Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Objective:To explore the effect of comfort nursing intervention in hospice care for advanced cancer patients at home, and to provide reference for hospice care for advanced cancer patients at home.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 105 patients with advanced cancer who were treated in the Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University from January to February 2023 were selected as the research objects. According to the random number table, they were divided into control group of 53 cases and intervention group of 52 cases. The control group received routine nursing methods, while the intervention group received comfort nursing interventions on this basis. The intervention lasted for 4 weeks. The changes in palliative care outcomes, quality of life and death anxiety were compared between the two groups before and after intervention.Results:Totally 105 cases were included, 53 cases in the control group and 52 cases in the intervention group. In the control group, there were 25 males, 28 females, aged (58.96 ± 10.71) years old; in the intervention group, there were 22 males, 30 females, aged (59.82 ± 10.53) years old. Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in palliative care outcomes, quality of life and cancer death anxiety scores between the two groups of patients (all P>0.05). After intervention, the total score of palliative care outcomes in the intervention group was (13.34 ± 5.88) points, significantly lower than (16.15 ± 5.72) points in the control group, with a statistically significant difference ( t = 2.48, P<0.05). The overall health status score of quality of life was (68.55 ± 9.34) points in the intervention group, higher than (63.01 ± 9.28) points in the control group ( t = 3.05, P<0.05). The total score of cancer death anxiety was (8.85 ± 2.72) points, significantly lower than (10.59 ± 3.14) points of the control group, with a statistically significant difference ( t = 3.04, P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of comfort nursing mode in home based hospice care can improve the quality of hospice care for advanced cancer patients, reduce their level of death anxiety, and is of great significance for improving the quality of life of advanced cancer patients.

Objective: To investigate the recessive infection rate of healthy children and guardians in different epidemic periods of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao, analyze the risk factors affecting recessive infection, so as to provide the basis for HFMD prevention and control. Methods: In the nonepidemic period of 2022, the random cluster sampling method was used to selected 546 children and guardians from 4 childcare institutions in Laoshan District and Pingdu City. In the epidemic period of 2023, 690 children and guardians were selected from 6 childcare institutions in Shibei District, Laoshan District and Pingdu District. A questionnair survey was conducted in the epidemic period. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting the recessive infection. Dominance analysis was used to explore the relative importance of the risk factors affecting recessive infection. Results: The results showed that the recessive infection rates of healthy children and guardians in the epidemic period were 18.84% and 13.62%, respectively; the recessive infection rates were 9.09% and 4.44% in the nonepidemic period, respectively. The results of multivariate Logistic analysis showed that rural areas (OR=4.71, 95%CI=2.57-8.61) and recessive infection of guardians (OR=18.62, 95%CI=7.45-46.56) were positively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy children (P<0.05). Washing hands (OR=0.09, 95%CI=0.04-0.20), using towels alone (OR=0.17, 95%CI=0.07-0.40), and EV71 vaccination (OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.20-0.87) were negatively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy children (P<0.05). Public toilets (OR=3.02, 95%CI=1.50-6.09) and drying bedding once per quarter (OR=3.89, 95%CI=1.75-8.68) were positively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy guardians. Housing with good lighting (OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.12-0.79), and tableware disinfection (OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.15-0.65) were negatively correlated with recessive infection of HFMD in healthy guardians (P<0.05). The results showed that recessive infection of guardians was relatively the most important for healthy children (41.51%), and tableware disinfection was relatively the most important for recessive infection of guardians (28.87%). Conclusions The recessive infections of HFMD are common among healthy populations in Qingdao, and the recessive infection rate among children during the epidemic period is relatively higher. Guardians play an important role in the recessive infection of healthy children. Therefore, healthy education should be strengthened for key populations, especially to enhance parents awareness of prevention and control to reduce the occurrence of recessive infections of hand, foot and mouth disease in children and guardians.

