Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic reasoning, and therapeutic strategies of prostatic paraganglioma (PPG) to provide an evidence-based foundation for early diagnosis and precision treatment of this rare malignancy. Methods The clinical data of a patient with PPG admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Concurrently, a systematic search was conducted across domestic and international databases, including PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang.Clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, pathological features, therapeutic modalities, and prognostic data of 24 cases reported between 1979 and 2025 were pooled with the institutional case for a comprehensive analysis (n=25). Results Epidemiological features: the age at onset ranged from 8 to 76 years, with a mean age of (44.6±15.2) years, predominantly affecting young and middle-aged adults (30-50 years).Notably, 20.0% (5/25) of the patients exhibited characteristic micturition-associated catecholamine release symptoms (e.g., post-micturition palpitations, transient hypertension).Laboratory findings: among the 19 patients who underwent catecholamine metabolite testing, 14 (73.7%) showed significant elevation in serum or urinary norepinephrine and methoxyadrenaline levels.Pathological and immunohistochemical features: the positivity rate for neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase) was 100%, while the negativity rate for prostate-specific markers (prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase) was also 100%.Treatment and prognosis: surgical intervention was performed in 96.0% (24/25) of the patients, including radical prostatectomy (37.5%), precision tumor excision (25.0%), and transurethral resection (12.5%).Favorable outcomes without recurrence were observed in 89.5% (17/19) of the total cohort. Conclusion PPG is clinically exceedingly rare.The disease should be highly suspected in patients presenting with a prostatic mass, normal prostate-specific antigen level, and micturition-associated cardiovascular symptoms.Testing for catecholamine metabolites is the key screening tool.Robot-assisted surgery facilitates precise tumor excision while ensuring optimal functional preservation.Given the malignant potential and genetic correlations of PPG, lifelong follow-up is recommended.

Objective: To explore the efficacy of focal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of low-to-intermediate risk localized prostate cancer and its impact on postoperative urinary control and sexual function recovery，in order to explore the feasibility of minimally invasive methods for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Methods: Clinical data of 28 patients with low-to-intermediate risk localized prostate cancer who underwent RFA in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital，Affiliated Hospital of Medical School during Jun.2017 and Feb.2021 were retrospectively analyzed.The 5-year failure-free survival (FFS) rate，surgery related complications，postoperative urinary control and sexual function were collected.The differences between the survival curves of patients in the low-risk and intermediate-risk subgroups were assessed with log-rank test and Breslow test. Results: All surgeries were successfully completed under local anesthesia.During the median follow-up of 43 (40-49) months，the 5-year FFS rate predicted by Kaplan-Meier method was 78.57%; 25 patients (89.29%) did not experience surgery-related complications; 27 patients (96.43%) were able to control urination; 1 patient developed new-onset sexual dysfunction.There was no significant difference in the survival curves between patients in the low-risk and intermediate-risk groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: RFA for patients with low-to-intermediate risk localized prostate cancer has good clinical efficacy，little impact on urinary control and sexual function recovery，and few postoperative complications，which can be used as one of the treatment options for these patients.

Objective: To explore the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of primary prostatic signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC), so as to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 6 patients with primary prostatic SRCC treated in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital during Nov.2020 and Sep.2024.The clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment methods, histological characteristics and prognosis were summarized. Results: The average age of the patients was (72.00±4.28) years.Varying degrees of dysuria occurred in 4 patients. All patients underwent multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) examination before surgery, and the results indicated typical prostate cancer.Preoperative biopsies showed high-grade (Gleason 8-10) prostate acinar adenocarcinoma.Postoperative pathological diagnoses were mixed types of prostate acinar adenocarcinoma and SRCC, and no metastasis was found in the pelvic lymph nodes.All patients were followed up for 1 to 46 months after surgery and are currently alive.Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy only was performed in 3 cases; apalutamide and leuprolide/triptorelin was administered after surgery in 2 cases; bicalutamide + goserelin was administered after surgery in 1 case, who developed bladder metastasis of prostate cancer 24 months later, and the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration decreased to a safe level (<0.2 ng/mL) after the use of darolutamide with radiotherapy.No recurrence or metastasis was found in the remaining patients. Conclusion: Primary prostatic SRCC is a rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor of the prostate.The diagnosis depends on pathological examinations due to lack of specific imaging features and clinical manifestations.The prognosis is poor, and there is currently no standardized treatment.The combined use of surgery, hormonotherapy and radiotherapy can help improve the survival rate of patients.

