OBJECTIVE Healthcare-associated infection(HAI)surveillance is a crucial tool for healthcare manage-ment and public health prevention,the World Health Organization(WHO)released simplified technical guidelines of HAI surveillance to enhance the HAI surveillance in areas with limited medical resources.This study explores the applicability and implementation pathways of the WHO's simplified standards for HAI surveillance in China.METHODS This study used text analysis and qualitative interviews to compare the differences of HAI sur-veillance criteria between China and WHO.Interviews were conducted with professionals of infection prevention and control(IPC)to explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing WHO simplified standards in China.RESULTS Twenty-two IPC professionals with long-term experiences participated in the interviews.Main themes derived from the interview were:WHO simplified standards could enhance the sensitivity of HAI surveil-lance,this approach provided insights for a risk early warning surveillance and improved surveillance in primary healthcare institutions.It also increased the international comparability of Chinese HAI surveillance results.How-ever,the implementation of the WHO simplified standards required further pilot validation,higher levels of infor-matic surveillance and clinical diagnostic capabilities.CONCLUSION This study explores the feasibility and accept-ability of the WHO's simplified HAI surveillance in China,provides references for the transformation of China's HAI surveillance models and systems.

OBJECTIVE Healthcare-associated infection(HAI)surveillance is a crucial tool for healthcare manage-ment and public health prevention,the World Health Organization(WHO)released simplified technical guidelines of HAI surveillance to enhance the HAI surveillance in areas with limited medical resources.This study explores the applicability and implementation pathways of the WHO's simplified standards for HAI surveillance in China.METHODS This study used text analysis and qualitative interviews to compare the differences of HAI sur-veillance criteria between China and WHO.Interviews were conducted with professionals of infection prevention and control(IPC)to explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing WHO simplified standards in China.RESULTS Twenty-two IPC professionals with long-term experiences participated in the interviews.Main themes derived from the interview were:WHO simplified standards could enhance the sensitivity of HAI surveil-lance,this approach provided insights for a risk early warning surveillance and improved surveillance in primary healthcare institutions.It also increased the international comparability of Chinese HAI surveillance results.How-ever,the implementation of the WHO simplified standards required further pilot validation,higher levels of infor-matic surveillance and clinical diagnostic capabilities.CONCLUSION This study explores the feasibility and accept-ability of the WHO's simplified HAI surveillance in China,provides references for the transformation of China's HAI surveillance models and systems.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of clinical pregnancy outcomes in patients with hydrosalpinx undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET) after interventional embolization and whether residual hydrops has an adverse impact on pregnancy outcomes.Methods:Clinical data from 65 patients who underwent interventional embolization and IVF-ET for hydrosalpinx at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March 2021 to October 2022 were collected retrospectively. The hydrops index was quantified by the ratio of the widest diameter to the pelvic transverse diameter of the intraoperative hydrops, and the patient′s age, body mass index(BMI), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), lutenizing hormine(LH), estradiol(E2), automated matetials hangling(AMH), endometrial thickness at the time of transplantation, the number of transplanted embryos, embryo type, and location of the hydrosalpinx were recorded. In addition, the clinical pregnancy outcomes of the first transplantation after embolization were followed. Two independent samples t-test, rank sum test and chi-square test were used to analyze the difference of the above indexes among different clinical pregnancy outcomes by SPSS 25.0. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Youden index were used to calculate the cut-off value of the water accumulation index. Results:Among 65 patients, the clinical pregnancy rate was 63.1%(41/65), among the 45 patients who underwent embryo transfer before embolization without success, the clinical pregnancy rate after embolization was 62.2%(28/45). Based on data analysis, it showed that IVF-ET clinical pregnancy outcomes were not associated with age, BMI, FSH, LH, E2, AMH, endometrial thickness at the time of transplantation, the number of transplanted embryos, embryo type, as well as location of hydrosalpinx( P>0.05), but associated with hydrosalpinx index( P<0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that the hydrops index could be used as a predictor of pregnancy outcome, and the area under the curve was 0.825, and the optimal cut-off value of the hydrops index was 12.925% based on the Youden index analysis result. Conclusions:Interventional embolization of hydrosalpinx may improve clinical pregnancy rates. When the hydrosalpinx is large enough, it could adversely affected IVF-ET clinical pregnancy, and further aspiration of hydrosalpinx should be performed prior to transplantation.

