Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A(GABAA)receptors are a class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors that are distributed in non-synaptic structures such as cell bodies and dendrites.Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are heteropentamers usually containing δ-subunit.Changes of δ-subunit expressions can be observed in model animals of postpartum depression and premenstrual syndrome,and δ-/-or δ+/-mice exhibit behavioral phenotypes of postpartum depression,suggesting that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of related diseases.The present review is concerned with the relationship between extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and postpartum depression as well as premenstrual syndrome in general,and the advances in research on drugs targeting extrasynaptic GABAA receptors for the treatment of these two conditions in particular.The article highlights the value of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors as a therapeutic target for female mood disor-ders,and may provide a reference for the development and application of related drugs.

BACKGROUND:In the repair of large bone defects,a variety of factors such as seed cell passaging can cause senescence of osteoblasts,leading to a reduction in osteogenic differentiation activity after implantation of tissue-engineered bone.In recent years,a novel mechanism involving primary cilia in cell senescence has been widely studied,but the primary cilia-related mechanism of"passage senescence-reduced osteogenic activity"is not fully understood.OBJECTIVE:To explore the possible mechanisms by which primary cilia regulate the senescence of MC3T3-E1 cells.METHODS:The osteoblast precursor cell lines MC3T3-E1 were passaged to 10th generation cells(early passage)and 40th generation cells(late passage).siRNA was used to silence IFT88 to inhibit primary cilia formation.The cells were than grouped into passage 10 group,passage 40 group,passage 10+siRNA IFT88 group,and passage 40+siRNA IFT88 group.RT-PCR and western blot assays were used to detect the expression of the aging marker P16(CDKN2A),the osteogenic activity markers bone morphogenetic protein 2 and alkaline phosphatase,and the Hedgehog pathway IHH expression.Alizarin red staining and primary cilia immunofluorescence staining were performed.Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to analyze primary cilia positive rate and IHH and bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The expression of CDKN2A(P16)in the passage 10 group was significantly higher than in the passage 40 group,but the difference disappeared after siRNA IFT88 intervention.(2)Meanwhile,the positive rate of primary cilia cells in the passage 10 group were higher than in the passage 40 group,while siRNA IFT88-significantly inhibited the expression of primary cilia in both passage 10 and passage 40 cells.(3)The transcriptional activity and protein expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and alkaline phosphatase in the passage 10 group were higher than those in the passage 40 group.After inhibiting the expression of primary cilia with siRNA,the above differences were reduced or disappeared.(4)The positive rate of primary cilia cells was correlated with IHH and bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein expression.To conclude,primary cilia mediate the replicative senescence of osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cells and regulate osteogenic differentiation ability.

Establishing a scientific talent classification evaluation mechanism is of great significance for public hospitals to motivate and guide the career development of various types of talents and to promote the high-quality development of the health and medical care industry. However, university-affiliated hospitals had long faced issues such as an imperfect talent classification evaluation system, difficulty in setting evaluation indicators, a relatively monolithic evaluation method, and insufficient application of evaluation results. In 2019, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, initiated a talent stratification and classification management mechanism. The hospital established separate evaluation indicator systems for clinical, research, and teaching talents, and adhered to a value orientation that equally emphasizes medical care, teaching, and research. Additionally, a diversified evaluation mode was constructed, led by the hospital with the participation of peers and the public. Emphasis was also placed on linking evaluation results with talent development, rewards, and excellence awards. The initiative has achieved positive outcomes and can serve as a reference for talent management in other university-affiliated hospitals and relevant departments.