Objective:To explore the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) from imaging perspective by analyzing voxel-based morphology (VBM) and functional connectivity (FC) in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Methods:Thirty-five patients with NPSLE and 30 patients with non-NPSLE admitted to Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from June 2020 to March 2023 were enrolled; 31 healthy subjects were included as healthy control group during the same period. All subjects completed routine MRI and rs-fMRI, laboratory tests (C3, C4, IgA, IgM and IgG levels), mini-mental state examination (MMSE), hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC). Whole brain gray matter volume in subjects of the 3 groups was analyzed by VBM method, and the brain regions enjoying significant differences in gray matter volume between the NPSLE group and non-NPSLE group were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) for whole brain FC analysis. Partial correlation method was used to analyze the correlations of imaging indexes in brain regions enjoying significant differences with clinical indexes and imaging scores between NPSLE group and non-NPSLE group. Efficacy of imaging indexes in brain regions enjoying significant difference in differentiating NPSLE from non-NPSLE was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:(1) Covariance analysis among the 3 groups showed that the gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus of orbit, left superior frontal gyrus, right rectus gyrus, right transverse temporal gyrus, and right superior frontal gyrus was significantly different among the 3 groups ( P<0.001, FDR corrected); compared with the healthy control group, the NPSLE group had significantly reduced gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus of orbit, left superior frontal gyrus of orbit, right rectus gyrus, right transverse temporal gyrus, and right superior frontal gyrus ( P<0.001, FDR corrected); compared with the non-NPSLE group, the NPSLE group had significantly decreased gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus of orbit, right rectus gyrus, and right transverse temporal gyrus ( P<0.001, FDR corrected). (2) Whole brain FC analysis with brain regions enjoying significant differences as seed points showed that Fisher z-transformed FC (zFC) in the right transverse temporal gyrus and bilateral postcentral gyrus of the NPSLE group were significantly decreased ( P<0.001, FDR corrected). (3) Partial correlation analysis showed that, in the NPSLE group, zFC from the right transverse temporal gyrus to left posterior central gyrus was negatively correlated with disease course ( r=-0.390, P=0.027); gray matter volume in the right orbital superior frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with FSMC-cognitive ( r=-0.401, P=0.023); the gray matter volume in the right orbital superior frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with FSMC-motor ( r=-0.374, P=0.035). (4) ROC curve found that gray matter volume in the right rectus gyrus and zFC from the right transverse temporal gyrus to the right posterior central gyrus had relatively high efficacy in differentiating NPSLE from non-NPSLE, with AUC of 0.771 (95% CI: 0.658-0.885, P<0.001) and 0.794 (95% CI: 0.685-0.904, P<0.001), respectively. Conclusion:NPSLE patients have reduced gray matter volume in multiple brain regions (concentrating in the prefrontal limbic system); and reduced FC with some brain regions is noted; multiple indexes are correlated with clinical indexes.

Objective:To develop a Core Competency Scale for Ophthalmic Specialist Nurses and test its reliability and validity.Methods:This study was a questionnaire development study. This study transformed the core competency evaluation indicators for ophthalmic specialist nurses constructed through literature review, semi-structured interviews, expert consultations, and other methods to form the initial draft of the Core Competency Scale for Ophthalmic Specialist Nurses. From October 2022 to March 2023, a survey was conducted on 364 ophthalmic specialist nurses in China using purposive and snowball sampling. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability testing were performed on the scale.Results:The final Core Competency Scale for Ophthalmic Specialist Nurses included six dimensions of ophthalmic specialized knowledge, ophthalmic specialized skills, essential nursing practice ability, communication and education ability, scientific research ability, and professional competence, totaling 30 items. Exploratory factor analysis extracted six common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 73.077%. The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.955, the half reliability coefficient was 0.796, and the retest reliability coefficient was 0.973.Conclusions:The Core Competency Scale for Ophthalmic Specialist Nurses has good reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate the core competency of ophthalmic specialist nurses.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the levels of serum neuron-specific enolase(NSE)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and the attack stage and prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to viral encephalitis(VE).Methods A total of 96 children with VE admitted to the People's Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2015 to January 2020 were selected as the research subjects,and they were divided into the control group(children with VE,n=30)and the observation group(children with epilepsy secondary to VE,n=66).In addition,30 healthy children who underwent physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as the health group.The levels of serum NSE and TNF-α in the health group,control group and observation group were compared.Children in the observation group were further divided into the 24h relapse group(n=48)and 24h non-relapse group(n=18)according to the attack of disease within 24h after admission.The levels of serum NSE and TNF-α were compared between the two groups.