As people’s attention to health continues to increase, the market demand for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is growing steadily. The quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials have attracted unprecedented social attention. In particular, the issue of exogenous harmful residue pollution in TCM has become a hot topic of concern for both regulatory authorities and society. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition further refines the detection methods and limit standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM. This not only reflects China’s high-level emphasis on the quality and safety of TCM but also demonstrates the continuous progress made by China in the field of TCM safety supervision. Basis on this study, by systematically reviewing the development history of the detection standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM and analyzing the revisions and updates of these detection standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, deeply explores the key points of the changes in the monitoring standards for exogenous harmful residues in TCM in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition. Moreover, it interprets the future development directions of the detection of exogenous residues in TCM, aiming to provide a reference for the formulation of TCM safety supervision policies.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hirudo， Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma， and drug pair on renal pathological morphology and protein phosphatase 2A （PP2A）/adenylate activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signal pathway in rats with chronic renal failure （CRF）. MethodThe 55 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group （n=11） and a modeling group （n=44）. The normal group was fed conventionally， and the modeling group was given 0.25 g·kg^-1·d^-1 adenine by gavage for 28 days to replicate the CRF model. After successful modeling， rats were randomly divided into model group， Hirudo group （3 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma group （3 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and Hirudo + Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma group （3 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with 9 rats in each group. The normal group and model group were given a constant volume of normal saline by intragastric administration for 30 days. At the end of the experiment， the levels of serum creatinine （SCr） and urea nitrogen （BUN） in all groups were measured. The renal pathological morphology changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， Masson staining， and electron microscopy. The mRNA expressions of PP2A， AMPK， and mTOR were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The protein expression levels of PP2A， AMPK， phosphorylation（p）-AMPK， mTOR， and p-mTOR in renal tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the renal pathological structure changes were obvious， and the levels of SCr and BUN were significantly increased. The mRNA expression of PP2A， protein expression of PP2A， and p-mTOR/mTOR expression were significantly increased， and the p-AMPK/AMPK was significantly decreased in the model group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the renal pathological morphology changes were significantly improved， and the levels of SCr and BUN were significantly decreased. The mRNA expression of PP2A， protein expression of PP2A， and p-mTOR/mTOR expression in the renal tissue were significantly decreased， and the p-AMPK/AMPK was significantly increased （P<0.05） in all groups after drug intervention. In addition， the effect in the Hirudo+Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma group was better. The mRNA expression levels of AMPK and mTOR in the renal tissue were not significantly different among the normal group， model group， and other groups. ConclusionThe efficacy of Hirudo and Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma pairs in improving renal fibrosis in rats with CRF is significantly better than that of the single drug， and its improvement on renal fibrosis in rats with CRF may be related to the regulation of PP2A/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical efficacy of Shuihuo Zhongyu Decoction combined with estrogen and progesterone sequential treatment for patients with intrauterine adhesion(IUA)of kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome,and to explore its possible mechanism of action by transcriptomics.METHODS A total of 70 hospitalized patients with IUA of kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome who met the inclusion criteria were retrospectively selected,with 35 cases in the observation group and 35 cases in the control group.The control group underwent hysteroscopic transcervical resection of adhesion(TCRA)and then received estrogen and progesterone sequential treatment.The observation group was treated with Shuihuo Zhongyu Decoction on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The treatment course of both groups was 3 months.The TCM syndrome scores,therapeutic efficacy,AFS scores,endometrial thickness(ED),endometrial receptivity[endometrial volume(EV),endometrial flow index(FI),vascularization index(VI),vascularization flow index(VFI)],pregnancy outcomes and intrauterine re-adhesion were evaluated in the 2 groups before and after treatment.10 cases of endometrial tissues in each group were selected for transcriptomic sequencing,and differentially expressed genes were verified by qPCR.RESULTS After treatment,the TCM syndrome scores,AFS scores and CD138 positive rate in the 2 groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the observation group was better than the control group(P<0.05);after treatment,ED,EV,FI,VI and VFI in the observation group were significantly increased(P<0.01),which were better than those in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01);the therapeutic efficacy,pregnancy rate and incidence of intrauterine re-adhesion in the observation group were better than those in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).Transcriptomics results showed that a total of 365 differentially ex-pressed genes(DEGs)were found in the observation