Objectives:To describe the use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering drugs, and evaluate the effects on blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids controls required by Chinese Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (the guideline) in a community-based cohort of individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease. To analyze the association of the uses of antihypertensive, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering drugs, and the comprehensive control of blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids with cardiovascular disease. Methods:From the CHinese Electronic health Records Research in Yinzhou (CHERRY), those who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease and aged 40-75 years as of January 1, 2013 in in Yinzhou District of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province were selected as study subjects. The information about their antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering drug uses between 2013 and 2015 was collected, and blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipid measurements were conducted during the follow-up. The study constructed two kinds of comprehensive scores: the comprehensive medication score based on the guideline requirement for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, dividing the study participants into the compliancy group and non-compliancy group; and the comprehensive control score based on the guideline requirement for blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids control, dividing the study participants into better control group, moderate control group, and poor control group. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the association of the comprehensive medication score and comprehensive control score with cardiovascular disease. The incidence data of cardiovascular disease were collected from January 1, 2015 (baseline time) to August 31, 2020 (follow up end time).Results:A total of 79 734 participants at high risk for cardiovascular disease were included in the study, in whom 68.4%, 27.4%, and 4.2% had 1, 2, or 3 cardiometabolic conditions (hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia), respectively. In the participants with hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia from 2013 to 2015, the proportions of those who had two years of medication compliancy records were 66.0%, 67.4%, and 13.9%, respectively. In the hypertension patients, 59.2% had better blood pressure control, in the diabetes patients, 28.7% had better blood glucose control, and in the patients with hyperlipidemia, 27.4% had better blood lipid control. After a median follow-up of 5.66 years, 4 088 cardiovascular disease cases or deaths occurred. After multivariate adjustment, compared with the non-compliancy group, the compliancy group had lower risk for cardiovascular disease ( HR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96). Compared with the better control group, the poor control group had an increased risk for cardiovascular disease ( HR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.53-1.81). In the moderate control group, the risk increased significantly in the diabetes patients ( HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56), while no additional risk for cardiovascular disease was observed in non-diabetes patients ( HR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.97-1.16). Conclusions:Compliancy to the medication required by the guideline is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. However, it is still necessary to improve the medication compliancy in people at high risk in primary prevention, especially in the patients with hyperlipidemia, due to their low taking rate of lipid-lowering drugs. Additionally, as the requirement of the guideline becomes more stringent, the management of disease has met more challenges. Notably, diabetes patients who have not met the guideline requirement are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, to whom the disease management should be strengthened.

This article reported the diagnosis and management of a case of a child with Kabuki syndrome. Kabuki syndrome is characterized by distinct facial features, skeletal anomalies, abnormal skin texture, and intellectual disabilities, and is primarily caused by heterozygous mutations in the lysine methyltransferase 2D(KMT2D) gene. The onset in this patient was insidious, presenting with short stature and intellectual impairment. Genetic testing identified a pathogenic heterozygous variant in the KMT2D gene. This article focuses on analyzing the necessity and appropriateness of growth hormone therapy in children with Kabuki syndrome, and includes a review of relevant literature to improve clinicians′ understanding of this rare condition.

To perform the phylogenetic characterization of an isolated porcine rotavirus(PoRV)and investigate its pathogenicity in suckling mice and piglets.A G4P[23]genotype PoRV strain JSJR2023 was successfully isolated from the diarrheic piglet feces through propagation in MA104 cells.The viral proliferation kinetics were analyzed using TCID50 assays,followed by complete genome sequencing through Sanger sequencing platforms.Comprehensive genotyping and phylogenetic reconstruction were conducted using MEGA7.0 with maximum likelihood algorithms.Pathogenicity was assessed in the following animal models:5-day-old C57BL/6 mice and 3-day-old piglets.Multidimensional evaluation included clinical monitoring(diarrhea scoring,growth parameters),virological detection,and histopathological analysis of intestinal tissues.The virus strain JSJR2023 could replicate efficiently in MA104 cells,achieving peak titers of 107.5 TCID50/mL.Whole genome genotype analysis showed that the strain belonged to G4-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the VP3 and NSP4 genes of JSJR2023 strain were most closedrelated to human species rotaviruses,suggesting genetic reassortment between human and porcine RV strains.The animal experiments in suckling mice showed that the JSJR2023 strain infection caused diarrhea symptoms,intestinal edema and congestion,and shedding of intestinal villus epithelial cells.The pathogenicity experiments in piglets showed that compared with the control group,the challenged group of pig-lets had severe diarrhea symptoms,accompanied by reduced appetite and listlessness.Post-mortem examination revealed that the intes-tines were significantly thinner,congested,and filled with yellow watery contents.The challenged piglets showed typical pathological changes such as thinning of the intestinal wall and shortening and shedding of intestinal villi.In conclusion,this study successfully iso-lated a human-porcine recombinant G4P[23]PoRV strain and established the infection models in suckling mice and piglets,providing important tools for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of PoRV,evaluating vaccines and developing antiviral drug.