This article highlights the limitations of traditional treatment methods for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and the multi-dimensional exploration of emerging strategies.It firsty reviews the history and challenges of BCG immunotherapy,pointing out its bottlenecks in efficacy,tolerance,and supply,and focuses on its chemicobiological modifications,such as the optimization of nanoparticle drug delivery systems and immune-active components.Subsequently,it summarizes the development of various new treatment approaches,including gene therapy,photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy,chemodynamic therapy,and proteolysis-targeting chimeras for targeted protein degradation strategies.It particularly emphasizes the enhancement of drug delivery efficiency and targeting in the bladder through nanotechnology,aptamer-mediated systems,and biomimetic carriers.The treatment of bladder cancer is gradually transforming from local and single-mode to precise,synergistic,and low-toxicity directions,with chemicobiological means playing a core role in driving this transformation.Interdisciplinary integration provides a broad space and new hope for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Objective:To investigate the attention level of oral medicine residents in standardized training (referred to as residency training) to oral aesthetic information and its influencing factors.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which included 262 residents undergoing standardized training at Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University in January 2020. Among them, there were 73 males and 189 females, with an age range of 23-33 (26±2) years. A questionnaire survey method was used, and the questionnaire included the basic characteristics of the subjects (gender, grade, major, identity, and having training experience in prosthodontic base or not) as well as their attention to oral aesthetic information (facial proportions, facial midline, smile line, facial contour, E-line, nasolabial angle, tooth shape and contour, and tooth proportions). Differences in the attention to oral aesthetic information among residents with different basic characteristics were compared, and a multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the influencing factors.Results:Among the 262 oral medicine residents, 256 (97.7%) believed that it was necessary to pay attention to oral aesthetic information. The differences in attention to facial proportions between residents of different genders and between those with and without training experience in the prosthodontic base were statistically significant (both P<0.05). The results of the multivariate logistic regression showed that male residents were less likely to pay attention to facial proportions compared with female residents ( OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.23-0.88). Compared with residents specializing in orthodontics, non-orthodontic residents were less likely to pay attention to the E-line ( OR=0.14-0.27, 95% CI: 0.04-0.68) and nasolabial angle ( OR=0.14-0.31, 95% CI: 0.04-0.81). Residents who were graduate students with integrated four certificates were more likely to pay attention to the E-line compared with industry-based personnel ( OR=1.88, 95% CI: 1.01-3.49). Residents without training experience in the prosthodontic base were less likely to pay attention to the facial proportion ( OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.97) and tooth shape and contour ( OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.98) compared with those with such training experience in prosthodontic base. Conclusions:Oral medicine residents have a high level of attention to oral aesthetic information. Gender, major, identity, and having training experience in the prosthodontic base or not are factors that influence their attention to oral aesthetic information.

This article highlights the limitations of traditional treatment methods for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and the multi-dimensional exploration of emerging strategies.It firsty reviews the history and challenges of BCG immunotherapy,pointing out its bottlenecks in efficacy,tolerance,and supply,and focuses on its chemicobiological modifications,such as the optimization of nanoparticle drug delivery systems and immune-active components.Subsequently,it summarizes the development of various new treatment approaches,including gene therapy,photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy,chemodynamic therapy,and proteolysis-targeting chimeras for targeted protein degradation strategies.It particularly emphasizes the enhancement of drug delivery efficiency and targeting in the bladder through nanotechnology,aptamer-mediated systems,and biomimetic carriers.The treatment of bladder cancer is gradually transforming from local and single-mode to precise,synergistic,and low-toxicity directions,with chemicobiological means playing a core role in driving this transformation.Interdisciplinary integration provides a broad space and new hope for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells for the treatment of acute kidney injury(AKI)induced by ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Methods CD24+renal epithelial cells were isolated from mouse kidneys using flow cytometric sorting and expanded by passaging.C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control group(n=8,sham surgery only),the model control group(n=8,unilateral kidney I/R plus contralateral nephrectomy),and the CD24+cell treatment group(n=8,AKI model followed by renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+cells).Mice were euthanized at 24 h after modeling and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers[serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)].Renal tissues were subjected to pathological evaluation and macrophage staining.An M1-polarized macrophage model was established using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-cultured with CD24+renal epithelial cells.The polarization state of macrophages was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and flow cytometry.Results CD24+renal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and passaged stably.Compared with the normal control group,the model control group exhibited significantly elevated Scr and BUN levels and renal pathological damage.In contrast,the CD24+cell treatment group showed significant reduction in serum biochemical markers and pathological injury compared with the model control group,along with reduction in M1 macrophage infiltration in the kidneys(P<0.05,P<0.01).In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that in the CD24+co-culture group,the expression of M1 polarization-related markers in macrophages was significantly lower than that in the non-co-culture group,and the proportion of CD80+M1 macrophages in the co-culture group decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells can alleviate I/R-induced AKI by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through paracrine mechanisms.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells for the treatment of acute kidney injury(AKI)induced by ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Methods CD24+renal epithelial cells were isolated from mouse kidneys using flow cytometric sorting and expanded by passaging.C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control group(n=8,sham surgery only),the model control group(n=8,unilateral kidney I/R plus contralateral nephrectomy),and the CD24+cell treatment group(n=8,AKI model followed by renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+cells).Mice were euthanized at 24 h after modeling and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers[serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)].Renal tissues were subjected to pathological evaluation and macrophage staining.An M1-polarized macrophage model was established using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-cultured with CD24+renal epithelial cells.The polarization state of macrophages was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and flow cytometry.Results CD24+renal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and passaged stably.Compared with the normal control group,the model control group exhibited significantly elevated Scr and BUN levels and renal pathological damage.In contrast,the CD24+cell treatment group showed significant reduction in serum biochemical markers and pathological injury compared with the model control group,along with reduction in M1 macrophage infiltration in the kidneys(P<0.05,P<0.01).In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that in the CD24+co-culture group,the expression of M1 polarization-related markers in macrophages was significantly lower than that in the non-co-culture group,and the proportion of CD80+M1 macrophages in the co-culture group decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells can alleviate I/R-induced AKI by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through paracrine mechanisms.

