Autophagy is a fundamental biological metabolic process involved in immune defense, material metabolism, and homeostasis and closely linked to immune regulation. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a widespread connective tissue disorder primarily resulting from immune system imbalance. Due to the immune system's failure to recognize its own substances, it generates autoantibodies that can affect various tissues and organs, leading to diverse clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis and treatment of SLE are currently under extensive investigation. In normal metabolic processes, autophagy engages in both innate and adaptive immunity, regulates the immune response, and is crucial for maintaining normal immune function and the body's internal homeostasis. Research has indicated that SLE patients exhibit immune dysfunction and altered autophagy levels. Modulating autophagy expression can influence immune system functionality and alleviate SLE symptoms. Additionally, autophagy aids in the innate immune response and adaptive immunity by clearing metabolites and regulating the life cycle of immune cells. Studies suggest that drugs targeting autophagy can positively influence the progression of SLE. This article reviews advancements in research regarding the impact of autophagy on the pathogenesis of SLE through the regulation of immune system functions.
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology* ; Autophagy/immunology* ; Humans ; Animals ; Immunity, Innate ; Adaptive Immunity ; Disease Progression ; Immune System/immunology*

Objective To investigate the protective effect of exogenous leptin against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury in mice and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods A total of 100 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups,including a sham-operated group,cerebral I/R model group,and 3 leptin treatment groups with intraperitoneal injections of 0.5,1.0 or 2.0 leptin immediately after occlusion of the internal carotid artery.At 24 h after reperfusion,neurological function scores of the mice were assessed,and TTC staining was used to determine the area of cerebral infarction.The pathological changes in the cortical brain tissue of the mice were observed using HE staining,and degenerative damage of the cortical neurons were assessed with Fluoro-Jade C staining.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cortical brain tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.In another 45 C57BL/6 mice with sham operation,I/R modeling,or leptin(1 mg/kg)treatment,glutamic acid in the cortical brain tissue was detected using glutamate assay,and cortical glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST)and glutamate transporter-1(GLT-1)protein expressions were detected using immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the I/R model mice,the leptin-treated mice had significantly lower neurological deficit scores,smaller cerebral infarct area,milder pathologies in the cortical brain tissue,and lessened cortical neuronal damage with normal morphology and less excessive proliferation of the astrocytes.Leptin treatment significantly up-regulated the expressions of GLT-1 and GLAST and lowered the content of glutamic acid in the brain tissue of the I/R mice.Conclusion Exogenous leptin has obvious neuroprotective effect against cerebral I/R injury in mice,mediated probably by controlling excessive astrocyte proliferation and up-regulating cortical GLT-1 and GLAST expressions to reduce glutamate-mediated excitotoxic injury of the astrocytes.

Objective To establish a method for the detection of serum interleukin(IL)-6 based on acridine ester chemiluminescence immune quantitative analysis.Methods Double-antibody sandwich method was applied,acridine ester was used to label complete antibody,and biotin was used to label enzyme-cut fragment antibody.Next,then they formed a sandwich complex with tested substance IL-6,in which biotin and streptavidin-coated magnetic solid particles reacted specifically to luminescence.Quantitative analysis was conducted by measuring the luminescence signal value,and the conditions for labeling antibody dilution buffer,concentration of labeled antibody and sample addition amount were optimized.The performance indexes such as limit of blank(LOB),limit of detection(LOD),intermediate precision,reportable range,interference test and HOOK effect were evaluated.Meanwhile,145 serum samples were selected and compared with Roche electrochemiluminescence by linear regression analysis.Results A method for the detection of serum IL-6 based on acridine ester chemiluminescence immune quantitative analysis was established successfully.MES-BSA was selected as the dilution buffer of labeled antibody,0.2μg/ml was selected as the concentration of labeled antibody,and 50 μl was selected as the sample addition amount.The LOB and LOD of the method were 0.2 pg/ml and 0.5 pg/ml,respectively,and the reportable range and the intermediate precision were 0.5～3 0000 pg/ml and less than 5.3％,respectively.When IL-6 concentration reached 200 000 pg/ml,HOOK effect did not appear.In the concentration range of triglyceride(TG)30 000 μg/ml,hemoglobin(HGB)9 000 μg/ml,bilirubin(TBIL)330μg/ml and rheumatoid factor(RF)1 500 IU/ml,the interfering substances did not affect on the detection results.Compared with the electrochemiluminescence method for IL-6 determination,the linear regression equation was Y=0.980 2X-3.487 9,r=0.997 7,and the results of reagent determination by the two methods were highly correlated(P＜0.05).Conclusion A method for the detection of serum IL-6 based on acridine ester luminescence is established.All the indexes meet the requirements of clinical application,making them suitable for promotion and application in clinical laboratories.

