Purpose To investigate the expression of chromogranin A(CgA)in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendo-crine neoplasms(GEP-NENs)and its relationship with clinicopathological features.Methods The clinicopathological data of GEP-NENs diagnosed in the Department of Pathology,Beijing Chao-yang Hospital,Capital Medical University from May 2011 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to evaluate the expression of CgA,and the patients were divided into CgA(+)group and CgA(-)group.Differences in clinico-pathological features between the 2 groups were compared.Results The age of 229 patients ranged from 21 to 89 years,with an average age of 54.4 years.The most common primary site was the rectum(56.8％,130/229),fol-lowed by the stomach(16.6％,38/229),pancreas(14.4％,33/229),small intestine(6.1％,14/229),and colon(6.1％,14/229).There were 206 cases of single lesion and 23 cases of multiple lesions(number of tumors ≥2).There were 153 cases of G1(66.8％),29 cases of G2(12.7％),7 cases of G3(3.1％),and 40 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC,17.5％).The positive rates of CgA in G1,G2,G3,and NEC groups were 37.2％,75.8％,71.4％,and 65.0％,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).The positive rates of CgA in T1,T2,T3,and T4 were 37.2％,83.3％,75.9％,and 57.7％,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).There were significant differences in age,vascular invasion,lymph node metasta-sis,and number of tumors between CgA(+)group and CgA(-)group(P＜0.001),but there was no significant difference in sex,tumor location,Syn,and CD56 expression between the two groups(P=0.595,P=0.098,P=0.173,P=0.557).Conclusion Immunohistochemical antibody CgA is a useful marker for GEP-NENs.CgA positiv-ity may be a poor prognostic factor for GEP-NENs patients.

In recent years,the incidence of childhood cancer has shown a steady upward trend.Due to the unique nature of this disease,the issue of affiliate stigma among primary caregivers of children with cancer has gradually drawn attention.Affiliate stigma not only directly affects caregivers' mental health and quality of life,but also leads to reduced social support and lower self-efficacy,thereby impacting their engagement in the caregiving process and affecting the treatment adherence and prognosis of children with cancer indirectly.This article provides a review covering 5 main areas:the conceptual definition of affiliate stigma,measurement tools,influencing factors,intervention strategies,and insights and recommendations,to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for subsequent research and the development of interventions.

Objective To investigate the effect of forsythigenin on the malignant progression of lung cancer cells by regulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP1/Ras-associated protein 1(cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1)signaling pathway.Methods Lung cancer cell line A549 was cultured in vitro and grouped into the control group,the low dose forsythigenin group(25 mg/L),the medium dose forsythigenin group(50 mg/L),the high dose forsythigenin group(100 mg/L),the high dose forsythigenin+specific increase in intracellular cAMP content(pertussis toxin PTX)group(100 mg/L forsythigenin+5 μmol/L PTX)and high dose forsythigenin+EPAC1 antagonist(ESI-09)group(100 mg/L forsythigenin+1.5 μmol/L ESI-09).CCK-8 experiment was applied to detect cell proliferation.Scratch test was applied to detect cell migration.Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis.Transwell was applied to detect cell invasion.ELISA method was applied to detect cAMP level in cell supernatant.Western blot assay was applied to detect expression levels of cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway proteins and apoptotic proteins[B lymphoblastoma-2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax)].Results Compared with the control group,the OD450 value of A549 cells,number of cell invasions,scratch healing rate,level of cAMP,expression levels of Bcl-2,EPAC1 and RAP1 proteins were significantly reduced in the low dose,medium dose and high dose forsythigenin groups,and the expression of Bax protein and the rate of cell apoptosis were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Compared with the high-dose forsythigenin group,the OD450 value of A549 cells,scratch healing rate,number of cell invasions,level of cAMP,expression levels of Bcl-2,EPAC1 and RAP1 proteins were obviously increased in the high-dose forsythigenin+PTX group,the expression of Bax protein and the apoptosis rate were obviously reduced(P＜0.05).Levels of all indexes in the high dose forsythigenin+ESI-09 group were opposite.Conclusion Forsythigenin inhibits proliferation,migration,and invasion of A549 cells and promotes apoptosis by down-regulating the cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the current status of family resilience of children with cancer and analyze its influencing factors,to provide a basis for medical staff to formulate intervention plans.Methods Using a convenient sampling method,children with cancer who were hospitalized in 2 tertiary hospitals in Henan Province from January to April 2024 were selected for the survey.A general information questionnaire,family resilience assessment scale,quality of life family version,ZBI caregiver burden interview,and social support rating scale were used to understand the current status of family resilience of children with cancer and to explore the related influencing factors by univariate analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis.Results A total of 280 questionnaires were distributed and 265 valid questionnaires were recovered,with a valid questionnaire recovery rate of 94.64％.The total score of family resilience for primary caregivers of children with cancer was(185.63±30.66).The multiple stepwise linear regression analysis results showed that the children's self-care ability,caregiver's work status,family care burden,and social support level were the influencing factors for family resilience of children with cancer(P＜0.05),and the explanatory variance was 51.3％.Conclusion The family resilience of children with cancer is at a medium level.The worse the children's self-care ability and the heavier the family care burden,the worse the family resilience;the caregiver's work status and good social support are helpful for the family resilience of children with cancer.Healthcare workers should develop intervention programs to address these factors to enhance the family resilience of children with cancer.

