BACKGROUND:In recent years,functional near-infrared spectroscopy has shown extensive research significance and application potential in the fields of cognitive neuroscience,clinical medicine,and engineering technology due to its portability,low cost,non-invasiveness,and high temporal resolution.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the research progress,hot issues,and frontier trends of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the past 10 years.METHODS:Web of Science database was searched for articles related to functional near-infrared spectroscopy published from January 1,2013 to November 30,2023.CiteSpace and VOSviewer software was used to conduct a visual analysis of publication statistics,journals,countries,institutions,authors,and keywords.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:This article included a total of 2 714 documents,showing an overall upward trend in the volume of literature concerning functional near-infrared spectroscopy over the past decade.The 2 714 documents selected for this article were authored by 9 171 researchers from 2 400 institutions across 68 countries in 495 kinds of journals.The United States and University College London are representative countries and institutions,while Ehlis and Fallgatter are two influential authors in this research field.The journal NeuroImage ranks first with the highest citation rate.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy research primarily comes from University College London in the UK,Beijing Normal University in China,and the University of Tübingen in Germany.The keyword co-occurrence network map generated using VOSviewer 1.6.20 reveals six research clusters.By analyzing the specific keywords of each cluster,we further understand the research hotspots in this field.The burst analysis of keywords uncovers the research frontiers and development trends,providing important guidance for future research directions of functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

To investigate the potential protective effect of thalidomide (THD) on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control, DN and DN+THD200 groups by random number table method. The DN mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The DN+THD200 group received THD treatment (200 mg·kg -1·d -1) for 8 weeks. Blood and urine biochemical parameters, as well as renal histopathological changes, were compared among the three groups. For in vitro experiments, a high glucose (HG)-induced injury model was established in mouse glomerular podocytes (MPC5). Cells were divided into control (NG), HG, HG+DMSO, HG+THD100 (100 μg/ml), and HG+THD200 (200 μg/ml) groups. THD-treated cells were exposed to THD for 24 h. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to respectively detect protein and mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related molecules, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The results showed that, compared with control group, DN group exhibited significantly lower blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urinary albumin levels (all P<0.05). Compared with DN group, DN+THD200 group exhibited significantly lower blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urinary albumin levels (all P<0.05). Histopathological examination revealed glomerular expansion, mesangial widening, and basement membrane thickening in DN group compared to control group, which were markedly ameliorated by THD treatment. In vitro, HG group showed significantly decreased protein and mRNA expression levels of GPX4, NRF2 and HO-1 compared to NG group. Both HG+THD100 and HG+THD200 groups exhibited upregulated expression levels of these proteins and corresponding mRNA compared to HG group (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence demonstrated HG group had enhanced 4-HNE fluorescence intensity and reduced SLC7A11 fluorescence intensity, which were reversed by THD treatment. THD alleviates renal injury in DN mice and mitigates HG-induced ferroptosis in MPC5 cells, potentially via activation of NRF2-HO-1-GPX4 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,functional near-infrared spectroscopy has shown extensive research significance and application potential in the fields of cognitive neuroscience,clinical medicine,and engineering technology due to its portability,low cost,non-invasiveness,and high temporal resolution.OBJECTIVE:To analyze the research progress,hot issues,and frontier trends of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the past 10 years.METHODS:Web of Science database was searched for articles related to functional near-infrared spectroscopy published from January 1,2013 to November 30,2023.CiteSpace and VOSviewer software was used to conduct a visual analysis of publication statistics,journals,countries,institutions,authors,and keywords.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:This article included a total of 2 714 documents,showing an overall upward trend in the volume of literature concerning functional near-infrared spectroscopy over the past decade.The 2 714 documents selected for this article were authored by 9 171 researchers from 2 400 institutions across 68 countries in 495 kinds of journals.The United States and University College London are representative countries and institutions,while Ehlis and Fallgatter are two influential authors in this research field.The journal NeuroImage ranks first with the highest citation rate.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy research primarily comes from University College London in the UK,Beijing Normal University in China,and the University of Tübingen in Germany.The keyword co-occurrence network map generated using VOSviewer 1.6.20 reveals six research clusters.By analyzing the specific keywords of each cluster,we further understand the research hotspots in this field.The burst analysis of keywords uncovers the research frontiers and development trends,providing important guidance for future research directions of functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

