Objective: To explore the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of primary prostatic signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC), so as to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 6 patients with primary prostatic SRCC treated in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital during Nov.2020 and Sep.2024.The clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment methods, histological characteristics and prognosis were summarized. Results: The average age of the patients was (72.00±4.28) years.Varying degrees of dysuria occurred in 4 patients. All patients underwent multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) examination before surgery, and the results indicated typical prostate cancer.Preoperative biopsies showed high-grade (Gleason 8-10) prostate acinar adenocarcinoma.Postoperative pathological diagnoses were mixed types of prostate acinar adenocarcinoma and SRCC, and no metastasis was found in the pelvic lymph nodes.All patients were followed up for 1 to 46 months after surgery and are currently alive.Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy only was performed in 3 cases; apalutamide and leuprolide/triptorelin was administered after surgery in 2 cases; bicalutamide + goserelin was administered after surgery in 1 case, who developed bladder metastasis of prostate cancer 24 months later, and the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration decreased to a safe level (<0.2 ng/mL) after the use of darolutamide with radiotherapy.No recurrence or metastasis was found in the remaining patients. Conclusion: Primary prostatic SRCC is a rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor of the prostate.The diagnosis depends on pathological examinations due to lack of specific imaging features and clinical manifestations.The prognosis is poor, and there is currently no standardized treatment.The combined use of surgery, hormonotherapy and radiotherapy can help improve the survival rate of patients.

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy. However, low response rates and immune-related side effects have plagued immunotherapy. Metallic nanoparticles, utilizing metals as their framework, are gaining prominence in cancer immunotherapy. Metal ions have shown the ability to modulate immune status by activating the cGAS-STING pathway and inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby enabling multidimensional activation of immunotherapy. Metallic nanoparticles offer significant advantages in cancer immunotherapy, leading to their increasing use in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In view of the ever-increasing research on metallic nanoparticles, this review presents the construction, characterization, and enhanced cancer immunotherapeutic effects of different types of metal nanosystems from the perspective of the immunoregulatory mechanisms of metal ions. We delve into the current limitations and future directions of metallic nanoparticles in this rapidly evolving field. To the best of our knowledge, this review offers the most up-to-date and systematic analysis of metallic nanoparticles in immunotherapeutic applications. It is anticipated that this review of metallic nanoparticles will inspire a more refined and intelligent design of metallic nanoparticles for future research, paving the way for advancing their clinical applications.

[Objective] To investigate the pathological characteristics of false-positive lesions of prostate cancer on ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT based on the pathology of whole mount specimens, in order to more accurately assess the degree of malignancy within the prostate tissue and avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. [Methods] A total of 77 patients who underwent ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT before radical prostatectomy in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital during Jan.2018 and Dec.2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The pathology of whole mount specimens was detected.Two nuclear physicians examined all imaging plates without knowing the pathological results.Two pathological physicians completed all pathological diagnosis without knowing the imaging results.The pathological characteristics of false-positive lesions were determined by matching ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and pathological specimens.To analyze the pathological features of false-positive lesions, true-negative lesions were randomly delineated and defined.The pathological features of false-positive and true-negative lesions were analyzed and compared using Fisher exact test. [Results] After the imaging and pathological sections were matched, 21(16.3%) false-positive lesions were identified.The pathological characteristics of the 21 false-positive lesions were as follows: 16 (76.2%) simple atrophy with cyst formation, 3(14.3%) prostatic nodular hyperplasia, and 2(9.5%) inflammation.The pathological characteristics of 21 true-negative lesions were: 13(61.9%) normal glands, 5(23.8%) prostatic nodular hyperplasia and 3(14.3%) simple atrophy with cyst formation.Fisher exact test showed that the proportion of simple atrophy with cyst formation in the pathological features of false-positive lesions and true-negative lesions was statistically significant (76.2% vs.14.3%, P<0.001). [Conclusion] Simple atrophy with cyst formation may be a characteristic pathological type of the false-positive lesions of prostate cancer on ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT.

