BACKGROUND:Osteosarcoma has a complex pathogenesis and a poor prognosis.While advancements in medical technology have led to some improvements in the 5-year survival rate,substantial progress in its treatment has not yet been achieved. OBJECTIVE:To screen key molecular markers in osteosarcoma,analyze their relationship with osteosarcoma treatment drugs,and explore the potential disease mechanisms of osteosarcoma at the molecular level. METHODS:GSE99671 and GSE284259(miRNA)datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Differential gene expression analysis and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis(WGCNA)on GSE99671 were performed.Functional enrichment analysis was conducted using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes separately for the differentially expressed genes and the module genes with the highest positive correlation to the disease.The intersection of these module genes and differentially expressed genes was taken as key genes.A Protein-Protein Interaction network was constructed,and correlation analysis on the key genes was performed using CytoScape software,and hub genes were identified.Hub genes were externally validated using the GSE28425 dataset and text validation was conducted.The drug sensitivity of hub genes was analyzed using the CellMiner database,with a threshold of absolute value of correlation coefficient|R|>0.3 and P<0.05. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Differential gene expression analysis identified 529 differentially expressed genes,comprising 177 upregulated and 352 downregulated genes.WGCNA analysis yielded a total of 592 genes with the highest correlation to osteosarcoma.(2)Gene Ontology enrichment results indicated that the development of osteosarcoma may be associated with extracellular matrix,bone cell differentiation and development,human immune regulation,and collagen synthesis and degradation.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment results showed the involvement of pathways such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,focal adhesion signaling pathway,and immune response in the onset of osteosarcoma.(3)The intersection analysis revealed a total of 59 key genes.Through Protein-Protein Interaction network analysis,8 hub genes were selected,which were LUM,PLOD1,PLOD2,MMP14,COL11A1,THBS2,LEPRE1,and TGFB1,all of which were upregulated.(4)External validation revealed significantly downregulated miRNAs that regulate the hub genes,with hsa-miR-144-3p and hsa-miR-150-5p showing the most significant downregulation.Text validation results demonstrated that the expression of hub genes was consistent with previous research.(5)Drug sensitivity analysis indicated a negative correlation between the activity of methotrexate,6-mercaptopurine,and pazopanib with the mRNA expression of PLOD1,PLOD2,and MMP14.Moreover,zoledronic acid and lapatinib showed a positive correlation with the mRNA expression of PLOD1,LUM,MMP14,PLOD2,and TGFB1.This suggests that zoledronic acid and lapatinib may be potential therapeutic drugs for osteosarcoma,but further validation is required through additional basic experiments and clinical studies.

Given the systematic, rigorous, and practical characteristics of medical disciplines, ensuring the teaching quality of online courses has become a significant focus. In traditional teaching models, teaching supervision is an important method to guarantee instructional quality, and introducing teaching supervision into online teaching activities is of great significance. This article systematically reviews and summarizes the domestic and international experience of conducting online medical courses. We explore the instructional supervision of online medical courses from the following perspectives: the meaning of supervision, the necessity of online supervision, online supervision methods and technical approaches, the feedback and application of supervision information, and the establishment of a standardized online supervision process.

Objective To conduct basic research on the structure and function of the heart in cynomolgus monkeys older than 10 years to provide data for animal selection in elderly disease research.Methods A total of 144 cynomolgus monkeys＞10 years old were selected as research subjects,including 37 females and 66 males in the 10～15 years group,and 21 females and 20 males in the 16～20 years group.Basic data on cardiac structure and function in middle-aged and elderly cynomolgus monkeys were obtained through comparative analysis of general indicators(body mass index,blood pressure,and heart rate),blood biochemical indicators(blood glucose,blood lipids,and ion indicators),and cardiac structure and function indicators.Results General indicators for the 10～15 years and 16～20 years groups were compared.As age increased,the blood pressure and heart rate of female and male monkeys increased,and there was a significant difference in blood pressure changes between male monkeys.A comparison of two sets of blood biochemical indicators showed that,as age increased,blood glucose,triglycerides,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,blood calcium,blood sodium,and blood potassium increased,while lactate dehydrogenase decreased,in female and male monkeys.Among these,blood glucose,triglycerides(males),total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(males),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(males),blood calcium,blood sodium,blood potassium,and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant changes.A comparison of cardiac contractile function between the two groups showed that,as age increased,the anterior and posterior diameters of the left atrium significantly decreased in both female and male monkeys.Female monkeys showed a significant decrease in the interventricular septal end systolic diameter,left ventricular end diastole and systolic diameters,left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes,and left ventricular mass index,while no significant changes were seen in male monkeys.A comparison of diastolic function between the two groups showed that,as age increased,the late diastolic velocity of the mitral valve decreased significantly in male monkeys,while the early diastolic velocity of the left ventricular sidewall increased significantly in female monkeys.Correlation analysis was conducted between the metabolic indicators and the cardiac structure and function indicators of female and male monkeys.The correlations between metabolic indicators and cardiac structure and function indicators were weak in female monkeys,for which the maximum absolute Γ value did not exceed 0.39.However,the correlations between metabolic indicators and cardiac structure and function indicators were relatively strong in male monkeys,for which the maximum absolute Γ value reached 0.66.Conclusions Based on ultrasound analysis combined with metabolic indicators,the heart function of cynomolgus monkeys was studied,and basic data related to the structure and function of the heart in middle-aged and elderly cynomolgus monkeys were obtained.As age increased,blood glucose and lipid indicators increased in cynomolgus monkeys,while cardiac systolic and diastolic functions show a downward trend,similar to changes in middle-aged and older adult human populations.These data provide support for animal selection in research on age-related diseases related to heart function.