To investigate the potential protective effect of thalidomide (THD) on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control, DN and DN+THD200 groups by random number table method. The DN mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The DN+THD200 group received THD treatment (200 mg·kg -1·d -1) for 8 weeks. Blood and urine biochemical parameters, as well as renal histopathological changes, were compared among the three groups. For in vitro experiments, a high glucose (HG)-induced injury model was established in mouse glomerular podocytes (MPC5). Cells were divided into control (NG), HG, HG+DMSO, HG+THD100 (100 μg/ml), and HG+THD200 (200 μg/ml) groups. THD-treated cells were exposed to THD for 24 h. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to respectively detect protein and mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related molecules, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). The results showed that, compared with control group, DN group exhibited significantly lower blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urinary albumin levels (all P<0.05). Compared with DN group, DN+THD200 group exhibited significantly lower blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and 24 h urinary albumin levels (all P<0.05). Histopathological examination revealed glomerular expansion, mesangial widening, and basement membrane thickening in DN group compared to control group, which were markedly ameliorated by THD treatment. In vitro, HG group showed significantly decreased protein and mRNA expression levels of GPX4, NRF2 and HO-1 compared to NG group. Both HG+THD100 and HG+THD200 groups exhibited upregulated expression levels of these proteins and corresponding mRNA compared to HG group (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence demonstrated HG group had enhanced 4-HNE fluorescence intensity and reduced SLC7A11 fluorescence intensity, which were reversed by THD treatment. THD alleviates renal injury in DN mice and mitigates HG-induced ferroptosis in MPC5 cells, potentially via activation of NRF2-HO-1-GPX4 signaling pathway.

Objective To compare the difference in the efficacies of arthroscopic microfracture operation for talar osteochondral injuries with hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia,and to explore the correlation be-tween blood urate level and efficacy.Methods Fifty-three patients with talar osteochondral lesions meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria from February 2015 to August 2021 were selected as the research subjects and divided into the hyperuricemia group (22 cases) and non-hyperuricemia group (31 cases) according to whether or not the preoperative blood uric acid level exceeding 420 μmol/L.The joint range of motion (ROM),visual analog scale (VAS) score,American Foot and Ankle Surgery Society (AOFAS) score,mag-netic resonance score of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score and postoperative satisfaction before and af-ter surgery were compared between the two groups.Results The preoperative blood uric acid level in the hy-peruricemia group was higher than that in non-hyperuricemia group,and the difference was statistically signif-icant[(504.35±86.40)μmol/L vs.(332.56±45.80)μmol/L,P<0.05].The ROM score,VAS score and AOFAS score in postoperative 1 year follow up and last follow up in the two groups were significantly im-proved compared with before operation (P<0.001).The AOFAS scores before operation,in postoperative 1 year and postoperative last follow up in the hyperuricemia group were lower than those in the non-hyperurice-mia group (P<0.05).The VAS scores before operation and postoperative last follow up in the hyperuricemia group were higher than those in the non-hyperuricemia group (P<0.05).The uric acid level was negatively correlated with the postoperative AOFAS score (r2=0.076,P=0.041).The MOCART score in postopera-tive last follow up in the hyperuricemia group was lower than that in the non-hyperuricemia group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The cartilage defect repair and filling degree and the fusion of repaired tissue with adjacent cartilage had statistical differences between the hyperuricemia group and non-hyperuricemia group (P<0.05).Conclusion Arthroscopic microfracture operation in treating talar osteo-chondral injuries has good clinical effect,the postoperative clinical effect in the patients with complicating hy-peruricemia is lower than that in the patients with non-hyperuricemia and the blood uric acid level is negative-ly correlated with the AOFAS score after microfracture surgery.

Objective:To investigate the expression of HIF-1α in serum of rats with contrast induced nephropathy and its effect on renal tubular injury.Methods:45 SD rats were randomLy divided into three groups (n=15).The rats in the blank control group (group A)were treated with 12 h (Sodium Chloride Injection) for three 0.5 mL after fasting water for a period of about 15 minutes.Contrast nephropathy group (B group) rats after fasting 12 h,in the tail vein with 10 mg/kg injection ofindomethacin,15 minutes after the injection of 10 mg/kg nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME),15 minutes after the injection ofiobitridol (3 G I/kg).Atorvastatin group (C group) rats in the first 3 days of the experiment started feeding atorvastatin calcium tablets,continuous feeding for 3 days,at a dose of 80 mg/kg/d,and fasting 12 h,making contrast nephropathy model,with the steps of contrast nephropathy group.The changes of renal function indexes (BUN,Cr),HIF-1α expression and renal tubular injury in three groups were observed and compared.Results:The level of BUN in rats with contrast induced nephropathy was lower than that in atorvastatin calcium group and blank control group,but the level of Scr was higher than that of atorvastatin calcium group and blank control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The level of BUN in atorvastatin calcium group was lower than that in blank control group,but Scr level was higher than that in blank control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Compared with the blank control group,the renal tubular injury in the rats with contrast induced nephropathy group was higher than that in atorvastatin calcium group and blank control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Compared with the control group,the expression of HIF-1 was significantly higher in rats with contrast induced nephropathy than that in atorvastatin calcium group and blank control group.The expression of HIF-1 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions:It is suggested that the statins could prevent the contrast-induced nephropathy.However,the ending mechanism of statins should be further studied in the clinical practices.

