Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease that has been prevalent since December 2019. Chinese medicine (CM) has demonstrated its unique advantages in the fight against COVID-19 in the areas of disease prevention, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression. This review summarized the relevant material components of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 by searching the relevant literature and reports on CM in the treatment of COVID-19 and combining with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the novel coronavirus. On the basis of sorting out experimental methods in vivo and in vitro, the mechanism of herb action was further clarified in terms of inhibiting virus invasion and replication and improving related complications. The aim of the article is to explore the strengths and characteristics of CM in the treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for the research and scientific, standardized treatment of COVID-19 with CM.
Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects* ; COVID-19/therapy* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; Animals

Forensic medicine has been designated as a first-level discipline,presenting new opportunities and challenges for the development of forensic medicine.Since the 1980s,the establishment of foren-sic medicine discipline and the cultivation of high-level forensic talents have become hot topics in the development of forensic medicine in China.Since the 13th Five-Year Plan,the forensic team of Shanxi Medical University has been aiming at the forefront,proposing the development goals of"Five First-class"and the discipline development path"Six Major Achievements".It has selected benchmark disci-plines,identified gaps in disciplinary development,unified thoughts,formulated completion timelines,concentrated superior resources,assigned tasks to individuals,and created an"Organized Fill-in-the-Blank Format"forensic medicine discipline construction model with the characteristics of the new era.The construction model of forensic medicine has achieved good results in the goals,discipline frame-work,scientific research,talent cultivation,discipline team and platform construction,forming a rela-tively complete discipline construction and management system,and accumulating valuable experience for the construction of first-level discipline and high-level talent cultivation of forensic medicine.

This paper aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of the Yiqi Fumai Formula(YQFM), a kind of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), on mice with experimental heart failure based on the "heart-gut axis" theory. Based on the network pharmacology integrated with the group collaboration algorithm, the active ingredients were screened, a "component-target-disease" network was constructed, and the potential pathways regulated by the formula were predicted and analyzed. Next, the model of experimental heart failure was established by intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin at a single high dose(15 mg·kg~(-1)) in BALB/c mice. After intraperitoneal injection of YQFM(lyophilized) at 7.90, 15.80, and 31.55 mg·d~(-1) for 7 d, the protective effects of the formula on cardiac function were evaluated using indicators such as ultrasonic electrocardiography and myocardial injury markers. Combined with inflammatory factors in the cardiac and colorectal tissue, as well as targeted assays, the relevant indicators of potential pathways were verified. Meanwhile, 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on mouse fecal samples using the Illumina platform to detect changes in gut flora and analyze differential metabolic pathways. The results show that the administration of injectable YQFM(lyophilized) for 7 d significantly increased the left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter, fractional shortening, and ejection fraction of cardiac tissue of mice with experimental heart failure(P<0.05). Moreover, markers of myocardial injury were significantly decreased(P<0.05), indicating improved cardiac function, along with significantly suppressed inflammatory responses in cardiac and intestinal tissue(P<0.05). Additionally, the species of causative organisms was decreased, and the homeostasis of gut flora was improved, involving a modulatory effect on PI3K-Akt signaling pathway-related inflammation in cardiac and colorectal tissue. In conclusion, YQFM can affect the "heart-gut axis" immunity through the homeostasis of the gut flora, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on heart failure. This finding provides a reference for the combination of TCM and western medicine to prevent and treat heart failure based on the "heart-gut axis" theory.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Heart Failure/microbiology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Heart/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction/drug effects*

19 cinnamamide/ester-triazole compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activity. Among them, compound 4f displayed excellent anti-β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-mediated cytotoxicity (EC₅₀ = 2.03 ± 2.45 μmol·L^-1) in APPswe cells and acetylcholinesterase inhibiton (IC₅₀ = 4.88 ± 4.70 μmol·L^-1). Further study indicated that, at dosages of (1, 5 and 25 mg·kg^-1), compound 4f was effective in improving spatial learning and memory deficits in Aβ_1-42-impaired mice, which was achieved by promoting the nonamyloidogenic signaling and inhibiting the amyloidogenic pathway, along with the suppression of Aβ-induced Tau phosphorylation. All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Experimental Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB-20220908D701). In conclusion, compound 4f holds promise as a lead candidate for AD treatment, and the present study lays the foundation for its subsequent development.