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the levels of NSE,TNF-α and the attack stage of epilepsy secondary to VE.Children in the observation group were divided into the good prognosis group(n=45)and the poor prognosis group(n=21)according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale score at discharge.The serum levels of NSE,TNF-α and other possible prognostic factors were compared between the two groups.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the prognostic factors of children with epilepsy secondary to VE,and the predictive value of serum NSE and TNF-αlevels on the prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to VE was analyzed by drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve.Results The level of serum NSE in the control group was significantly higher than that in the health group(P＜0.05),and there was no significant difference in the level of serum TNF-α between the control group and the health group(P＞0.05).The serum levels of NSE and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The serum levels of NSE and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The levels of serum NSE and TNF-α in the 24 h relapse group were significantly higher than those in the 24 h non-relapse group(P＜0.05).The proportion of severe abnormal EEG,severe abnormal brain images and complicated respiratory failure,and serum levels of c-reactive protein,NSE and TNF-α in the good prognosis group were lower than those in the poor prognosis group(P＜0.05);there were no significant differences in sex,age,body mass,brain injury site,fever,hypokalemia,hyponatremia,previous convulsions,stress hyperglycemia,complicated organ dysfunction,viral infection,first episode of epilepsy,Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission,duration of convulsion,length of hospital stay,white blood cell count,aspartate transaminase,creatine kinase and cardiac troponin levels between the two groups(P＞0.05).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that complicated respiratory failure,serum NSE and TNF-α levels were correlated with the prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to VE(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of serum NSE and TNF-α levels in predicting the prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to VE was 0.724(95％confidence interval:0.672-0.776)and 0.689(95％confidence interval:0.637-0.734),respectively,with a sensitivity of 82.22％and 75.56％and a specificity of 76.19％and 71.43％;the AUC of the combination of the two in predicting the prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to VE was 0.826(95％confidence interval:0.774-0.873),with a sensitivity of 73.33％and a specificity of 80.95％.Conclusion The serum levels of NSE and TNF-α are abnormally high in children with epilepsy secondary to VE.Both of them are factors affecting the prognosis of children with epilepsy secondary to VE,showing a good predictive value for the prognosis of epilepsy secondary to VE.

Objective To observe the efficacy of Jieyu Fuwei Powder in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods A total of 66 patients with chronic FD (type of disharmony between liver and stomach) from the outpatient clinic of Hai'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were randomly divided into two groups, with 33 cases in each group. Control group was treated with domperidone, while treatment group was treated with Jieyu Fuwei Powder. The total effective rate, scores of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, levels of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), gastrin (GAS) and motilin (MTL) as well as the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Volunteers from the two groups after treatment (14 cases in the control group and 13 cases in the treatment group) were recruited to receive outpatient gastroscopy and obtain biopsy tissues for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of GAS and MTL. Results The total effective rate in the treatment group was 90.91%, which was significantly higher than 69.70% in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of symptoms such as pain in both sides of the chest, epigastric fullness, upper abdominal discomfort, belching, heartburn and irritability in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). After treatment, the levels of serum 5-HT and SP decreased significantly while the levels of MTL and GAS increased significantly in both groups, and the levels of serum 5-HT and SP were significantly lower in the treatment group than those in the control group, while the levels of MTL and GAS were significantly higher in the treatment group than those in the control group (P < 0.05 orP < 0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions was 6.06% (2/33) in the treatment group and 9.09% (3/33) in the control group, with no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). Hematoxylin an eosin (HE) staining of biopsy tissues showed no significant difference in pathology between the two groups, and immunohistochemical results suggested that the expression level of GAS and MTL in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusion Efficacy of Jieyu Fuwei Powder in the treatment of FD differentiated as type of disharmony between liver and stomach is superior to domperidone, and its mechanism may be related to the intervention of brain-gut interaction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, laboratory characteristics and genetic diagnosis of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD), and to improve the understanding of this disease.Methods:Four children diagnosed with AADCD from the Department of Neurology, Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from August 2016 to June 2020 were collected, and their clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging data, and genetic test results were retrospectively analyzed.Results:All