In recent years,the incidence of childhood cancer has shown a steady upward trend.Due to the unique nature of this disease,the issue of affiliate stigma among primary caregivers of children with cancer has gradually drawn attention.Affiliate stigma not only directly affects caregivers' mental health and quality of life,but also leads to reduced social support and lower self-efficacy,thereby impacting their engagement in the caregiving process and affecting the treatment adherence and prognosis of children with cancer indirectly.This article provides a review covering 5 main areas:the conceptual definition of affiliate stigma,measurement tools,influencing factors,intervention strategies,and insights and recommendations,to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for subsequent research and the development of interventions.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a typical progressive neurodegenerative disease,mainly manifesting as severe cognitive dysfunction,and involving memory,thought processes,and emotion.The kynurenine pathway(KP)is one of the main metabolic pathways of tryptophan,which can be divided into neurotoxicity and neuroprotective branches.Increasing evidence has suggested that KP is involved in the pathogenesis of AD.This review considers the role of KP in the pathogenesis of AD,with reference to the relevant literature on KP interventions in AD in the PubMed database.The result will provide an important reference for the use of KP as a target for AD drug development.

Purpose To investigate the expression of chromogranin A(CgA)in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendo-crine neoplasms(GEP-NENs)and its relationship with clinicopathological features.Methods The clinicopathological data of GEP-NENs diagnosed in the Department of Pathology,Beijing Chao-yang Hospital,Capital Medical University from May 2011 to December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to evaluate the expression of CgA,and the patients were divided into CgA(+)group and CgA(-)group.Differences in clinico-pathological features between the 2 groups were compared.Results The age of 229 patients ranged from 21 to 89 years,with an average age of 54.4 years.The most common primary site was the rectum(56.8％,130/229),fol-lowed by the stomach(16.6％,38/229),pancreas(14.4％,33/229),small intestine(6.1％,14/229),and colon(6.1％,14/229).There were 206 cases of single lesion and 23 cases of multiple lesions(number of tumors ≥2).There were 153 cases of G1(66.8％),29 cases of G2(12.7％),7 cases of G3(3.1％),and 40 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC,17.5％).The positive rates of CgA in G1,G2,G3,and NEC groups were 37.2％,75.8％,71.4％,and 65.0％,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).The positive rates of CgA in T1,T2,T3,and T4 were 37.2％,83.3％,75.9％,and 57.7％,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).There were significant differences in age,vascular invasion,lymph node metasta-sis,and number of tumors between CgA(+)group and CgA(-)group(P＜0.001),but there was no significant difference in sex,tumor location,Syn,and CD56 expression between the two groups(P=0.595,P=0.098,P=0.173,P=0.557).Conclusion Immunohistochemical antibody CgA is a useful marker for GEP-NENs.CgA positiv-ity may be a poor prognostic factor for GEP-NENs patients.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a typical progressive neurodegenerative disease,mainly manifesting as severe cognitive dysfunction,and involving memory,thought processes,and emotion.The kynurenine pathway(KP)is one of the main metabolic pathways of tryptophan,which can be divided into neurotoxicity and neuroprotective branches.Increasing evidence has suggested that KP is involved in the pathogenesis of AD.This review considers the role of KP in the pathogenesis of AD,with reference to the relevant literature on KP interventions in AD in the PubMed database.The result will provide an important reference for the use of KP as a target for AD drug development.