Objective To verify the consistency of the reference intervals of thyroid hormone estimated in this investigation with the reference interval in the manual of the currently used reagent and industrial standard(WS/T 404.10-2022),and select the reference interval of thyroid hormone suitable for the healthy subjects at this hospital.Methods The indirect sampling technique was used to ret-rospectively analyze the results of thyroid hormone tests of healthy subjects in the Clinical Testing Center of Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospi-tal from December 2022 to August 2023.Nonparametric method was used to estimate thyroid hormone P2.5-P97.5 reference intervals and 95％confidence intervals of the testing subjects with different genders and ages,and to explore the significant differences in the data distribution among different gender and age groups.The differences were compared with the reference intervals recommended by the in-dustrial standard(WS/T 404.10-2022)and Roche reagent specification.Results There were significant differences in TSH,FT3,FT4 and TT3 between sexes(P＜0.001,Z＞Z*),but there was no significant difference in TT4 between sexes(P=0.998,Z＜Z*).In terms of TSH levels,the women were divided into 20 to 60-year-old group(reference interval:0.62-6.40 mIU/L)and≥61-year-old group(reference interval:0.85-7.47 mIU/L).There was significant difference between the 2 groups(P＜0.001),but there was no sig-nificant difference of TSH levels among the male groups with different age(reference interval:0.79-5.64 mIU/L).In terms of FT3 lev-els,the males were divided into 20 to 40-year-old group(reference interval:4.37-6.36 pmol/L)and ≥41-year-old group(reference interval:4.02-6.34 pmol/L).There was significant difference between the 2 groups(P＜0.001),but there was no significant difference in the female among various age groups(reference interval:3.44-5.63 pmol/L).In terms of FT4 level,the males were divided into 20 to 50-year-old group(reference interval:13.7-21.4 pmol/L)and ≥51-year-old group(reference interval:12.0-20.4 pmol/L),and the females were divided into 20 to 50-year-old group(reference interval:12.5-20.25 pmol/L)and≥51-year-old group(reference interval:11.34-19.18 pmol/L).There was all significant difference between various age groups in both male and female(P＜0.001).In terms of TT3 level,no difference was found between male and female regardless of age(male[reference interval:1.18-2.18 nmol/L]and female[reference interval:1.10-2.23 nmol/L]).In terms of TT4 level,there was no significant difference between sex and age(reference interval:64.1-127 nmol/L).There was no significant difference between the reference interval recommended by Roche reagent manual and the laboratory estimated FT4 reference interval,but there were significant differences in reference interval of TSH,FT3,TT3 and TT4.There was no significant difference between the industrial standard recommended reference interval and the laboratory estimated reference interval.Conclusion There were differences of TSH,FT3 and FT4 levels for gender and age,but no differences of TT4 levels for sex and age.There was gender difference of TT3 levels but no differences for age.The estimated reference interval verified by the laboratory was consistent with the industrial standard recommendation of WS/T 404.10-2022,but it was differ-ent from the recommendation of current Roche reagent manual.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of exogenous leptin against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury in mice and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods A total of 100 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups,including a sham-operated group,cerebral I/R model group,and 3 leptin treatment groups with intraperitoneal injections of 0.5,1.0 or 2.0 leptin immediately after occlusion of the internal carotid artery.At 24 h after reperfusion,neurological function scores of the mice were assessed,and TTC staining was used to determine the area of cerebral infarction.The pathological changes in the cortical brain tissue of the mice were observed using HE staining,and degenerative damage of the cortical neurons were assessed with Fluoro-Jade C staining.