With the acceleration of urbanization, urban rail transit systems have become one of the most important modes of transportation in modern cities. Urban rail transit systems operate in enclosed or semi-enclosed environments, characterized by poor air circulation and high passenger flow. During the period of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases in autumn and winter, air quality and pathogenic microorganism monitoring in public places have attracted much attention. This article provided a detailed introduction to air pollutants and their sources related to urban rail transit, including chemical pollutants, such as particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, and microbial aerosols. Based on identified air pollutants related to urban rail transit, this paper reviewed the research progress on air quality monitoring technologies for chemical pollution factors and microbial aerosols. Finally, a summary of the health effects of chemical pollutants and microbial aerosols was provided, along with suggestions for monitoring and improving air quality tailored to the characteristics of urban rail transit systems. Through a review of previous studies, carrying out research on air quality monitoring technologies and associated health effects related to urban rail transit is of great significance and values for air quality management, urban development, and public health.

As an important complementary form of decoction pieces of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， TCM dispensing granules has the advantages of being free of decoction， easy to take， easy to carry and easy to be dispensed， which greatly improves the capacity of emergency services of TCM and is more in line with the needs of modern society. With the end of the pilot project of TCM dispensing granules， the market has been fully liberalized， the competition has been intensified， and it is in the transition period of switching between the new standard and the old one， and there are some problems such as the shortage of varieties， the change of specifications and the difference of quality， and the production enterprises are facing new opportunities and challenges. Based on this， the authors intend to systematically sort out the policies and regulations， enterprise layout and standard formulation since the pilot of TCM dispensing granules. In view of the problems in the post-pilot stage and from the perspective of survival and development of enterprises， it is suggested that enterprises should establish a quality control system for the whole industry chain of TCM dispensing granules to reduce process costs and increase enterprise competitiveness， further increase the investment in scientific research， overcome the key technical problems of difficult varieties， actively and orderly promote the research of national standards， in order to ensure the integrity of clinical formula varieties， and establish and improve the efficacy evaluation mechanism of TCM dispensing granules， build a consistency evaluation system between TCM dispensing granules and decoction pieces. Government departments should strengthen the guidance， fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research institutions， enterprises and hospitals， and explore the establishment of "government-industry-study-research-application" mode to promote the development of TCM dispensing granule industry.

Aerosol microorganisms are important constituents of aerosols. They participate in physical and chemical reactions in the air and are also closely related to disease transmission and human health. With the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic， aerosol microorganisms have become a public health topic of great concern. Studying the composition and influencing factors of the air microbiome therefore has significant public health implications. Due to the limitations of traditional technologies for sampling and determination， the aerosol microbiome has not been fully understood. However， with the development and maturity of high-throughput sequencing technology， the aerosol microbiome has shown promising research prospects. This article reviews the composition， characteristics， detection methods and influencing factors of aerosol microorganisms， providing basic knowledge for further research on the air microbiome. In-depth research on microbial aerosols has significant implications on urban air quality control， national security and public health.

ObjectiveTo study the effect of Longshengzhi capsules on the cognitive function of vascular dementia （VD） rats and reveal the underlying mechanism. MethodA VD rat model was established by permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries. The model rats were randomly assigned into the model group （normal saline for gavage）， Hydergine （0.54 mg·kg^-1） group， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （2.16， 1.08， and 0.54 g·kg^-1， respectively） Longshengzhi capsules groups， with 15 rats each group. Additionally， a sham group （normal saline for gavage） was designed in this study. Morris water maze test was conducted in the last week. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed for observation of the pathological changes in the hippocampal area of rat brain. Serum oxidative stress indicators including superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were examined. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expression levels of B cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， protein kinase B （Akt）， p-Akt， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1）， and matrix metallopeptidase-9 （MMP-9） were determined by Western blot. ResultMorris water maze results showed that compared with sham operation group， the escape latency of rats in model group was significantly prolonged， and the number of crossing platform was significantly reduced. Compared with model group， the time of escape latency in Longshengzhi capsules high- and medium-dose groups was significantly shortened， and the number of crossing platform was significantly increased. Compared with sham operation group， SOD and GSH-Px levels in model group were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， MDA levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）， TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β levels were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， the level of SOD in serum of Longshengzhi capsules high-dose group was significantly increased （P<0.05）， the level of GSH-Px in serum of Longshengzhi capsules high-， medium- and low-dose groups was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the level of MDA was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. HE staining showed that Longshengzhi capsules could improve pathological damage in hippocampus of VD rats. Western blot results showed that compared with sham operation group， the protein expressions of Bax， NF-κB， MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the protein expressions of Bcl-2， Akt and p-Akt were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression of Bax， NF-κB， MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in Longshengzhi capsules high-， medium- and low-dose groups was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the protein expression of Bcl-2 was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein expression of Akt in Longshengzhi capsules high- and medium-dose groups was significantly increased （P<0.05）. The expression of p-Akt protein in Longshengzhi capsules high-dose group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionLongshengzhi capsules can improve the cognitive function of VD rats， and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress， inflammatory response and apoptosis. ConclusionLongshengzhi capsules can improve the cognitive function of VD rats by inhibiting oxidative stress， inflammatory reaction， and neuronal apoptosis.