[Objective] To investigate the clinical utility of ATP-binding cassette transporter family in immunotherapy for bladder cancer based on IMvigor210 and UNC-108 (GSE176307) datasets. [Methods] Gene expression data of 348 patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma were downloaded from the IMvigor210 database.Firstly, consensus clustering was performed to the gene expression levels of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family, resulting in two clusters: Cluster 1 and Cluster 2.Survival analysis was conducted between the two clusters.Next, univariate Cox regression was employed to identify ATP-binding cassette transporter family genes significantly affecting prognosis.A predictive model was constructed using the random survival forest algorithm to predict treatment response and survival outcomes in patients with bladder cancer receiving immunotherapy.The model's accuracy was validated with UNC-108 dataset.Then, ESTIMATE and ssGSEA were applied to analyze differences in the tumor microenvironment.Furthermore, oncoPredict algorithm was used to predict the sensitivity of patients to cisplatin. [Results] A total of 9 ATP-binding cassette transporter family genes were selected to construct the ABC score predictive model.In the IMvigor210 datasets, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with low ABC score had significantly longer overall survival compared to those with high ABC score (P<0.001). The ABC score model demonstrated good performance with area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.80, 0.87, and 0.88 for predicting 0.5-year, 1-year, and 1.5-year survival, respectively.The predictive ability of the ABC score for immunotherapy response, with an AUC of 0.78, outperformed that of TMB (AUC: 0.72) and PD-L1 (AUC: 0.58). The ABC score also exhibited favorable predictive performance in the UNC-108 validation cohort.ABC score was also significantly correlated with tumor microenvironment immune scores, various immune cells, and the expression of immune checkpoint genes. [Conclusion] ATP-binding cassette transporter family is closely associated with the tumor microenvironment and the efficacy of immunotherapy for bladder cancer, making it a potential novel biomarker for immunotherapy.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and malignancy of red-patch like lesion(RPL)during cystoscopy,and to explore the significance of RPL biopsy.Methods Clinical data of patients who had RPL detected in our hospital during Jan.2019 and Jun.2023 were retrospectively analyzed,including gender,age,cause of examination,presence of scars,complications and biopsy pathology.The patients were divided into the benign and malignant groups,and their clinical and RPL characteristics were analyzed.Results A total of 521 cases of RPL were enrolled including 416(79.8％)benign cases,and 105(20.2％)malignant cases.The averae age of the malignant group was higher than the benign group's[(66.8±12.2)years vs.(62.8±12.9)years,P=0.005].The malignant detection rate of RPL in postoperative follow-up patients,those with hematuria and those with lower urinary tract symptoms was 23.7％(92/389),19.6％(9/46),4.7％(4/86),respectively.According to direct observation and experience,the detection rate of pathological malignancy in the three groups of patients with high suspicion of RPL malignancy,mild suspicion of RPL malignancy and high probability of benign was 56.9％(37/65),37.0％(30/81)and 10.1％(38/375),respectively.Conclusion Once RPL is detected during cystoscopy,active biopsy should be performed.For elderly male patients undergoing postoperative follow-up,RPL biopsy is particularly important,especially when the lesion is located on or near the scar surface.

Objective To compare and analyze the efficacy and risks of percutaneous CT/ultrasound-guided bipolar radiofrequency ablation(RFA)under local anesthesia with robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(RAPN)for the treatment of sporadic small renal mass.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 93 consecutive patients with T1a stage small renal mass during Mar.2019 and Oct.2021.Among them,51 underwent RAPN,and 42 underwent RFA.General information,tumor characteristics,perioperative and follow-up data were collected and statistically analyzed.Results There were no significant differences in general information and tumor characteristics between the two groups(P＞0.05).The operation time[(96.0±20.0)min vs.(113.5±24.1)min,P＜0.001],hospital stay[(3.5±0.8)day vs.(6.9±1.8)day,P＜0.001],and hospital costs[(2.4±0.7)ten thousand yuan vs.(6.6±0.4)ten thousand yuan,P＜0.001]were significantly decreased in the RFA group than in the RAPN group.There were no significant differences in the incidence of perioperative complications and long-term disease-free survival rate between the two groups(P＞0.05).However,the difference between one-year postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)and preoperative eGFR was significantly lower in the RFA group than in the RAPN group[-2.3(-4.7-1.3)mL/(min·1.73 m2)vs.-5.0(-9.1 2.8)mL/(min·1.73 m2),P=0.003],and the reduction of one-year postoperative creatinine and preoperative creatinine was slightly lower in the RFA group than in the RAPN group[4.0(-0.2-5.5)μmol/L vs.4.5(1.8-9.2)μmol/L,P=0.122].Conclusion RFA can achieve comparable disease-free survival rate as RAPN in the treatment of T1a renal tumor,and can effectively preserve renal function,reduce medical costs,save medical resources,and lower the incidence of perioperative complications.