Objective:To explore the impact on the fertility and outcomes of females with squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and obstetric outcomes after local treatment. Methods:Patients with SIL undergoing IVF/ICSI were set as the SIL group in the Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2020. While, control group was matched using the propensity scoring method in a 1∶3 ratio in accordance with the age, body mass index, and basic follicle-stimulating hormone, antral follicle count and the oocytes retrieval time. Pregnancy outcomes were compared by analyzing the basic conditions of the two groups, the index of the IVF/ICSI cycles, the clinical pregnancy rate and the implantation rate of the fresh cycles, the cumulative pregnancy rate, the cumulative live birth rate, and obstetric outcomes of patients giving live birth after local treatment were also analyzed.Results:The demographic characteristics were of no significant differences between the SIL group and control group (all P>0.05). As for the IVF/ICSI results, no significant differences were observed in the duration of gonadotropins (Gn) used, total dosage of Gn used, No. of oocytes retrieved, normal fertilization rate, No. of available embryos, No. of high-quality embryos, and No. of blastocyst formation between the two groups (all P>0.05). For fresh embryo transfer cycles, the number of transferred embryos was lower, the clinical pregnancy rate and the implantation rate in the SIL group were higher than those in control group, while the differences were not significant (all P>0.05). The differences of time to pregnancy,the cumulative pregnancy rate and the cumulative live birth rate between SIL group and control group were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in delivery methods, gestational age, newborn birth weight, and incidence of pregnancy complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). According to local surgical treatment, 79 patients with SIL who achieved live birth were divided into cold knife conization subgroup, loop electrosurgical excisional procedure subgroup, and no-operation subgroup. There were no statistically significant differences in delivery methods, gestational age, newborn birth weight and incidence of pregnancy complications among the three subgroups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:SIL did not affect fertility of patients or assisted pregnancy outcomes of IVF/ICSI, and local surgical treatment does not increase the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight infants.

Objective:To explore the impact on the fertility and outcomes of females with squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and obstetric outcomes after local treatment. Methods:Patients with SIL undergoing IVF/ICSI were set as the SIL group in the Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2020. While, control group was matched using the propensity scoring method in a 1∶3 ratio in accordance with the age, body mass index, and basic follicle-stimulating hormone, antral follicle count and the oocytes retrieval time. Pregnancy outcomes were compared by analyzing the basic conditions of the two groups, the index of the IVF/ICSI cycles, the clinical pregnancy rate and the implantation rate of the fresh cycles, the cumulative pregnancy rate, the cumulative live birth rate, and obstetric outcomes of patients giving live birth after local treatment were also analyzed.Results:The demographic characteristics were of no significant differences between the SIL group and control group (all P>0.05). As for the IVF/ICSI results, no significant differences were observed in the duration of gonadotropins (Gn) used, total dosage of Gn used, No. of oocytes retrieved, normal fertilization rate, No. of available embryos, No. of high-quality embryos, and No. of blastocyst formation between the two groups (all P>0.05). For fresh embryo transfer cycles, the number of transferred embryos was lower, the clinical pregnancy rate and the implantation rate in the SIL group were higher than those in control group, while the differences were not significant (all P>0.05). The differences of time to pregnancy,the cumulative pregnancy rate and the cumulative live birth rate between SIL group and control group were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in delivery methods, gestational age, newborn birth weight, and incidence of pregnancy complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). According to local surgical treatment, 79 patients with SIL who achieved live birth were divided into cold knife conization subgroup, loop electrosurgical excisional procedure subgroup, and no-operation subgroup. There were no statistically significant differences in delivery methods, gestational age, newborn birth weight and incidence of pregnancy complications among the three subgroups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:SIL did not affect fertility of patients or assisted pregnancy outcomes of IVF/ICSI, and local surgical treatment does not increase the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight infants.