Objective:The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gas explosion on rats and to explore the pulmonary function alterations associated with gas explosion-induced acute blast lung injury (ABLI) in real roadway environment.Methods:In April 2018, the large coal mine gas explosion test roadway and explosion test system were used to simulate the real gas explosion roadway environment, fixed the cage and set the explosion parameters. 72 SD rats, male, SPF grade, were randomly divided into nine groups by completely random grouping method according to their body weight: control group, close range group (160 m) , and long range group (240 m) . In each group, there were wound groups (24 h group and 48h group, 8/group, total 48 in six groups) and no wound groups (8/group, total 24 in three groups) . Except for the control group, the other groups were placed in cages at different distances under anesthesia, the experiment of gas explosion was carried out by placing the rats in a position that could force the lungs. The changes of respiratory function of the rats in the non-invasive group were monitored with pulmonary function instrument at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168h after the explosion, and were killed under anesthesia 7 days later; the rats in invasive groups were anesthetized and killed at 24 h, 48 h and 168 h, respectively. Gross observation, lung wet-dry ratio and lung histopathology were performed.Results:Compared with the control group, f (respiratory frequency, f) , MV (minute ventilation, MV) , PEF (peak expiratory flow rate, PEF) , PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate, PIF) and EF50 (1/2 tidal volume expiratory flow, EF50) of rats in the close and long range groups decreased significantly after gas explosion 2 h. PAU (respiration pause, PAU) , Te (expiratory time, Te) , Ti (inspiratory time, Ti) and Tr (relaxation time, Tr) were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 48 h, TV (tidal volume, TV) , Penh (enhanced respiration pause, Penh) , PAU, and PIF of rats in the long range group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 72 h, MV in the long range group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, Penh, PAU, Ti and Te were significantly decreased after 168 h in the close and long range groups, with statistical significance ( P<0.05) . At the same time, the body weight of rats in different range groups was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . In addition, both HE staining and routine observation of lung tissues of rats in different range groups showed that gas explosion caused pulmonary edema, obviously congested pulmonary capillaries, a large number of inflammatory cells and infiltrated red blood cells. Conclusion:Gas explosion in real roadway environment can cause the change of respiratory function phase and lung tissue damage in rats, suggesting that the model of gas explosion-induced ABLI has been initially established successfully, which would provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of ABLI.

Objective:The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gas explosion on rats and to explore the pulmonary function alterations associated with gas explosion-induced acute blast lung injury (ABLI) in real roadway environment.Methods:In April 2018, the large coal mine gas explosion test roadway and explosion test system were used to simulate the real gas explosion roadway environment, fixed the cage and set the explosion parameters. 72 SD rats, male, SPF grade, were randomly divided into nine groups by completely random grouping method according to their body weight: control group, close range group (160 m) , and long range group (240 m) . In each group, there were wound groups (24 h group and 48h group, 8/group, total 48 in six groups) and no wound groups (8/group, total 24 in three groups) . Except for the control group, the other groups were placed in cages at different distances under anesthesia, the experiment of gas explosion was carried out by placing the rats in a position that could force the lungs. The changes of respiratory function of the rats in the non-invasive group were monitored with pulmonary function instrument at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168h after the explosion, and were killed under anesthesia 7 days later; the rats in invasive groups were anesthetized and killed at 24 h, 48 h and 168 h, respectively. Gross observation, lung wet-dry ratio and lung histopathology were performed.Results:Compared with the control group, f (respiratory frequency, f) , MV (minute ventilation, MV) , PEF (peak expiratory flow rate, PEF) , PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate, PIF) and EF50 (1/2 tidal volume expiratory flow, EF50) of rats in the close and long range groups decreased significantly after gas explosion 2 h. PAU (respiration pause, PAU) , Te (expiratory time, Te) , Ti (inspiratory time, Ti) and Tr (relaxation time, Tr) were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 48 h, TV (tidal volume, TV) , Penh (enhanced respiration pause, Penh) , PAU, and PIF of rats in the long range group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 72 h, MV in the long range group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, Penh, PAU, Ti and Te were significantly decreased after 168 h in the close and long range groups, with statistical significance ( P<0.05) . At the same time, the body weight of rats in different range groups was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . In addition, both HE staining and routine observation of lung tissues of rats in different range groups showed that gas explosion caused pulmonary edema, obviously congested pulmonary capillaries, a large number of inflammatory cells and infiltrated red blood cells. Conclusion:Gas explosion in real roadway environment can cause the change of respiratory function phase and lung tissue damage in rats, suggesting that the model of gas explosion-induced ABLI has been initially established successfully, which would provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of ABLI.