【Objective】 To develop a clinical prediction model based on ⁶⁸Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 (⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) parameters to stratify prostate cancer patients undergoing targeted biopsy, so as to avoid unnecessary systematic biopsy. 【Methods】 A total of 96 clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) patients who underwent ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and mpMRI prior to prostate targeted biopsy with systematic biopsy during Jan.2020 and Feb.2023 in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.By univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) in ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and minimum apparent diffusion coefficien (ADCmin) in mpMRI, as well as clinical parameters were evaluated to identify the independent predictors correlative with the effective diagnosis of targeted biopsy, and a clinical prediction model was constructed. 【Results】 Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SUVmax (OR=0.878, 95%CI: 0.804-0.959, P=0.004) and ADCmin (OR=1.005, 95%CI:1.001-1.010, P=0.027) were independent predictors of the effective diagnosis of targeted biopsy alone.The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of the model were 0.80, 0.80, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The clinical prediction model based on ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and mpMRI parameters is helpful to improve the effective diagnosis of targeted biopsy alone, and has practical value to stratify patients with csPCa so as to safely avoid systematic biopsy and effectively balance the benefits and risks.

【Objective】 To explore the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and long-term follow-up of urogenital solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) and to differentiate the characteristics between benign and malignant SFT. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 20 patients with urogenital SFT treated in our hospital during Jan.2004 and Aug.2021 were respectively analyzed, including the general characteristics, clinical symptoms, imaging results, treatment methods, pathological results, and long-term follow-up results. 【Results】 Of the 20 cases, 9 cases had tumor in kidney, 7 in pelvic cavity, 3 in bladder and 1 in prostate.Six patients showed non-specific clinical symptoms, including lower extremity weakness, urodynia, dysuria, frequent urination with changes in stool habits, low back pain, and abdominal wall mass with abdominal pain, and the other 14 cases were asymptomatic.The median diameter of SFT was 5.2 cm (range:1.7-15.0 cm).All patients received surgical treatment, including robotic-assisted surgery in 8 cases, open surgery in 5 cases, laparoscopic surgery in 5 cases, and transurethral resection of tumor in 2 cases.CT plain scan showed high, low and mixed density soft tissue masses, and enhanced CT showed enhanced results.Pathology results revealed frequent nuclear divisions, morphological variations and necrosis in malignant SFT, which had higher expression of Ki-67 than benign SFT.The results of the modified Demicco prognostic risk stratification model showed that all malignant SFT cases were at intermediate risk. The DFS of the SFT radical tumor resection group was slightly longer than that of the simple tumor resection group but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.203). 【Conclusion】 Markers such as CD34, Bcl2, STAT6 and CD99 are used to diagnose SFT, while Ki-67 and tumor necrosis are used to differentiate benign and malignant SFT.The modified Demicco prognostic risk stratification model plays an important role in predicting the prognosis of SFT.Surgical resection is the most common treatment with excellent prognosis.In addition, benign SFT has much better prognosis than malignant case.

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of semaglutide(Sem)capsules in type 2 diabetic model rats.METHODS Male SD rats were divided into the normal control group,type 2 diabetic model group and model+Sem capsules(0.839,1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1)groups.A type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high sugar and high fat diet feeding combined with ip given streptozotocin(STZ)injection.Seven days after modeling,the model+Sem capsules group was ig given Sem capsules at the corresponding dose in a fasting state,once a day,for 14 d.Body mass,fasting blood glucose(FBG),and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels were regularly mea-sured in each group of rats.Plasma from rats in the model+Sem capsules 0.839,1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1 groups at different time points was collected at the end of the continuous administration of Sem capsules,and the content of Sem in the plasma of rats was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Concentration-time curves were plotted,and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were fitted by the WinNonlin non-atrial model method.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in model+Sem capsules dosing groups decreased significantly after 7 and 14 d of Sem capsules intervention(P<0.05,P<0.01),so did FBG(P<0.01)and the HbA1c level(P<0.01).Meanwhile,FBG and HbA1c levels of rats in model+Sem capsules 1.678 and 2.517 mg·kg-1 groups were not significantly different from those of the normal control group after 14 d of Sem capsules intervention,suggesting that FBG and HbA1c levels were basically restored to normal.Phar-macokinetic results showed that the elimination half-life(t1/2)of Sem in plasma after ig administration of Sem capsules 0.839,1.678,and 2.517 mg·kg-1 for 14 d in rats was 7.40±1.34,7.48±0.33 and(8.23±0.90)h,respectively,the peak concentration(Cmax)was 18±9,81±23 and(256±53)μg·L-1,time to peak(Tmax)was 0.06±0.13,1.56±0.88,(1.50±1.00)h,respectively,the area under the curve(AUC0-t)was 158±76 μg·h·L-1,858±310 and(3795±1539)μg·h·L-1,and the accumulation index was 1.12±0.05,1.12±0.01 and 1.15±0.04,respectively.CONCLUSION Sem capsules ig administrated can effectively reduce body mass,FBG and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic model rats,and lead to glucose reduction and by mass loss.After 14 d of continuous administration of Sem capsules,there is no accu-mulation of semaglutide in rats in the dose range of 0.839-2.517 mg·kg-1,and the exposure increases with the dose.