This paper interprets the disease name related to bi （痹） disease in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） from the perspective of micropathological phenotypes in knee osteoarthritis （KOA）. By systematically reviewing classical TCM literature on the pathogenesis and clinical features of different subtypes such as damp-retention bi， bone bi， and tendon bi， and integrating these with current research on pathological subtypes of KOA including the synovitis type， cartilage-meniscus type， and subchondral bone type， the study explores the correlation between traditional disease terms and modern micropathological phenotypes. The author proposes subtype classifications of damp-retention bi corresponding to synovial inflammation， bone bi related to abnormal subchondral bone remodeling， and tendon bi representing cartilage and meniscus degeneration. This approach provides a microscopic biological explanation for TCM syndrome differentiation and offers new perspectives for advancing integrative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in both Chinese and western medicine.

Pulmonary sarcoidosis is an immune system disease with an unclear etiology. Guided by the yang-reinforcing method， it is believed that the fundamental pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis lies in the disharmony between water and fire and the reckless movement of the ministerial fire. The failure of the spleen and stomach to maintain warmth， leading to the production of phlegm and blood stasis， is an important pathogenesis. The invasion of external pathogenic toxins， deeply penetrating into the interior， is considered a triggering factor for the disease. The treatment focuses on supplementing the yang， consolidating the kidney， drawing fire back to its source， warming the yang， benefiting the kidney， and nourishing the spleen to generate metal. It also emphasizes unblocking the yang， transforming turbidity， and eliminating phlegm and blood stasis.

Neural oscillatory changes play a critical role in pain and analgesia research. Previous studies on pain-related neural oscillations have primarily utilized electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral analysis, revealing a strong correlation between alpha ( α) power and subjective pain perception. However, alpha power may be influenced by the baseline of the power spectrum, making it difficult to accurately capture the true changes in alpha oscillations. This study employed power spectral analysis and further applied a power spectral parameterization method, which decomposed the power spectrum into periodic and aperiodic components, to compare EEG α power in 50 primiparous women who underwent severe pain during the first stage of labor before and after epidural analgesia. The results indicated no significant differences in α power between pre- and post-analgesia conditions. However, following power spectral parameterization, the aperiodic component of the EEG significantly decreased after analgesia, whereas the periodic component of α power showed a significant increase. This study not only validates the effectiveness and validity of the power spectral parameterization method in analgesia research but also uncovers the differential regulatory mechanism by which analgesia modulates the periodic and aperiodic components of α oscillations.
Humans ; Electroencephalography/methods* ; Female ; Adult ; Alpha Rhythm ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult ; Analgesia, Epidural

Allergen-specific immunotherapy（AIT） remains the only therapeutic approach with the potential to modify the natural course of allergic rhinitis（AR）. Nevertheless, considerable inter-individual variability exists in patients'responses to AIT. To facilitate more reliable assessment of treatment efficacy, the China Rhinopathy Research Cooperation Group（CRRCG） convened young and middle-aged nasal experts in China to formulate the present consensus. The recommended subjective outcome measures for AIT comprise symptom scores, medication scores, combined symptom and medication scores, quality-of-life assessments, evaluation of disease control, and assessment of comorbidities. Objective indicators may supplement these measures. Currently available objective approaches include skin prick testing, nasal provocation testing, and allergen exposure chambers. However, these methods remain constrained by practical limitations and are not yet appropriate for routine implementation in clinical efficacy evaluation. In addition, several biomarkers, including sIgE and the sIgE/tIgE ratio, sIgG4, serum IgE-blocking activity, IgA, cytokines and chemokines, as well as immune cell surface molecules and their functional activity, have been shown to have associations with AIT outcomes. While these biomarkers may complement subjective assessments, they are subject to significant limitations. Consequently, large-scale multicenter trials and real-world evidence are required to strengthen the evidence base. The present consensus underscores the necessity of integrating patients'subjective experiences with objective testing throughout the treatment process, thereby providing a more comprehensive and accurate framework for efficacy evaluation. Looking forward, future investigations should prioritize the incorporation of multi-omics data and artificial intelligence methodologies, which hold promise for overcoming current limitations in assessment strategies and for advancing both the standardization and personalization of AIT.
Humans ; Allergens/immunology* ; China ; Consensus ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Immunoglobulin E ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; East Asian People

In recent years, studies have shown that exosomes can replace mesenchymal stem cell for chronic wound repair. However, exosomes have some problems such as poor targeting, low availability and low yield, so it has limited effect in the treatment of chronic wound. Maximizing the therapeutic benefits of exosomes is the primary challenge that needs to be overcome when used for chronic wound repair. Studies have shown that the treatment potential of exosomes can be further developed by pretreatment and engineering modification of exosomes. This article reviewed the research progress of exosome pretreatment and engineering modification in chronic wound repair, and provided reference for subsequent research and clinical application.

In recent years, studies have shown that exosomes can replace mesenchymal stem cell for chronic wound repair. However, exosomes have some problems such as poor targeting, low availability and low yield, so it has limited effect in the treatment of chronic wound. Maximizing the therapeutic benefits of exosomes is the primary challenge that needs to be overcome when used for chronic wound repair. Studies have shown that the treatment potential of exosomes can be further developed by pretreatment and engineering modification of exosomes. This article reviewed the research progress of exosome pretreatment and engineering modification in chronic wound repair, and provided reference for subsequent research and clinical application.