Objective To analyze the surgery effect of infant common congenital heart diseases. Methods The clinical data of 1 004 infants with common congenital heart disease were retrospectively analyzed, with male in 508 cases, female in 496 cases, age from 0.7 to 12.0 (7.4 ± 3.6) months, and body weight from 2.4 to 11.5 (6.8 ± 2.2) kg. Among them , there were the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 680 cases, atrioventricular septal defect (ASD) in 92 cases, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 70 cases, pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in 12 cases, VSD +ASD in 83 cases, VSD + PDA in 27 cases, VSD+moderate to severe mitral insufficiency (MI) in 12 cases, VSD+ASD+MI in 3 cases, VSD+PS in 5 cases, VSD+ASD+PS in 2 cases, VSD+double chamber right ventricle (DCRV) in 3 cases, and ASD+PS in 7 cases, ASD+PDA in 8 cases. Results The extracorporeal circulation time was 21-72 (40.2 ± 28.6) min, and aortic occlusion time was 4-37 (20.7 ± 15.5) min. The in hospital mortality was 0.8%(8/1 004). Postoperative complications included low cardiac output syndrome in 18 cases, bacterial endocarditis in 2 cases, pneumonia in 27 cases, pulmonary atelectasis in 6 cases, pneumothorax in 2 cases, laryngeal edema in 11 cases, incision fat liquefaction in 12 cases, sternal dehiscence in 3 cases, and third-degree atrioventricular block in 1 case. Eight hundred and forty-five infants (84.2%, 845/1 004) were followed up for 6-12 months.The echocardiogram found 9 cases with residual VSD shunt, 5 cases with mild MI and 1 case with moderate. Conclusions In primary hospital, Seizing the opportunity of surgery, attention on protection of myocardium and other important of organ function during operation, and postoperative intensive care and fine processing can achieve satisfactory clinical results in infant common congenital heart diseases surgery.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and ganglioside (GM-1) on acute spinal cord injury (ASCI).Methods Eighty-one cases of acute spinal cord injury were randomly divided into 2 groups: the HB0 group and the ganglioside group.On the basis of conventional therapy, the patients were respectively treated with HB0 and ganglioside by using the same treatment course.In accordance with the American Spinal Injury Association ( ASIA) , variations in motor function were observed both before and after treatment, and the obtained data were analyzed statistically.Results After 1 month of treatment, improvement in the motor function of the HBO group was significantly better than that of the ganglioside group, and statistical signifi-cance could clearly be notice, when comparisons were made between them (P<0.05).Conclusion HBO treatment displayed better effect on acute spinal cord injury, when compared with ganglioside.

Objective To evaluate the effect of respiratory rehabilitation on the life quality of patients with stable chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods Sixty patients with acute episode of COPD admitted into the hospital for treatment were randomly divided into 2 groups:the experimental group and the control group,each consisting of 30 cases.When the medical con-ditions became stable,the patients of the experimental group were given respiratory rehabilitation in addition to routine treatment.When discharged from hospital and 3 months after discharge,the patients of the 2 groups received CAT questionnaire survey and FEV1 (%) pulmonary function test.Results Significant differences in the fractions of CAT scores could be seen,when scores detected at the dis-charge and 3 months after discharge were compared between the 2 groups(P <0.01 ).Significant differences in the values of FEV1 (%)could also be seen,when scores detected at the discharge and 3 months after discharge were compared between the 2 groups(P <0.01).Conclusion Through comparisons of the fractions of CAT scores and FEV1 (%)scores between the 2 groups,it was shown that conventional therapy coupled with respiratory rehabilitation could significantly improve the pulmonary function of the patients with COPD.

Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy and swallowing training combined with Fengchi acupoint acupuncture on dysphagia caused by pseudobulbar paralysis after stroke. Methods Seventy-five patients were randomly divided into control group, HBO therapy group, swallow training group, acupuncture group and combined treatment group (n = 15). Patients in all groups were given cerebro-vascular disease routine treatment. In addition, the patients in HBO therapy group, swallowing training group and ac-upuncture group were given HBO therapy, swallowing training and Fengehi (GB20) acupoint acupuncture simultane-ously, respectively. The patients in combined treatment group were given HBO therapy combined with swallowing training and Fengchi acupoint acupuncture. Modified Kubota-Chiari's swallowing functional classification was used to assess swallowing function before and on the 3rd d,6th d,9th d, 12th d, 15th d, 18th d and 21st d after treatment. Results It was shown that the patients in all groups but the control group got significant improvement in swallowing after treatment, as demonstrated by the swallowing function scores (P < 0.05). Moreover, the priority order in im-provement of swallowing function and recovering rate were: combined treatment group > acupuncture group > swal-low training group > HBO therapy group > control group(P < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of HBO ther-apy, swallowing training and Fengchi acupoint acupuncture could act synergically to ameliorate dysphagia caused by pseudobulbar paralysis after stroke.