four properties theory.From the view of that four properties of TCM must have their material basis,and based on the known knowledge on TCM four properties,this paper proposed strategies of new drug research by cloning TCM partial components based on theTCM model of standard level property. A certain number of representative standard level property TCM drugs were selected to conduct system separation for the establishment of aTCM model of standard level property with the proportion and content of each separated component as a reference.The standard model was used as a boundary.Contents and proportions of the experimental TCM separation components deviated from thisstandard model were classified as hot or cold properties.From cloning of the partial components of TCM with hot or cold property medicine,the quality standards of partial components of experimental TCM were also studied,in order to investigate their corrective actions and mechanisms.The TCM partial components were expected to form a new TCM drug with the four properties theory of TCM as guidance.

Objective To observe the effects on and the possible mechanism of early exercise training underlying the mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods One hundred and twenty patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomized into two groups:an early exercise group (treated with exercise training,n =60) and a control group(no exercise training,n =60).Meanwhile,each group was divided into two different age groups (50-68 years group of 32 cases,＞ 68 years group of 28 cases in exercise group;50-68 years group of 29 cases,＞ 68 years of 31 cases in control group).The amount of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood was accounted by flow cytometry (FCM),while the level of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in blood serum was examined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and modified Barthel index (MBI) were used to evaluate the patients at 1st day and 14th day after exercise.Results The amount of circulating progenitor cells after 14 days of exercise training in exercise group (from 27.93 ± 6.08/ml to 457.49 ± 73.02/ml)is higher than in control group(from 28.29 ± 5.93/ml to 81.87 ± 9.92/ml) (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,the level of VEGF at 14th day of exercise group is significantly higher (P ＜ 0.01).The score of NIHSS,FMA,MBI were not significantly different between exercise group and control group (P ＜ 0.01).However,the score of NIHSS was decrease in both exercise group and control group after treatment.Furthermore,the amount of circulating progenitor cells was not significantly different between the age groups either in exercise group or control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Early Exercise training may promote the mobilization of the circulating progenitor cells,which might be related to the increase of VEGF.The mobilization of the EPCs has no effect on the early neurological function after acute ischemic stroke.Age is not associated with the amount of circulating endothelial progenitor cells.

Objective To study the effects of treadmill training on the recovery of neurological function and the expression of IGF-1/IGF-1Rin the brain poat focal cerebral ischemia.Metheods Forty-two male,adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham group(n=6),a model group(n=18)and a treadmill exercises group(n=18).Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in the latter two groups by right middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)using a modified Longa's metheod.The rats in the treadmill exercises group were given treadmill training 6 days a week for 4weeks beginning 24 h after the MCAO. Rats in the sham group and model groups were reared in standard cages and could move frddly. Before being sacrificed at the 7th 14th and 28th day after the MCAO,the rats' neurological function were tested giving modified neurological weverity scores (mNSS). The expression of IGF-1/IGF-1R was detected using the reverse transcriptsae polymersae chain reaction and immunohistochemical methods.Results Neurological runction in the exercises group at the 14th and 28th day was better than in the control group,and IGF-1 and IGF-1Rexpression were significcantly upregulated on the 7th,14th and 28th day after the MCAO.Conclusion Treadmill training can improve neurological function by upregulating the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the ischemic brain, at least in rats.