Artificial vascular graft(AVG)fistula is widely used for hemodialysis treatment in patients with renal failure.However,it has poor elasticity and compliance,leading to stenosis and thrombosis.The ideal artificial blood vessel for dialysis should replicate the structure and components of a real artery,which is primarily maintained by collagen in the extracellular matrix(ECM)of arterial cells.Studies have revealed that in hepatitis B virus(HBV)-induced liver fibrosis,hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)become hyperactive and produce excessive ECM fibers.Furthermore,mechanical stimulation can encourage ECM secretion and remodeling of a fiber structure.Based on the above factors,we transfected HSCs with the hepatitis B viral X(HBX)gene for simulating the process of HBV infection.Subsequently,these HBX-HSCs were implanted into a polycaprolactone-polyurethane(PCL-PU)bilayer scaffold in which the inner layer is dense and the outer layer consists of pores,which was mechanically stimulated to promote the secretion of collagen nanofiber from the HBX-HSCs and to facilitate crosslinking with the scaffold.We obtained an ECM-PCL-PU composite bionic blood vessel that could act as access for dialysis after decellularization.Then,the vessel scaffold was implanted into a rabbit's neck arteriovenous fistula model.It exhibited strong tensile strength and smooth blood flow and formed autologous blood vessels in the rabbit's body.Our study demonstrates the use of human cells to create biomimetic dialysis blood vessels,providing a novel approach for creating clinical vascular access for dialysis.

Objective:To study the influence of different region of interest (ROI) sketch on measurement results in the diagnosis of breast cancer by imaging technology of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) .Methods:The clinical dataes of 84 patients with breast mass lesions from Apr. 2017 to Oct. 2021 were collected, all patients underwent IVIM-DWI. ROI was delineated at the maximum level of the mass by tumor contour method and fixed radius method. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), real diffusion coefficient (D), perfusion fraction (f) and pseudo diffusion coefficient (D *) were recorded. IVIM-DWI parameters of patients with benign and malignant breast tumors were compared. The influence of ROI delineation by tumor contour method and fixed radius method on the results of IVIM related parameters were compared. Results:Forty-six of 84 patients were malignant and 38 benign masses. The ADC and D values of patients in the malignant group were (0.98±0.24) ×10 -3 mm 2/s, (0.79±0.22) ×10 -3 mm 2/s in the malignant group, significantly lower than those in the benign group [ (1.65±0.43) ×10 -3 mm 2/s, (1.41±0.35) ×10 -3 mm 2/s], and the f value and D * value were (5.65±1.13) %, (43.89±8.05) ×10 -3 mm 2/s, significantly higher than those in the benign group [ (3.84±1.57) %, (37.77±9.3) ×10 -3 mm 2/s]. The differences were statistically significant ( t=9.01, 9.89, 6.13, 3.23; all P<0.05). The results obtained by using the tumor fixed radius method to delineate ROI showed that the ADC and D values of (0.96±0.27) ×10 -3 mm 2/s (0.81±0.23) ×10 -3 mm 2/s in the malignant group were significantly lower than those in the benign group [ (1.66±0.39) ×10 -3 mm 2/s, 1.39±0.37) ×10 -3 mm 2/s], and the f and D * values were (5.69±1.15) %, (43.94±7.98) ×10 -3 mm 2/s, which were significantly higher than those in the benign group [ (3.86±1.49) %, (38.01±8.46) ×10 -3 mm 2/s]. The differences were statistically significant ( t=9.69, 8.78, 6.35, 3.30; all P<0.05) .The 95% consistency interval range of ADC difference, D value difference, f value difference, and D * value difference obtained by using tumor contour method to delineate ROI was smaller than that of tumor fixed radius method. Conclusions:The IVIM has high accuracy in the diagnosis of breast cancer, the IVIM parameters obtained from ROI delineation by tumor contour method have good repeatability.