Objectives:To describe the use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering drugs, and evaluate the effects on blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids controls required by Chinese Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases (the guideline) in a community-based cohort of individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease. To analyze the association of the uses of antihypertensive, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering drugs, and the comprehensive control of blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids with cardiovascular disease. Methods:From the CHinese Electronic health Records Research in Yinzhou (CHERRY), those who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease and aged 40-75 years as of January 1, 2013 in in Yinzhou District of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province were selected as study subjects. The information about their antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering drug uses between 2013 and 2015 was collected, and blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipid measurements were conducted during the follow-up. The study constructed two kinds of comprehensive scores: the comprehensive medication score based on the guideline requirement for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, dividing the study participants into the compliancy group and non-compliancy group; and the comprehensive control score based on the guideline requirement for blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids control, dividing the study participants into better control group, moderate control group, and poor control group. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the association of the comprehensive medication score and comprehensive control score with cardiovascular disease. The incidence data of cardiovascular disease were collected from January 1, 2015 (baseline time) to August 31, 2020 (follow up end time).Results:A total of 79 734 participants at high risk for cardiovascular disease were included in the study, in whom 68.4%, 27.4%, and 4.2% had 1, 2, or 3 cardiometabolic conditions (hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia), respectively. In the participants with hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia from 2013 to 2015, the proportions of those who had two years of medication compliancy records were 66.0%, 67.4%, and 13.9%, respectively. In the hypertension patients, 59.2% had better blood pressure control, in the diabetes patients, 28.7% had better blood glucose control, and in the patients with hyperlipidemia, 27.4% had better blood lipid control. After a median follow-up of 5.66 years, 4 088 cardiovascular disease cases or deaths occurred. After multivariate adjustment, compared with the non-compliancy group, the compliancy group had lower risk for cardiovascular disease ( HR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.96). Compared with the better control group, the poor control group had an increased risk for cardiovascular disease ( HR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.53-1.81). In the moderate control group, the risk increased significantly in the diabetes patients ( HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56), while no additional risk for cardiovascular disease was observed in non-diabetes patients ( HR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.97-1.16). Conclusions:Compliancy to the medication required by the guideline is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. However, it is still necessary to improve the medication compliancy in people at high risk in primary prevention, especially in the patients with hyperlipidemia, due to their low taking rate of lipid-lowering drugs. Additionally, as the requirement of the guideline becomes more stringent, the management of disease has met more challenges. Notably, diabetes patients who have not met the guideline requirement are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, to whom the disease management should be strengthened.