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cortical brain tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.In another 45 C57BL/6 mice with sham operation,I/R modeling,or leptin(1 mg/kg)treatment,glutamic acid in the cortical brain tissue was detected using glutamate assay,and cortical glutamate-aspartate transporter(GLAST)and glutamate transporter-1(GLT-1)protein expressions were detected using immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the I/R model mice,the leptin-treated mice had significantly lower neurological deficit scores,smaller cerebral infarct area,milder pathologies in the cortical brain tissue,and lessened cortical neuronal damage with normal morphology and less excessive proliferation of the astrocytes.Leptin treatment significantly up-regulated the expressions of GLT-1 and GLAST and lowered the content of glutamic acid in the brain tissue of the I/R mice.Conclusion Exogenous leptin has obvious neuroprotective effect against cerebral I/R injury in mice,mediated probably by controlling excessive astrocyte proliferation and up-regulating cortical GLT-1 and GLAST expressions to reduce glutamate-mediated excitotoxic injury of the astrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore prevalence, risk factors and treatment of ankle sprain of young college student , in order to obtain accurate epidemiological data. METHODS: From March 2019 to May 2019, 552 college students(1 104 sides of anke joints) from Xi'an Physical Education university were enrolled in study according to inclusion and excludion standard, including 309 males and 243 females aged from 16 to 24 years old with an average of (20.9±3.7) years old. Age, gender, and body mass indes(BMI) etc were recorded. Morbidity of acute and chronic ankle sprains of physical students, treatment after the first sprain (cold compress, cast or plaster bracing and medicine), visual analogue scale (VAS) during walking were assessed through ankle sprain questionnaire;Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT), Maryland foot score were applied to assess ankle function. Lateral ankle ligament injury was objectively assessed by musculoskeletal ultrasonography. RESULTS: The prevalence of acute ankle sprain(AAS) was 96.20% (531/552), and the incidence of AAS was 59.96% (622/1 104). The prevalence of chronic ankle joint instability(CAI) was 16.85% (93/552), and the incidence of CAI was 8.97% (99/1 104). In the four categories of sports, college student suffered from multiple sprains in performance majors group was 22.20% (14/63), including of aerobicsand dance performance. The incidence of AAS of ball sports was 8.60%(14/163). After the first sprain, most college students(94.4%) were received cold compression, about 60% of them went to hospital;however, only 44.7% students were received standard treatmens(cast or plaster), only 35.3% of them were received hard ankle orthosis. In 552 college students, 44 students were suffered from more than 4 times of ankle sprain, and the total incidence was 7.97% (44/552). Cumberland score was 26.6±2.4, Cumberland score of students sprained ankle joint more than 4 times was (29.2±1.1), suggested it was a risk factor for ankle joint instability. VAS of students sprained ankle joint more than 4 times was higher than that of less than 4 times(P<0.05), Maryland foot score was significantly lower than that of that of <4 times(P<0.05). Musculoskeletal ultrasonography measured the thickness of anterior tibiofibular ligament(ATFL) was (2.41±0.41) mm, and the thickness of calcaneofibular ligament(CFL) was (1.92±0.21) mm, and had no statistical difference(P>0.05). CONCLUSION Ninty-four percent college students had at least once ankle sprain, ankle sprains were more common in erobics and ball sports. After the first sprain, the proportion of cast or plaster treatment was less than 50%. Sprained ankle joint more than 4 times is a risk factor, and musculoskeletal ultrasonography showed thickening of both ATFL and CFL, while no statstical difference.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Joint Instability/epidemiology* ; Physical Education and Training ; Universities ; Ankle Injuries/therapy*

OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of the feasibility of a new treatment method for atrophic rhinitis (ATR) based on tissue engineering technology (seed cells, scaffold materials, and growth factors), and provide new ideas for the treatment of ATR. METHODS: The literature related to ATR was extensively reviewed. Focusing on the three aspects of seed cells, scaffold materials, and growth factors, the recent research progress of ATR treatment was reviewed, and the future directions of tissue engineering technology to treat ATR were proposed. RESULTS: The pathogenesis and etiology of ATR are still unclear, and the effectiveness of the current treatments are still unsatisfactory. The construction of a cell-scaffold complex with sustained and controlled release of exogenous cytokines is expected to reverse the pathological changes of ATR, promoting the regeneration of normal nasal mucosa and reconstructing the atrophic turbinate. In recent years, the research progress of exosomes, three-dimensional printing, and organoids will promote the development of tissue engineering technology for ATR. CONCLUSION Tissue engineering technology can provide a new treatment method for ATR.