group compared with the control group,of which 132 were upregulated,including sulfotransferase family 2B member 1(SULT2B1),apolipoprotein A1(APOA1),etc.;233 were downregulated,including lactoferrin(LTF),C-X-C chemokine ligand 1(CXCL1),etc.;GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that SHT may in-teract with metal ions,glycosaminoglycans,protein serine/threonine kinases,endopeptidases,etc.in the membrane components,plasma membrane,extracellular part,extracellular matrix,etc.,and play a role by regulating biological processes such as cell adhe-sion,extracellular tissue structure,and antigen receptor regulation.The signaling pathways involved include chemokine signaling path-way,chemokine and cytokine receptor interactions,IL-17 signaling pathway,nuclear factor-κ-light chain enhanced of activated B cells(NF-κB),etc.CONCLUSION Shuihuo Zhongyu Decoction can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of IUA patients with kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome,reduce AFS scores,increase endometrial thickness,improve endometrial receptivity,im-prove pregnancy outcomes,and decrease the incidence of intrauterine re-adhesion.Its mechanism may be related to upregulating SULT2B1 and APOA1,downregulating the expression of genes such as LTF and CXCL1,and regulating signal pathways such as che-mokines,IL-17,and NF-κB.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition levels of children aged 8 - 10 and pregnant women in iodine deficient areas and iodine adequate areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia for short), and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From March to July 2022, iodine nutrition analysis was conducted in iodine deficient areas and iodine adequate areas of 104 banners (counties, cities and districts) in 12 league cities in Inner Mongolia. Each monitoring banner (county, city and district) was divided into five sampling areas by east, west, south, north, and center, with one Sumu (township, street) selected from each area. One primary school was selected from each Sumu (township, street), and 40 non-boarding students aged 8 - 10 were selected from each primary school. One third of the students underwent thyroid ultrasound examination. Twenty pregnant women were selected from each of the 5 Sumus (townships, streets) in each monitoring banner (county, city and district). Household salt samples and random urine samples of children and pregnant women were collected to detect salt iodine and urinary iodine levels.Results:In 2022, the median thyroid volume of children aged 8 - 10 in iodine deficient areas and iodine adequate areas of Inner Mongolia was 2.44 ml, and the goiter rate was 1.89% (123/6 496). There were statistically significant differences in thyroid volume and goiter rate between different league cities ( H = 1 229.05, χ 2 = 34.13, P < 0.001). The coverage rate of iodized salt in 12 league cities was 98.51% (30 628/31 090), the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.42% (29 355/31 090), and the median salt iodine was 22.80 mg/kg. The median urinary iodine of children ( n = 20 968) was 195.00 μg/L, among which the median urinary iodine in 7 league cities was at the appropriate level of iodine nutrition (100 - 199 μg/L), and the median urinary iodine in 5 league cities was at the level of iodine nutrition exceeding the appropriate level (200 - 299 μg/L). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women ( n = 10 122) was 168.00 μg/L, among which, except for Bayannur (149.18 μg/L), the median urinary iodine in other 11 league cities was at the appropriate level of iodine nutrition (150 - 249 μg/L). Conclusions:The overall iodine nutrition of children and pregnant women in Inner Mongolia is at an appropriate level, but some pregnant women still face the risk of iodine deficiency. In the future, the focus of iodine deficiency disorders prevention and control should be on iodine nutrition monitoring for special needs populations.

Objective:To study the iodine nutrition status of children in non-high water iodine areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, analyze the monitoring results of iodine deficiency disorders, so as to provide a basis for further guidance on scientific iodine supplementation for children in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:According to the requirements of the National IDD Monitoring Program and the IDD Monitoring Program of Inner Mongolia in 2021, cluster sampling method was used to select non boarding children aged 8 - 10 from 104 counties (cities, districts) in 12 cities within the jurisdiction of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Random urine samples and household salt samples were collected to detect iodine content. At the same time, 1/3 of the selected children were selected for thyroid B-ultrasound examination to measure thyroid volume.Results:In 2021, a total of 19 968 children aged 8 - 10 in non-high water iodine areas of Inner Mongolia were monitored, and 19 968 urine samples were collected, with a median urine iodine of 199.23 μg/L. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency distribution of urinary iodine in different cities (χ 2 = 839.51, P < 0.001). The median iodine content of children's household edible salt was 22.64 mg/kg, and the coverage rate of iodized salt, qualified iodized salt coverage rate, and non-iodized salt rate in the entire region was 99.05% (19 778/19 968), 94.98% (18 785/19 778), 94.08% (18 785/19 968) and 0.95% (190/19 968), respectively. Thyroid B-ultrasound were performed in 6553 children, the goiter rate was 1.30% (85/6 553), and there were statistically significant differences in goiter rates among children of different ages and cities (χ 2 = 87.09, P < 0.001; χ 2 = 10.40, P = 0.006) . Conclusions:In 2021, the iodine nutrition of children aged 8 - 10 in non-high water iodine areas of Inner Mongolia is at an appropriate level. However, in the future we should continue to adhere to the monitoring of iodine deficiency disorders, strengthen health education on iodine deficiency disorders, consolidate existing achievements in iodine deficiency disease prevention and control, and achieve the goal of continuous elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.