Objective:To investigate the effects of three different luteal phase support protocols on pregnancy outcomes in hormone replacement therapy frozen-thawed embryo transfer(HRT-FET).Methods:The clinical data of 3288 HRT-FET cycles in Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to February 2019 were retrospective cohort study analyzed. The cycles were divided into three groups according to luteal phase support protocols. The patients received a combination of progesterone soft capsule and dydrogesterone in group A (478 cycles), the patients received a combination of progesterone vaginal sustained-release gel and dydrogesterone in group B (1293 cycles), the patients received a combination of progesterone injection and dydrogesterone in group C (887 cycles). Pregnancy outcomes and neonatal outcomes in group A, group B and group C were compared.Results:The clinical pregnancy rate, the 12-week pregnancy rate and the live birth rate had no significant difference among the three groups ( P>0.05). The rates of premature delivery and twin delivery [19.90% (78/392), 30.61% (120/392)] in group C were higher than those in group B [13.61% (109/801), P=0.011; 20.47% (164/801), P<0.001]. The birth weight [(3 178.60±635.38) g] in group B was significantly higher than that in group C [(3 033.01±682.54) g, P<0.001] . There was no significant difference in the incidence of birth defects among the three groups ( P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that three different luteal phase support regimens were not associated with 12-week pregnancy rate. Conclusion:In HRT-FET cycle, progesterone soft capsule or progesterone vaginal sustained-release gel combined with dydrogesterone can achieve the same pregnancy outcome as progesterone injection combined with dydrogesterone, but a large-scale prospective study is needed.

Objective:To investigate the effects of three different luteal phase support protocols on pregnancy outcomes in hormone replacement therapy frozen-thawed embryo transfer(HRT-FET).Methods:The clinical data of 3288 HRT-FET cycles in Reproductive Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to February 2019 were retrospective cohort study analyzed. The cycles were divided into three groups according to luteal phase support protocols. The patients received a combination of progesterone soft capsule and dydrogesterone in group A (478 cycles), the patients received a combination of progesterone vaginal sustained-release gel and dydrogesterone in group B (1293 cycles), the patients received a combination of progesterone injection and dydrogesterone in group C (887 cycles). Pregnancy outcomes and neonatal outcomes in group A, group B and group C were compared.Results:The clinical pregnancy rate, the 12-week pregnancy rate and the live birth rate had no significant difference among the three groups ( P>0.05). The rates of premature delivery and twin delivery [19.90% (78/392), 30.61% (120/392)] in group C were higher than those in group B [13.61% (109/801), P=0.011; 20.47% (164/801), P<0.001]. The birth weight [(3 178.60±635.38) g] in group B was significantly higher than that in group C [(3 033.01±682.54) g, P<0.001] . There was no significant difference in the incidence of birth defects among the three groups ( P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that three different luteal phase support regimens were not associated with 12-week pregnancy rate. Conclusion:In HRT-FET cycle, progesterone soft capsule or progesterone vaginal sustained-release gel combined with dydrogesterone can achieve the same pregnancy outcome as progesterone injection combined with dydrogesterone, but a large-scale prospective study is needed.

Objective: To investigate the hemostasis effect of hemocoagulase for injection in scalp incision in craniocerebral surgery, and evaluate its effect on coagulation function and drug safety. Methods: Before undergoing craniotomy, 60 patients were randomly divid-ed into the study group and the control group. The study group was injected with hemocoagulase for injection at 1u im at the night before surgery, 1u im 1h before incision and 1u im 15min before incision. The control group was injected with 0. 9% saline at the same time with the same volume. The hemorrhagic volume, hemorrhagic volume per square decimeter, hemostatic time, blood coagulation and ad-verse events were tested and compared between the groups. Results: In the study group, the mean hemorrhagic volume was (37. 18 ± 2. 96)g, the mean hemorrhagic volume per square decimeter was (0. 23 ± 0. 16)g·cm-2and the mean hemostatic time was (125. 53 ± 36. 42)s. In the control group, the corresponding value was (60. 69 ± 2. 30) g, (0. 42 ± 0. 25) g·cm-2and (182. 72 ± 52. 29) s, re-spectively. The hemorrhagic volume, hemorrhagic volume per square decimeter and hemostatic time significantly decreased in the study group when compared with those in the control group (P<0. 05). No significant difference in blood coagulation and safety (P>0. 05). No adverse event was reported. Conclusion: Hemocoagulase for injection shows promising hemostasis effect with high safety, which can ensure craniocerebral surgery going well with shortened operation time.