Objective:To analyze the whole genome sequence and key site mutations of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with different stages of disease progression, and to understand the relationship between HBV genetic characteristics and disease progression.Methods:Serum samples and basic information of hepatitis B patients with asymptomatic HBV carrier, chronic hepatitis B patients, cirrhosis patients and primary hepatocellular carcinoma patients were collected. Nested PCR was used to amplify the samples to obtain HBV whole gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine the genotype of the samples, and gene mutations of the samples were analyzed combined with reference sequences of each type.Results:A total of 256 samples were successfully amplified, including 68 asymptomatic HBV carrier patients, 118 CHB patients, 15 LC patients and 55 HCC patients, and five genotypes (B, C, D, I and C/D) were detected. The result of comparative analysis showed that the mutation rate of 56 nucleotide sites was significantly different among the four groups ( P<0.05). In addition to the discovery of C105T, A1762T/G1764A and G1899A and other previously reported key site mutations, the mutation rates of T53A, C1485T and C1628T in newly diagnosed HCC group were significantly higher than those in other groups, and the mutation rates of T2150G and T2151C in asymptomatic HBV infection group were significantly higher than those in other groups. A total of 26 sequences were deleted, mainly distributed in the pre-C and pre-S regions. The deletion mutation rate in the HCC group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. Conclusions:The data of this study indicate that some nucleotide substitution mutations and deletion mutations may be closely related to the occurrence and development of HBV-related diseases, and HCC patients are more likely to have gene mutations than non-HCC patients. These result provide a reference for understanding the relationship between viral mutation and the progression of HBV infection-related diseases.

Objective:To analyze and evaluate the different methods in detecting anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) for the diagnostic performance of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).Methods:In this retrospective study, we collected serum samples of 37 PBC patients who were admitted to the Second Hospital of Jiaxing, from November 2022 to November 2023, 43 patients with other autoimmune diseases and 53 normal controls during the same time. The results of AMA were detected in parallel by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF), immunoblot tests (IB) and chemilluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CLIA). Fisher′s exact test was used to compare the count data between different groups, while a paired chi-square test was used to assess the results of the three test methods. We analyzed the performance of the three test methods; Venn diagram was used to show the consistency distribution of AMA results, the diagnostic performance of AMA for PBC were evaluated by area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).Results:The positive rate of AMA in PBC group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups, and AMA was detected by CLIA which had higher positive rate (86.5%, 32/37) than the other two methods. As shown in the Venn diagram, the proportion of consistent AMA results among the three methods was 74.4%(99/133), and between IB and CLIA methods which used for detecting AMA-M2, the consistent proportion was 86.5%(115/133). Among comparison of the performance of three methods, the highest specificity (92.7%)was IIF method, and the highest sensitivity (86.5%) was CLIA method. The respective AUC of IIF, IB and CLIA methods were 0.801, 0.800 and 0.875. In the combined detection, the AUC of IIF+CLIA method was 0.942, which was better than the other two or triple combined method detection.Conclusion:For highly suspected PBC patients with negative IIF screening test, combined IB or CLIA could be used to detect AMA-M2. We recommended that clinicians should refer to the AMA results conducted by two or three methods, and preferentially recommended the IIF method combined with CLIA method for the detection of AMA.

The quality of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is a challenging and focused topic in the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A profound comprehension of the morphology, structure, active constituents, and dynamic changes during the whole process of CMM growth is essential, which needs highly precise contemporary techniques for in-depth elucidation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a cutting-edge tool integrating the benefits of both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging technology. With real-time, non-destructive, and in situ detection capabilities, MRI has been previously used for monitoring internal and external structures of plants alongside compounds during physiological processes in vivo. Here, factors involved in the holistic quality evaluation of CMMs were investigated. Given the applications of MRI in various plants, several representative CMMs were used as examples to demonstrate a methodology of quality visualization by MRI, embodying holistically monitoring the real-time macroscopic morphology, mesoscopic structure, and microscopic metabolites non-destructively in situ. Taken together, the review not only presents a pioneering application mode for utilizing MRI for CMM quality visualization but also holds promise for advancing the quality control and evaluation of CMMs.

Metastasis accounts for 90% of breast cancer deaths, where the lethality could be attributed to the poor drug accumulation at the metastatic loci. The tolerance to chemotherapy induced by breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and their particular redox microenvironment further aggravate the therapeutic dilemma. To be specific, therapy-resistant BCSCs can differentiate into heterogeneous tumor cells constantly, and simultaneously dynamic maintenance of redox homeostasis promote tumor cells to retro-differentiate into stem-like state in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Herein, we develop a specifically-designed biomimic platform employing neutrophil membrane as shell to inherit a neutrophil-like tumor-targeting capability, and anchored chemotherapeutic and BCSCs-differentiating reagents with nitroimidazole (NI) to yield two hypoxia-responsive prodrugs, which could be encapsulated into a polymeric nitroimidazole core. The platform can actively target the lung metastasis sites of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and release the escorted drugs upon being triggered by the hypoxia microenvironment. During the responsiveness, the differentiating agent could promote transferring BCSCs into non-BCSCs, and simultaneously the nitroimidazole moieties conjugated on the polymer and prodrugs could modulate the tumor microenvironment by depleting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) and amplifying intracellular oxidative stress to prevent tumor cells retro-differentiation into BCSCs. In combination, the BCSCs differentiation and tumor microenvironment modulation synergistically could enhance the chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity, and remarkably suppress tumor growth and lung metastasis. Hopefully, this work can provide a new insight in to comprehensively treat TNBC and lung metastasis using a versatile platform.