Objective:To explore the expressions of long non-coding RNA LINC00673 and ISG15 protein in pancreatic cancer and their clinical significances.Methods:The clinical data of 57 patients diagnosed as pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical College of Central South University from January 2014 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The relative expressions of LINC00673 in pancreatic cancer tissues and paracancerous normal tissues (within 3 cm from the edge of cancer tissues) were examined by using quantificational reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The ISG15 protein expressions in pancreatic cancer tissues and paracancerous normal tissues were examined by using immunohistochemistry. The difference in LINC00673 expression between ISG15 protein positive and negative patients was compared. The correlation between LINC00673 and ISG15 protein expressions in pancreatic cancer was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation analysis. Moreover, the correlations of LINC00673 and ISG15 protein expressions with clinical stage and pathological classification of pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed.Results:The positive expression of ISG15 protein in pancreatic cancer tissues was 40.4% (23/57), which was higher than that in paracancerous normal tissues [15.8% (9/57)] ( χ2 = 7.90, P = 0.004), and the relative expression of LINC00673 in pancreatic cancer tissues was 0.99±0.36, which was lower than that in paracancerous normal tissues (1.26±0.41) ( t = 4.80, P < 0.001). For 23 (40.4%) ISG15-positive patients and 34 (59.7%) ISG15-negative patients, the relative expression of LINC00673 was 0.77±0.46 and 0.45±0.27 ( P < 0.001). Spearman analysis showed that there was a correlation between LINC00673 and ISG15 protein expressions ( ρ = -0.429, P = 0.001). The relative expression of LINC00673 decreased in patients with low differentiated or undifferentiated tumor, vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (all P < 0.05), but there was no correlation between LINC00673 expression and patients' age, tumor site, preoperative CA199 level, and TNM stage (all P > 0.05); ISG15 protein expression increased in patients with low differentiated or undifferentiated tumor, TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (all P < 0.05), but there was no correlation between ISG15 protein expression and patients' gender, age, tumor site, and preoperative CA199 level (all P > 0.05). Conclusions:The expression of LINC00673 in pancreatic cancer is related to vascular invasion, tumor differentiation degree and lymph node metastasis, and the expression of ISG15 in pancreatic cancer is related to vascular invasion, tumor differentiation degree, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The combined detection of LINC00673 and ISG15 protein could be a valuable prognostic indicator for pancreatic cancer. The therapies targeting LINC00673 and ISG15 protein signaling pathways are expected to be a potential option for immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer.

Objective:To explore the prevalence and risk factors of thyroid diseases in the physical examination population of Hohhot.Methods:From July 2017 to July 2018, 3 100 health examinees from Inner Mongolia National Examination Medical Center were selected as subjects for questionnaire survey, thyroid function test and thyroid ultrasound examination; a multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between relevant investigation factors and different types of thyroid diseases (simple thyroid nodules, simple thyroid dysfunction, and thyroid dysfunction with nodules).Results:Among the 3 100 healthy examinees, there were 2 885 effective responders, including 743 males and 2 142 females, aged (46.23 ± 12.32) years; the simple thyroid nodules, simple thyroid dysfunction, and thyroid dysfunction with nodules were 909, 648, and 619 cases, respectively, and the detection rates were 31.51%, 22.46%, and 21.46%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis results showed that age [35 - 54 years old: odds ratio ( OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.01 - 1.68; ≥55 years old: OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.68 - 3.14, P < 0.05], gender ( OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.32 - 2.07, P < 0.05), obesity ( OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.70, P < 0.05), and mental stress [significant: OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.09 - 2.48; some: OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.02 - 2.32, P < 0.05] were the risk factors affecting the occurrence of simple thyroid nodules. The age (35 ~ 54, ≥55 years old), gender, bad mood (a little), and mental stress (significant) were risk factors that affected the occurrence of simple thyroid dysfunction; eating high iodine food was its protective factor. The age (35 ~ 54, ≥55 years old), gender, obesity, and thyroid family genetic history were risk factors for thyroid dysfunction with nodules; the consumption of iodized salt was its protective factor. Conclusions:Older women are high-risk groups for thyroid diseases. Obesity, bad mood, mental stress will increase the risk of the disease. Daily consumption of iodized salt and moderate consumption of high iodine food can reduce the risk of the disease.

Objective To understand the current iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in Inner Mongolia, and provide scientific basis for iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Methods In 103 banners (counties, cities and districts) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 5 townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east, west, south, north and center in each banner (county, city and district) in 2018. Twenty pregnant women in each township were sampled to collect edible salt and a random urine samples. The iodine in salt was determined by direct titration. Urinary iodine was detected by As3+-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry. According to different pregnancy, maternal age and regional type, the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women was analyzed. Results Totally 9809 pregnant women were investigated, the median of salt iodine was 23.4 mg/kg, iodized salt coverage rate was 98.03％(9616/9809), qualified iodized salt consumption rate was 93.32％(9154/9809), and the median of urinary iodine was 167.20 μg/L. Between different pregnancy and different age groups, there were no significant differences in qualified iodized salt consumption rate (P > 0.05). But the difference between different regions was statistically significant(P<0.05). Between different age groups, there was no significant difference in the median of urinary iodine(P > 0.05). In both different pregnancy and different regions, there were statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions The current iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Inner Mongolia is suitable to meet the physiological needs of themselves, and the fetus. But pregnant women in different regions have different levels of iodine nutrition.