To perform the phylogenetic characterization of an isolated porcine rotavirus(PoRV)and investigate its pathogenicity in suckling mice and piglets.A G4P[23]genotype PoRV strain JSJR2023 was successfully isolated from the diarrheic piglet feces through propagation in MA104 cells.The viral proliferation kinetics were analyzed using TCID50 assays,followed by complete genome sequencing through Sanger sequencing platforms.Comprehensive genotyping and phylogenetic reconstruction were conducted using MEGA7.0 with maximum likelihood algorithms.Pathogenicity was assessed in the following animal models:5-day-old C57BL/6 mice and 3-day-old piglets.Multidimensional evaluation included clinical monitoring(diarrhea scoring,growth parameters),virological detection,and histopathological analysis of intestinal tissues.The virus strain JSJR2023 could replicate efficiently in MA104 cells,achieving peak titers of 107.5 TCID50/mL.Whole genome genotype analysis showed that the strain belonged to G4-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the VP3 and NSP4 genes of JSJR2023 strain were most closedrelated to human species rotaviruses,suggesting genetic reassortment between human and porcine RV strains.The animal experiments in suckling mice showed that the JSJR2023 strain infection caused diarrhea symptoms,intestinal edema and congestion,and shedding of intestinal villus epithelial cells.The pathogenicity experiments in piglets showed that compared with the control group,the challenged group of pig-lets had severe diarrhea symptoms,accompanied by reduced appetite and listlessness.Post-mortem examination revealed that the intes-tines were significantly thinner,congested,and filled with yellow watery contents.The challenged piglets showed typical pathological changes such as thinning of the intestinal wall and shortening and shedding of intestinal villi.In conclusion,this study successfully iso-lated a human-porcine recombinant G4P[23]PoRV strain and established the infection models in suckling mice and piglets,providing important tools for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of PoRV,evaluating vaccines and developing antiviral drug.

Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A(GABAA)receptors are a class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors that are distributed in non-synaptic structures such as cell bodies and dendrites.Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are heteropentamers usually containing δ-subunit.Changes of δ-subunit expressions can be observed in model animals of postpartum depression and premenstrual syndrome,and δ-/-or δ+/-mice exhibit behavioral phenotypes of postpartum depression,suggesting that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of related diseases.The present review is concerned with the relationship between extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and postpartum depression as well as premenstrual syndrome in general,and the advances in research on drugs targeting extrasynaptic GABAA receptors for the treatment of these two conditions in particular.The article highlights the value of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors as a therapeutic target for female mood disor-ders,and may provide a reference for the development and application of related drugs.

BACKGROUND:In the repair of large bone defects,a variety of factors such as seed cell passaging can cause senescence of osteoblasts,leading to a reduction in osteogenic differentiation activity after implantation of tissue-engineered bone.In recent years,a novel mechanism involving primary cilia in cell senescence has been widely studied,but the primary cilia-related mechanism of"passage senescence-reduced osteogenic activity"is not fully understood.OBJECTIVE:To explore the possible mechanisms by which primary cilia regulate the senescence of MC3T3-E1 cells.METHODS:The osteoblast precursor cell lines MC3T3-E1 were passaged to 10th generation cells(early passage)and 40th generation cells(late passage).siRNA was used to silence IFT88 to inhibit primary cilia formation.The cells were than grouped into passage 10 group,passage 40 group,passage 10+siRNA IFT88 group,and passage 40+siRNA IFT88 group.RT-PCR and western blot assays were used to detect the expression of the aging marker P16(CDKN2A),the osteogenic activity markers bone morphogenetic protein 2 and alkaline phosphatase,and the Hedgehog pathway IHH expression.Alizarin red staining and primary cilia immunofluorescence staining were performed.Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to analyze primary cilia positive rate and IHH and bone morphogenetic protein 2 expression.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The expression of CDKN2A(P16)in the passage 10 group was significantly higher than in the passage 40 group,but the difference disappeared after siRNA IFT88 intervention.(2)Meanwhile,the positive rate of primary cilia cells in the passage 10 group were higher than in the passage 40 group,while siRNA IFT88-significantly inhibited the expression of primary cilia in both passage 10 and passage 40 cells.(3)The transcriptional activity and protein expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and alkaline phosphatase in the passage 10 group were higher than those in the passage 40 group.After inhibiting the expression of primary cilia with siRNA,the above differences were reduced or disappeared.(4)The positive rate of primary cilia cells was correlated with IHH and bone morphogenetic protein 2 protein expression.To conclude,primary cilia mediate the replicative senescence of osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cells and regulate osteogenic differentiation ability.