Diabetic wound is a complication of diabetes, which is difficult to heal and easy to turn into chronic wound. Compared with ordinary wound healing, diabetic wounds stay in the inflammatory stage and can not enter the proliferative stage. This is because the proportion of pro-inflammatory cytokines increases, leading to the imbalance of inflammatory cells and the accumulation of a large number of inflammatory factors. The production and release of inflammatory factors is closely related to pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is a kind of programmed death mode of inflammatory cells. Mediated by inflammasome, pyroptosis is transduced through typical and atypical inflammasome signaling pathways, resulting in the formation of pores on the cell membrane and inducing cell death. In this process, a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines are released to maintain the inflammatory environment of wounds, hindering the development of diabetic wounds to the proliferative stage and remodeling stage, thus inhibiting the healing of diabetic wounds. This article reviews the mechanism of pyroptosis and its effect on diabetic wounds, the potential significance of inhibiting pyroptosis in the treatment of diabetic wounds, and the existing problems.

Objective To explore the effects and possible mechanisms of ophthalmic acupuncture combined with tail moxibustion on the behavior and hippocampus in rats with post-stroke cognitive impairment.Methods Seventy-five male SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group (15 rats) and the modeling group (60 rats) using the random number table method. A modified suture-occluded method was used to replicate the occlusion model of the middle cerebral artery in the modeling group,whereas only the right carotid artery was exposed in the sham operation group. After modeling,48 rats with post-stroke cognitive impairment were selected using the Morris water maze experiment,and were randomly divided into the model group,the ophthalmic acupuncture group,the tail moxibustion group and the ophthalmic acupuncture+tail moxibustion group using the random number table method,with 12 rats per group. The sham operation group and the model group were bound with no intervention;the ophthalmic acupuncture group was needled once a day in the bilateral "liver area","kidney area","heart area",and "spleen area",leaving the needle for 30 min;the tail moxibustion group was given mild-warm moxibustion on the area between "Changqiang" (GV1) and the tip of the tail for 20 min,once a day;the ophthalmic acupuncture+tail moxibustion group was given the above-mentioned ophthalmic acupuncture and tail moxibustion interventions simultaneously. After 7 days of intervention,the behavior of the rats was detected. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampus;the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus were detected by colorimetric method;Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1),phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5),apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIFM1),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2),and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the hippocampus of rats;and real-time fluorogenic quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expressions of KEAP1,PGAM5,AIFM1,Nrf2,and HO-1 in the hippocampus. Results Compared with the sham operation group,the escape latency in the model group was prolonged,and the crossing platform number was decreased (P<0.05);the number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area was significantly decreased,with a disordered arrangement and irregular morphology,and necrotic neurons were observed;the SOD activity in the hippocampus was decreased,while the MDA content was increased (P<0.05);the protein and mRNA expressions of KEAP1,PGAM5,and AIFM1 were increased,while the protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group,the escape latency of rats in the ophthalmic acupuncture+tail moxibustion group was shortened,and the crossing platform number was increased (P<0.05);the loss of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of the rat was significantly reduced,and the cell morphology was more plump;SOD activity in the hippocampus was increased,and MDA content was decreased (P<0.05);and the protein and mRNA expressions of KEAP1,PGAM5,and AIFM1 were decreased,while the protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased (P<0.05).Conclusion The combination of ophthalmic acupuncture and tail moxibustion can be used to treat rats with post-stroke cognitive impairment,and its mechanism may be related to alleviating oxidative stress damage and oxeiptosis in the hippocampus,thereby improving the degree of hippocampal neuronal damage and enhancing the cognitive ability of rats after stroke.

Background::Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of highly invasive breast cancer with a poor prognosis. According to new research, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in the progression of cancer. Although the role of lncRNAs in breast cancer has been well reported, few studies have focused on TNBC. This study aimed to explore the biological function and clinical significance of forkhead box C1 promoter upstream transcript (FOXCUT) in triple-negative breast cancer.Methods::Based on a bioinformatic analysis of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, we detected that the lncRNA FOXCUT was overexpressed in TNBC tissues, which was further validated in an external cohort of tissues from the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The functions of FOXCUT in proliferation, migration, and invasion were detected in vitro or in vivo. Luciferase assays and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were performed to reveal that FOXCUT acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for the microRNA miR-24-3p and consequently inhibited the degradation of p38. Results::lncRNA FOXCUT was markedly highly expressed in breast cancer, which was associated with poor prognosis in some cases. Knockdown of FOXCUT significantly inhibited cancer growth and metastasis in vitro or in vivo. Mechanistically, FOXCUT competitively bounded to miR-24-3p to prevent the degradation of p38, which might act as an oncogene in breast cancer. Conclusion::Collectively, this research revealed a novel FOXCUT/miR-24-3p/p38 axis that affected breast cancer progression and suggested that the lncRNA FOXCUT could be a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.