Objective:To investigate the attention level of oral medicine residents in standardized training (referred to as residency training) to oral aesthetic information and its influencing factors.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which included 262 residents undergoing standardized training at Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University in January 2020. Among them, there were 73 males and 189 females, with an age range of 23-33 (26±2) years. A questionnaire survey method was used, and the questionnaire included the basic characteristics of the subjects (gender, grade, major, identity, and having training experience in prosthodontic base or not) as well as their attention to oral aesthetic information (facial proportions, facial midline, smile line, facial contour, E-line, nasolabial angle, tooth shape and contour, and tooth proportions). Differences in the attention to oral aesthetic information among residents with different basic characteristics were compared, and a multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the influencing factors.Results:Among the 262 oral medicine residents, 256 (97.7%) believed that it was necessary to pay attention to oral aesthetic information. The differences in attention to facial proportions between residents of different genders and between those with and without training experience in the prosthodontic base were statistically significant (both P<0.05). The results of the multivariate logistic regression showed that male residents were less likely to pay attention to facial proportions compared with female residents ( OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.23-0.88). Compared with residents specializing in orthodontics, non-orthodontic residents were less likely to pay attention to the E-line ( OR=0.14-0.27, 95% CI: 0.04-0.68) and nasolabial angle ( OR=0.14-0.31, 95% CI: 0.04-0.81). Residents who were graduate students with integrated four certificates were more likely to pay attention to the E-line compared with industry-based personnel ( OR=1.88, 95% CI: 1.01-3.49). Residents without training experience in the prosthodontic base were less likely to pay attention to the facial proportion ( OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.97) and tooth shape and contour ( OR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.98) compared with those with such training experience in prosthodontic base. Conclusions:Oral medicine residents have a high level of attention to oral aesthetic information. Gender, major, identity, and having training experience in the prosthodontic base or not are factors that influence their attention to oral aesthetic information.

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of semaglutide(Sem)capsules in type 2 diabetic model rats.METHODS Male SD rats were divided into the normal control group,type 2 diabetic model group and model+Sem capsules(0.839,1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1)groups.A type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high sugar and high fat diet feeding combined with ip given streptozotocin(STZ)injection.Seven days after modeling,the model+Sem capsules group was ig given Sem capsules at the corresponding dose in a fasting state,once a day,for 14 d.Body mass,fasting blood glucose(FBG),and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels were regularly mea-sured in each group of rats.Plasma from rats in the model+Sem capsules 0.839,1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1 groups at different time points was collected at the end of the continuous administration of Sem capsules,and the content of Sem in the plasma of rats was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Concentration-time curves were plotted,and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were fitted by the WinNonlin non-atrial model method.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in model+Sem capsules dosing groups decreased significantly after 7 and 14 d of Sem capsules intervention(P<0.05,P<0.01),so did FBG(P<0.01)and the HbA1c level(P<0.01).Meanwhile,FBG and HbA1c levels of rats in model+Sem capsules 1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1 groups were not significantly different from those of the normal control group after 14 d of Sem capsules intervention,suggesting that FBG and HbA1c levels were basically restored to normal.Phar-macokinetic results showed that the elimination half-life(t1/2)of Sem in plasma after ig administration of Sem capsules 0.839,1.678,and 2.517 mg·kg-1 for 14 d in rats was 7.40±1.34,7.48±0.33 and(8.23±0.90)h,respectively,the peak concentration(Cmax)was 18±9,81±23 and(256±53)μg·L-1,time to peak(Tmax)was 0.06±0.13,1.56±0.88,(1.50±1.00)h,respectively,the area under the curve(AUC0-t)was 158±76 μg·h·L-1,858±310 and(3795±1539)μg·h·L-1,and the accumulation index was 1.12±0.05,1.12±0.01 and 1.15±0.04,respectively.CONCLUSION Sem capsules ig administrated can effectively reduce body mass,FBG and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic model rats,and lead to glucose reduction and by mass loss.After 14 d of continuous administration of Sem capsules,there is no accu-mulation of semaglutide in rats in the dose range of 0.839-2.517 mg·kg-1,and the exposure increases with the dose.