the 4 cases were diagnosed in early infancy, with the first symptom of feeding difficulties. They developed paroxysmal dyspraxia accompanied by eye movement crisis, movement regression, hypotonia, growth retardation, sleep disorders and autonomic nervous symptoms such as ptosis, excessive sweating and nasal congestion at the age of 2-4 months, respectively. The 4 children were siblings from 2 families with healthy parents. The dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase ( DDC) gene mutations in cases 1 and 2 were derived from the maternal missense mutation c.1040G>A(P.RG347gln), and from the paternal deletion of exons 11 and 12, respectively. The DDC gene mutation in case 3 was derived from the maternal mutation c.419G>A(p.G140E) and the paternal mutation c.1375C>T(p.H459Y), respectively. Case 4 did not undergo genetic testing. Blood amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles and urine organic acid analyses were performed in 3 cases, and no specific abnormalities were found. In case 3, the results of 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) screening by blood dry filter paper increased significantly. Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter detection results showed that the concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyldiol, vanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly decreased, while the levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 3-OMD were increased in case 3. Blood aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) activity decreased significantly in case 3. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations were performed in cases 1, 3, and 4, among which the cranial MRI in case 1 was normal, while the cranial MRI in cases 3 and 4 suggested that myelination was slightly backward. The EEG was normal in all the 3 cases. Cases 1 and 2 died of pneumonia and respiratory failure at the age of 1 year and 10 months. Case 3 was given clonazepam, benxel hydrochloride tablets and vitamin B6 tablets orally after diagnosis at the age of 4 months, and then treated with selegiline hydrochloride tablets and pramexol hydrochloride tablets. At the follow-up of 1 year and 6 months, the frequency of eye movement crisis and movement disorder was reduced, sleep was improved and autonomic nervous symptoms were alleviated, but there was no improvement in developmental delay. Case 4 was diagnosed with cerebral palsy and epilepsy, but failed various antiepileptic drugs and rehabilitation training, and died at the age of 10 due to heart failure and kidney failure. Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of AADCD are complicated and the misdiagnosis rate is high. Infants with early-onset hypotonia, developmental retardation, eye movement crisis, and movement disorders should be screened with dry filter paper as soon as possible for 3-OMD level, and suspicious cases should be diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter detection, plasma AADC activity determination, and gene examination. Early diagnosis of AADCD in children and gene mutation carriers can guide treatment and provide genetic counseling to reduce the incidence of the offspring.

Objective:To understand the identification value of pointing gestures in children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) and its relationship with functional development.Methods:From December 2020 to November 2021, 1 099 children from Children’s Health Care Center of Beijing Children’s Hospital were tested by pointing gestures test, including 942 ASD children and 157 typical developed children.And the data of children's neuropsychological development scale from 800 children aged 1.0-5.9 were collected.SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Trend test was used to analyze the distribution of pointing gestures test sensitivity in autistic children, and ANOVA was used to analyze the relationship between pointing gestures test scores and functional development fields.Results:The sensitivity of pointing gestures was 83.5% in children aged 1.0-10.0 years, 76.3%-93.1% in children aged 1.0-4.9 years, and 93.1%-95.1% in children aged 1.0-2.9.With the increase of age, the sensitivity of pointing gestures in autistic children (linear-by-linear association =164.889, P<0.001) and the Yoden index had a decreasing trend. The positive predictive value (91.53%-100.00%) and negative predictive value (75.36%-91.84%) were found in the children aged 1.0-10.0 years.The sensitivity of pointing gestures test was 44.9% in children with mild autism aged 1.0-10.0 years and 46.5%-65.9% in children with mild autism aged from 1.0-3.9 years. The sensitivity of pointing gestures test was 81.5% in children with moderate autism aged from 1.0-10.0 years and 87.3%-97.8% in children with moderate autism aged 1.0-3.9 years. The sensitivity of the pointing gestures test was 97.2% in children with severe autism aged 1.0-10.0 years, and 100.0% in children with severe autism aged 1.0-3.9 years. The sensitivity of the pointing gestures in mild, moderate and severe autism children decreased with age (linear-by-linear association values were 16.725, 64.232, 66.732 respectively, all P<0.001). The children with severe autism mainly scored 2 points (80.3%, 419/522) on the pointing gestures test , and children with moderate autism mainly scored 1 point(64.2%, 170/265) on the pointing gestures test. There were significant differences in functional development among different pointing gestures test groups.Functional development score in the autism children with 0 score of pointing gestures test was significantly higher than those with 1 score and 2 scores of pointing gestures test (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Pointing gestures has good sensitivity in children with autism (especially 1.0-4.9 years of age), and may serve as an objectively observable screening method. The better children with autism score on the pointing gestures, the better their functional development.