Objective To investigate the effect of forsythigenin on the malignant progression of lung cancer cells by regulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP1/Ras-associated protein 1(cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1)signaling pathway.Methods Lung cancer cell line A549 was cultured in vitro and grouped into the control group,the low dose forsythigenin group(25 mg/L),the medium dose forsythigenin group(50 mg/L),the high dose forsythigenin group(100 mg/L),the high dose forsythigenin+specific increase in intracellular cAMP content(pertussis toxin PTX)group(100 mg/L forsythigenin+5 μmol/L PTX)and high dose forsythigenin+EPAC1 antagonist(ESI-09)group(100 mg/L forsythigenin+1.5 μmol/L ESI-09).CCK-8 experiment was applied to detect cell proliferation.Scratch test was applied to detect cell migration.Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis.Transwell was applied to detect cell invasion.ELISA method was applied to detect cAMP level in cell supernatant.Western blot assay was applied to detect expression levels of cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway proteins and apoptotic proteins[B lymphoblastoma-2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax)].Results Compared with the control group,the OD450 value of A549 cells,number of cell invasions,scratch healing rate,level of cAMP,expression levels of Bcl-2,EPAC1 and RAP1 proteins were significantly reduced in the low dose,medium dose and high dose forsythigenin groups,and the expression of Bax protein and the rate of cell apoptosis were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner(P＜0.05).Compared with the high-dose forsythigenin group,the OD450 value of A549 cells,scratch healing rate,number of cell invasions,level of cAMP,expression levels of Bcl-2,EPAC1 and RAP1 proteins were obviously increased in the high-dose forsythigenin+PTX group,the expression of Bax protein and the apoptosis rate were obviously reduced(P＜0.05).Levels of all indexes in the high dose forsythigenin+ESI-09 group were opposite.Conclusion Forsythigenin inhibits proliferation,migration,and invasion of A549 cells and promotes apoptosis by down-regulating the cAMP/EPAC1/RAP1 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the current status of family resilience of children with cancer and analyze its influencing factors,to provide a basis for medical staff to formulate intervention plans.Methods Using a convenient sampling method,children with cancer who were hospitalized in 2 tertiary hospitals in Henan Province from January to April 2024 were selected for the survey.A general information questionnaire,family resilience assessment scale,quality of life family version,ZBI caregiver burden interview,and social support rating scale were used to understand the current status of family resilience of children with cancer and to explore the related influencing factors by univariate analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis.Results A total of 280 questionnaires were distributed and 265 valid questionnaires were recovered,with a valid questionnaire recovery rate of 94.64％.The total score of family resilience for primary caregivers of children with cancer was(185.63±30.66).The multiple stepwise linear regression analysis results showed that the children's self-care ability,caregiver's work status,family care burden,and social support level were the influencing factors for family resilience of children with cancer(P＜0.05),and the explanatory variance was 51.3％.Conclusion The family resilience of children with cancer is at a medium level.The worse the children's self-care ability and the heavier the family care burden,the worse the family resilience;the caregiver's work status and good social support are helpful for the family resilience of children with cancer.Healthcare workers should develop intervention programs to address these factors to enhance the family resilience of children with cancer.