Humans ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Rhinitis, Atrophic ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Cytokines

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of DELTA endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of mild to moderate, single segment lumbar spondylolisthesis.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 48 surgical cases of grade Ⅰ to Ⅱ lumbar spondylolisthesis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from February 2020 to March 2022. Among them, 24 cases treated with DELTA endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion surgery were classified as the DELTA group, and 24 cases treated with traditional minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) surgery were classified as the MIS-TLIF group. Two groups of patients were compared in terms of perioperative indicators (surgical time, postoperative drainage volume, incision length, hospital stay), clinical efficacy [Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for low back and leg pain, lumbar Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores (JOA), improved MacNab standard excellence rate], and lumbar fusion rate (Bridwell intervertebral fusion grade).Results:The DELTA group had longer surgical time than the MIS-TLIF group, and the postoperative drainage volume, incision length, and hospital stay were all lower than the MIS-TLIF group, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The VAS score of lower back and leg pain and lumbar JOA score of the two groups of patients at 1 week, 3 months, and the last follow-up were significantly improved compared to those before surgery (all P<0.01), and the DELTA group had better VAS score of lower back and leg pain and lumbar JOA score at all time points after surgery than the MIS-TLIF group, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The improved MacNab standard was used to evaluate the efficacy of the two groups of patients at the last follow-up after surgery, and there was no statistically significant difference in the excellent and good rates ( P>0.05); There was no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05) in the fusion rate between the two groups. Conclusions:DELTA endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion has a significant therapeutic effect on lumbar spondylolisthesis, with the advantages of small surgical incision and fast recovery; After crossing the DELTA endoscopic learning curve and optimizing surgical procedures, this technology can become an alternative to MIS-TLIF technology.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of Delta endoscopic lumbar decompression fusion for the treatment of giant lumbar disc herniation(GILDH).Method A retrospective analysis was performed on 36 cases of GILDH from April 2020 to May 2022,including 18 cases in the Delta group and 18 cases in the open group.There was no statistically significant difference in gender,age,and responsible section between the two groups of patients.Compare the surgical time,perioperative indicators,and clinical efficacy between the two groups.Results The intraoperative bleeding and drainage volume in the Delta group were lower than those in the open group,the incision length and hospital stay were shorter than those in the open group,the degree of paraspinal muscle injury was lighter than that in the open group,and the surgical time was longer than that in the open group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05);The lumbago visual analogue scale(VAS)of the two groups of patients at each postoperative period was significantly reduced compared to preoperative,and the lumbar spine function score of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)was significantly increased compared to preoperative,with statistical significance(P＜0.05);The lumbago VAS of the Delta group was significantly lower than that of the open group at all postoperative stages,and the lumbar spine function JOA score was significantly higher than that of the open group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05);There was no statistically significant difference in the modified MacNab score between the two groups of patients at the last follow-up after surgery(P＞0.05).Conclusion Delta endoscopic lumbar decompression fusion for GILDH has significant therapeutic effects,with advantages such as less bleeding,small surgical incision,and fast postoperative recovery;After crossing the Delta endoscopic learning curve and optimizing the surgical process,this technology can become an alternative to conventional open surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical results of modified medial incision in the treatment o f Pilon fracture with medial column compression and evaluate its safety. METHODS: Thirty-one patients of Pilon fracture with medial column compressiom accepted surgical treatments in the Department of Foot and Ankle at Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to January 2019. According to the imaging data at admission, 31 cases were diagnosed as closed Pilon fractures, and both preoperative X-ray and 3D CT scan were shown as medial column compressive fractures. All patients underwent modified medial incision with complete data, including 23 males and 8 females;ranging in age from 22 to 65 years old, with an average of (39.5±16.2) years old. All patients underwent modified medial approach combined with other approaches to expose the broken end of fracture. The time from trauma to operation ranging from 7 to 20 days, with a mean of(9.5±5.5) days. The incision and fracture healing were followed up regularly after operation. RESULTS: All patients were followed up with an average of(15.7±5.5) months(ranged, 13 to 25 months). Preoperative and postoperative routine X-ray and 3D CT examination showed anatomical reduction in 8 cases, and the anatomical reduction rate was 25.81%. Up to the latest follow-up, all 31 fractures had achieved bone healing, and the healing time ranged from 11 to 22 weeks, with a mean of (14.3±4.7) weeks. At the latest follow-up, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot scores ranged from 75 to 89, with a mean of 80.5±4.9, 24 patients got a good result, 7 fair. CONCLUSION The improved medial approach for Pilon fracture can directly expose the posterior medial, medial and anterior medial of the distal tibia. After reduction under direct vision, the medial compressed and collapsed articular surface are fixed. The clinical curative effect is satisfactory and the wound complications are less. It is recommended for Pilon fracture where compression of the medial articular surface is predominant.
Adult ; Aged ; Ankle Fractures/surgery* ; Ankle Joint/surgery* ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Fractures/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult