Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective To investigate the association of 13 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)sites in 6 phalange-bone development related genes[fibroblast growth factor receptor 2(FGFR2),indian hedgehog signaling molecule(IHH),Msh homeobox 1(MSX1),Runx family transcription factor 2(RUNX2),SRY-box transcription factor 9(SOX9),Wnt family member 5A(WNT5A)]with human index-ring finger length ratio(2D∶4D).Methods Digital cameras were used to take frontal photographs of the hands of 731 college students(358 males and 373 females)in Ningxia,and image analysis software was used to mark anatomical points and measure finger lengths of index(2th)and ring(4th);genotyping of 13 SNP sites(rs1047057,rs755793,rs41258305,rs3731881,rs3100776,rs12532,rs3821949,rs45585135,rs3749863,rs1042667,rs12601701,rs1829556,rs3732750)for 6 genes by multiplex PCR;One-Way ANOVA or independent sample t-test indirectly assessed the association between 2D∶4D and 13 SNP sites.Results Both left and right hand 2D∶4D were significantly higher in females than males in Ningxia college students(all P<0.01);no statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of the 13 SNP sites among different sexes(all P>0.05);among different sexes,male left hand 2D∶4D was significantly associated with the genotype of SOX9 gene rs12601701 site(P<0.05)and right hand 2D∶4D was significantly associated with the genotype of WNT5A gene rs1829556 site(P<0.05);the female right hand 2D∶4D was significantly associated with the MSX1 gene rs12532(P<0.01)and rs3821949(P<0.05)sites genotypes.Conclusion SOX9(rs12601701),WNT5A(rs1829556)and MSX1(rs12532 and rs3821949)gene polymorphisms may be associated with the formation of 2D∶4D in Ningxia population.

The limitations of antifungal drugs and severe drug resistance make the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) a great challenge. Itraconazole (ITZ), as a clinical first-line drug, has a wide range of antifungal activity, but it is still limited by adverse reactions such as liver and kidney toxicity, headache and abdominal pain due to its poor water solubility and easy to cause drug accumulation by injection. In this study, the amphiphilic polymer gallic acid-chitosan-cinnamaldehyde (GA-CS-CN) was prepared by amide reaction and Schiff-base reaction. The drug-loaded nanoparticles (GA-CS-CN/ITZ) were prepared by ultrasonic method. The properties of nanoparticles formulations and its in vitro antifungal activity were investigated in the study. Studies have shown that GA-CS-CN/ITZ is spherical, homogeneous and stable, and has good biological safety. The average particle size was 239.57 ± 31.37 nm, ITZ encapsulation efficiency was (93.41 ± 1.12)%, and the cumulative drug release was (62.25 ± 1.88)% at 48 h in vitro. The antifungal activity results of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) showed that it had the optimal antifungal effect and could significantly enhance the antifungal activity of free drugs. GA-CS-CN/ITZ prepared in this study has excellent biological safety and anti-C. albicans performance, which provides a new choice for the treatment of C. albicans infection and has good application potential in the treatment of this fungal infection.

Purpose To investigate the abnormal brain development in fetuses with isolated mild to moderate ventriculomegaly(VM)during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy by using semi-quantitative fetal total maturation score(fTMS).Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 45 normal fetuses and 78 abnormal fetuses who underwent fetal MRI in the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2018 to October 2022.fTMS was used to score all images.Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between fTMS and gestational age between normal and abnormal fetuses and to analyze the differences between fetuses with isolated mild and moderate VM and controls.Results In the control group,fetal fTMS was significantly positively correlated with gestational age(r=0.939,P<0.05).The linear regression equation between fTMS(Y)and gestational age(X)was as follows:Y=-28.1+1.25X.In the mild and moderate isolated VM groups,fTMS was positively correlated with gestational age(r=0.945,0.906,P<0.05).The linear regression equations of fTMS(Y)and gestational age(X)were:Y=-28.46+1.24X,Y=-25.57+1.13X.The average fTMS of healthy fetus,mild VM and moderate VM were(10.55±4.25)points,(10.13+4.08)points and(9.22±3.77)points,respectively.There was no significant difference in fTMS between the 49 fetuses with mild isolated VM and the control group(t=1.651,P>0.05).There was significant difference in fTMS between the 29 fetuses with moderate isolated VM and the control group(t=2.306,P<0.05).Conclusion fTMS is suitable for routine clinical use and sensitive to differences in brain maturation between fetuses with isolated moderate VM and healthy controls.

To investigate the existence of tick-borne pathogens infection of rodents at the border of China and the Demo-cratic People's Republic of Korea(DPRK).PCR was used to detect the spotted fever group rickettsiae(SFGR)ompA gene,Ehrlichia chaffeensis(Ec)and Anaplasma phagocytophilum(Ap)16S rRNA,Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis(CNm)groEL gene,Bartonella(Ba)rpoB gene,and Francisella tularensis(Ft)fopA gene in rodents samples collected from Ji'an of Jilin province and Kuandian of Liaoning Province.The positivity rates of 132 wild rats spleen samples,SFGR,Ec,Ap,CNm,Ba,and Ft were 9.85％,12.88％,5.30％,3.79％,51.52％,and 6.06％,respectively,with statistical differences in in-fection rates(x2=149.236,P=0.000).The infection rate of Ba was the highest in wild rats in this area.There was no signifi-cant difference in the infection rate of SFGR,Ec,Ap,CNm,and Ft among different rats species,but there were significant differences in the infection rate of Ba(x2=13.36,P=0.010).The infection rate of Apodemus agrarius was the highest.A-mong 132 wild rats specimens,the coinfection rate of the two pathogens was 15.9％(21/132),with Ba as the main species(15/132),and two cases of coinfection with three pathogens were detected.The infection of six tick-borne pathogens is common in wild rats at the China/DPRK border.Co-infection of two or three pathogens indicates a risk of multiple tick-borne pathogens and mixed natural foci of multiple tick-borne infec-tious diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the impact of indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick on pain severity and the quality of life in the patients with back myofascitis, and evaluate its clinical effect and safety. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with back myofascitis were randomly divided into an observation group (36 cases, 1 cases dropped out) and a control group (36 cases, 3 cases dropped out). Three to six ashi points were selected using acupoint diagnosis methods. In the observation group, the indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick was operated at the ashi points, once every other day, three times a week. In the control group, the topical treatment with diclofenac sodium gel was given at ashi points, three times daily. The treatment was delivered consecutively for 2 weeks in the two groups. The scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ) were recorded before treatment, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, and after 4 weeks of treatment completion (follow-up visit) in the two groups separately. The difference value between VAS score after 2 weeks of treatment and that before treatment was taken as the primary outcome. The SF-36 score was observed before treatment, after 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, and the safety was evaluated in the two groups. RESULTS: The difference value of VAS scores was (-4.57±1.50) points and (-2.40±1.31) points in the observation group and the control group, respectively, the reduction of the score in the observation treatment was larger than that of the control group (P<0.001). After 1 and 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, VAS and SF-MPQ scores were reduced when compared with those before treatment (P<0.05) in the two groups, and VAS and SF-MPQ scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the follow-up visit, VAS and SF-MPQ scores in the observation group were dropped in comparison with those after 1 week of treatment (P<0.05), and these scores in the control group were elevated compared with those after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, the score of each dimension and total score of SF-36 scale were increased in comparison with those before treatment in the observation group (P<0.05); and the scores of the dimensions except that of mental health of SF-36 scale were elevated in the control group (P<0.05). During the follow-up visit, in the control group, the scores of physical functioning, bodily pain, general health and role emotional were elevated when compared with those before treatment (P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment and during the follow-up visit, the score of every dimension and total score of SF-36 scale in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). During the follow-up visit, the score of bodily pain was increased when compared with that after 2 weeks of treatment in the observation group (P<0.05), while the scores of bodily pain and vitality were dropped in the control group (P<0.05). No adverse event happened in the two groups. CONCLUSION The indirect moxibustion with Taiyi moxa stick effectively reduces pain severity and improves the quality of life in the patients with back myofascitis. This therapy presents the superior and persistent effect compared with topical application of diclofenac sodium gel.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Moxibustion ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Treatment Outcome ; Acupuncture Points ; Young Adult ; Aged ; Quality of Life ; Myofascial Pain Syndromes/therapy*

Objective: To identify the risk factors in mortality of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: Second analysis of the data collected in the "efficacy of pulmonary surfactant (PS) in the treatment of children with moderate to severe PARDS" program. Retrospective case summary of the risk factors of mortality of children with moderate to severe PARDS who admitted in 14 participating tertiary PICU between December 2016 to December 2021. Differences in general condition, underlying diseases, oxygenation index, and mechanical ventilation were compared after the group was divided by survival at PICU discharge. When comparing between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for measurement data, and the chi-square test was used for counting data. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the accuracy of oxygen index (OI) in predicting mortality. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for mortality. Results: Among 101 children with moderate to severe PARDS, 63 (62.4%) were males, 38 (37.6%) were females, aged (12±8) months. There were 23 cases in the non-survival group and 78 cases in the survival group. The combined rates of underlying diseases (52.2% (12/23) vs. 29.5% (23/78), χ²=4.04, P=0.045) and immune deficiency (30.4% (7/23) vs. 11.5% (9/78), χ²=4.76, P=0.029) in non-survival patients were significantly higher than those in survival patients, while the use of pulmonary surfactant (PS) was significantly lower (8.7% (2/23) vs. 41.0% (32/78), χ²=8.31, P=0.004). No significant differences existed in age, sex, pediatric critical illness score, etiology of PARDS, mechanical ventilation mode and fluid balance within 72 h (all P>0.05). OI on the first day (11.9(8.3, 17.1) vs.15.5(11.7, 23.0)), the second day (10.1(7.6, 16.6) vs.14.8(9.3, 26.2)) and the third day (9.2(6.6, 16.6) vs. 16.7(11.2, 31.4)) after PARDS identified were all higher in non-survival group compared to survival group (Z=-2.70, -2.52, -3.79 respectively, all P<0.05), and the improvement of OI in non-survival group was worse (0.03(-0.32, 0.31) vs. 0.32(-0.02, 0.56), Z=-2.49, P=0.013). ROC curve analysis showed that the OI on the thind day was more appropriate in predicting in-hospital mortality (area under the curve= 0.76, standard error 0.05,95%CI 0.65-0.87,P<0.001). When OI was set at 11.1, the sensitivity was 78.3% (95%CI 58.1%-90.3%), and the specificity was 60.3% (95%CI 49.2%-70.4%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, sex, pediatric critical illness score and fluid load within 72 h, no use of PS (OR=11.26, 95%CI 2.19-57.95, P=0.004), OI value on the third day (OR=7.93, 95%CI 1.51-41.69, P=0.014), and companied with immunodeficiency (OR=4.72, 95%CI 1.17-19.02, P=0.029) were independent risk factors for mortality in children with PARDS. Conclusions: The mortality of patients with moderate to severe PARDS is high, and immunodeficiency, no use of PS and OI on the third day after PARDS identified are the independent risk factors related to mortality. The OI on the third day after PARDS identified could be used to predict mortality.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Child ; Critical Illness ; Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy*

The study investigated the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction(BYHWD) on endogenous biomarkers in the urine of rats with chronic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of BYHWD on chronic inflammation from a metabolomics perspective. Male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose BYHWD groups(7.5, 15, and 30 g·kg~(-1)). The model group and BYHWD groups received tail intravenous injection of LPS(200 μg·kg~(-1)) on the first day of each week, followed by oral administration of BYHWD once a day for four consecutive weeks. Urine samples were collected at the end of the administration period, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the metabolic profiles of the rat urine in each group. Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the effect of BYHWD on endogenous metabolites. One-way ANOVA and variable importance for the projection(VIP) were used to screen for potential biomarkers related to chronic inflammation. The identified biomarkers were subjected to pathway and enrichment analysis using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A total of 25 potential biomarkers were screened and identified in the rat urine in this experiment. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed significant increases in the levels of 14 substances(P<0.05) and significant decreases in the levels of 11 substances(P<0.05). BYHWD was able to effectively reverse the trend of most endogenous biomarkers. Compared with the model group, BYHWD significantly down-regulated 13 biomarkers(P<0.05) and up-regulated 10 biomarkers(P<0.05). The metabolic products were mainly related to the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A, tryptophan metabolism, retinol metabolism, and propionate metabolism. BYHWD has therapeutic effect on chronic inflammation induced by LPS, which may be related to its ability to improve the levels of endogenous metabolites, enhance the body's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, and restore normal metabolic activity.
Rats ; Male ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Metabolomics/methods* ; Inflammation/drug therapy* ; Biomarkers/urine*

Objective:To calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of the released low-energy electrons in gadolinium neutron capture therapy ( 157GdNCT) based on microdosimetry. Methods:The Monte Carlo (MC) code Geant4-DNA package was used to simulate the energy deposition distribution and microdosimetry parameters of low-energy electrons released during gadolinium neutron capture treatment in different sensitive target volumes and physical models on track structures. On this basis, RBE value was obtained based on the microdosimetry kinetic model (MKM).Results:The low-energy electron RBE value was highly variable in different sensitive target volumes and decreases with increasing sensitive target volumes. With 6-nm-diameter sensitive target as reference, RBE value was 1.77 for 6-nm diameter, 1.53 for 10 nm diameter with percentage difference 13%, and 1.40 for 15-nm diameter with percentage difference of 21%, respectively. The effect of different Geant4-DNA physical models on the RBE of low-energy electrons was small. Using the RBE value of 1.53 for physical model option2 as reference, the RBE values of option6 and option7 were 1.49 and 1.52, respectively, with the percentage differences of 2.6% and 0.6%, respectively.Conclusions:The RBE values of low energy electrons released by 157GdNCT in different sensitive target volumes and physical models were calculated by MKM to be 1.40-1.77.