Objective:To observe features of ambulatory blood pressure in aged patients With hypertension complicated coro-nary heart disease (CHD)and explore the relationship betWeen abnormal ambulatory blood pressure and coronary athero-sclerosis.Methods:According to coronary angiographic results,a total of 220 aged patients With hypertension (>60 years) Were divided into hypertension+ CHD group (n=124)and single hypertension group (n=96).Both groups received 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM),24h blood pressure (BP),BP variability,pulse pressure and circadian rhythm of blood pressure Were recorded.Results:Compared With single hypertension group,there Were significant increase in 24h,daytime,nighttime mean systolic blood pressure (SBP),SBP variability [dSSD (14.01±4.26)vs. (17.54± 5.51),nSSD (15.05±4.01)vs. (19.32±3.71)],pulse pressure [dPP (56.66±7.43)mmHg vs. (66.32±13.62) mmHg,nPP (55.71±6.62)mmHg vs. (63.86±7.52)mmHg] (P<0.05 all)and percentage of non-dipper rhythm (60.32% vs.82.45%)in hypertension+CHD group,P<0.01.Conclusion:There are significant increase in systolic blood pressure,SBP variability and pulse pressure,percentages of abnormal circadian rhythm in aged patients With hyper-tension complicated coronary heart disease, these abnormality may be related to occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis in aged patients With hypertension.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of isoflurane preconditioning on glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat neuronal PC12 cells.MethodsThe PC12 cells were cultured for 5 d with nerve growth factor in vitro.The cells were seeded into 6-cm-diameter culture dishes (3 ml/dish) or 6-well plates (2 ml/well) with the density of 5 × 104/ml and randomly divided into 4 groups (n =18 each): normal control group (group C); glutamate group (group G) ;glutamate + isoflurane group (group GI) and glutamate + isoflurane + xestospongin C (an antngon of inositol trisphosphate receptors) group (group GIX).The neuronal PC12 cells were exposed to glutamate 500 μmol/L in groups G,GI and GIX.The neuronal PC12 cells were exposed to 1.2％ isoflurane for 2 h in groups GI and GIX.Xestospongin C was added to the culture medium immediately before isoflurane preconditioning.Glutamate was added to the culture medium at 10 min after isoflurane preconditioning in groups GI and GIX.The cells were collected from six dishes or wells in each group after being incubated with glutamate for 20 min.The apoptosis and mitochondiral membrane potential (MMP) were assessed by flow cytometry.Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([ Ca2+ ] i)was detected by confocal fluorescence microscopy.ResultsCompared with group C,the apoptotic rate and [Ca2+ ]i were significantly increased and MMP was decreased in groups G and GIX ( P ＜ 0.01 ),but there was no significant difference in the variables mentioned above in group GI (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group G,the apoptotic rate and [ Ca2 + ]i were significantly decreased and MMP was increased in groups GI and GIX ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group GI,the apoptotic rate and [Ca2+ ]i were significantly increased and MMP was decreased in group GIX ( P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionIsollurane preconditioning can inhibit apoptosis in rat neuronal PC12 cells by activating inositol trisphosphate receptors,inhibiting Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and increasing MMP.

ObjectiveTo investigate the optimun approach to induce the atherosclerotic rat model.MethodsThree methods were used to induce atherosclerotic model, including: simple high fat diet feeding, high fat diet feeding with gastric perfusion of Vitamin D3, and gastric perfusion of Vitamin D3 with common rat food (splashed oil on the normal rat food with yolks and peanuts). Histopathology change of the atherosclerotic plaques in aorta was observed by normal and histopathologic sections and Hematoxylin staining.ResultsThe endarterium of aorta of the rats with simple high fat diet was smooth without atherosclerotic plaques after 2 months. 2 rats with high fat diet feeding and gastric perfusion of Vitamin D3 had formed miliary atherosclerotic plaques. In the rats with vitamin D3 and common rat food, the ring-shape calcified atherosclerotic plaques were found in the all endarterium of aorta.ConclusionGastric perfusion of Vitamin D3 once a week (3 times) combined with common rat diet could induce the atherosclerotic model successfully and decrease the mortality rate.

Objective To observe the changes of plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neurotensin (NT) levels in patients with heart failure and investigate their clinical significance. Methods The levels of plasma NPY, NT of 76 patients with heart failure and 28 normal controls were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The color echocardiogram was used to evaluate the cardiac structure, function and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results The level of plasma NPY in patients with heart failure [(159.7 ± 56.3) ng/L] was higher than that in normal controls [(120.8 ± 51.9) ng/L] (P < 0.05), the level of plasma NT [(69.5 ± 29.6) ng/L] was significantly lower than that in normal controls [(99.1 ± 19.3) ng/L] (P < 0.01). Following the severity of heart failure, the level of plasma NPY increased, and the level of plasma NT decreased. The level of LVEF had negative correlative relationship with the level of plasma NPY (γ = -0.31, P < 0.05) and positive correlative relationship with the level of plasma NT (γ = 0.28, P < 0.05). The level of plasma NPY and NT in patients with heart failure had negative correlative relationship (γ = -0.26, P < 0.05). Conclusions The levels of plasma NPY, NT in patients with heart failure are unbalanced. This unbalance may participate in the damage of cardiac function.