Signal detection is a critical task in drug safety regulation. However, it inevitably generates irrelevant or false signals, posing challenges for resource allocation by marketing authorization holders. To reasonably assess these signals, different countries have established various principles for prioritizing the evaluation of risk signals. This study systematically compares these principles and finds that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) focuses on practical issues, such as identifying drug confusion or drug interactions. However, China's Good Pharmacovigilance Practices and the European Medicines Agency(EMA) emphasize a comprehensive evaluation framework. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences(CIOMS) emphasizes the consistency of multiple data sources, highlighting the reliability of signal evaluation. China practices a multidisciplinary approach combining traditional Chinese and western medicine, and the risk signals related to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) have unique characteristics, including complex components, cumulative toxicity, specific theoretical foundations, and drug interactions. The different priorities in risk signal evaluation principles across countries suggest that China should strengthen clinical trial research, emphasize corroboration with evidence of multiple sources, and pay particular attention to the risks of drug interactions in the TCM regulatory science. Establishing the risk signal prioritization principles that align with the characteristics of TCM enables more precise and efficient scientific regulation of TCM.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Plastic pharmaceutical packaging materials are widely used in drug packaging,and the effective quality control of these materials is of great significance for ensuring the quality of drugs.The Guidelines for Plastic Materials and Containers for Pharmaceutical Packaging in the 2025 Edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the guideline)is based on the characteristics of plastic pharmaceutical packaging materials and combined with the different uses of various products,clarifying the quality control requirements for different categories of products.The guideline not only improves the pharmacopoeia standard system,but also meets the needs of industrial development and drug regulation under the new situation,which is conducive to enterprises to better improve product quality.This article explains the main contents of the guideline in combination with the background,process,and ideas of its drafting,so as to provide guidance for the correct understanding and use of this standard by all parties in the industry.

Plastic pharmaceutical packaging materials are widely used in drug packaging,and the effective quality control of these materials is of great significance for ensuring the quality of drugs.The Guidelines for Plastic Materials and Containers for Pharmaceutical Packaging in the 2025 Edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the guideline)is based on the characteristics of plastic pharmaceutical packaging materials and combined with the different uses of various products,clarifying the quality control requirements for different categories of products.The guideline not only improves the pharmacopoeia standard system,but also meets the needs of industrial development and drug regulation under the new situation,which is conducive to enterprises to better improve product quality.This article explains the main contents of the guideline in combination with the background,process,and ideas of its drafting,so as to provide guidance for the correct understanding and use of this standard by all parties in the industry.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have extensively investigated traditional predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) development, progression, and prognosis. However, the influence of novel indicators such as Klotho, on CVD prevalence and prognosis in the general population remains unclear. METHOD: This was an observational study that utilized cross-sectional and longitudinal methods to examine the general population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016. The participants were divided into four groups according to the Klotho quartiles. Primary outcome was CVD [coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure, and stroke], secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Survey-weighted binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between Klotho and the prevalence of primary outcome, and the restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve was used to further analyze the nonlinear relationship. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate the association between Klotho values and CVD prevalence using survey-weighted binary logistic regression. The incidence of the secondary outcomes among four groups was assessed through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Additionally, the relationship between Klotho values and secondary endpoints was explored using survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards regression across various patient subpopulations. RESULTS: A total of 12,146 participants (56.8 ± 10.7 years, 48.5% male) were included in our study. The total incidence of CVD was 9.9% (n = 1201), of which 4.7% (n = 574) were CAD, 3.7% (n = 454) were congestive heart failure, and 4.1% (n = 497) were stroke. Binary logistics regression analysis showed that higher Klotho quartiles were associated with the decreased prevalence of CVD [Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 0.77 (0.64-0.93), P = 0.006] and congestive heart failure [Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 0.75 (0.56-0.99), P = 0.048], However, no significant associations were found between Klotho levels and the outcomes of CAD or stroke. RCS curve illustrated a high Klotho value was negatively correlated with the prevalence of CVD (nonlinear P = 0.838), congestive heart failure (nonlinear P = 0.110) and stroke (nonlinear P = 0.972). No significant interactions were observed in any subgroups regarding the associations between Klotho and prevalence of CVD. After a median follow-up period of 93 months (range: from 1 to 160 months), there were 1228 cases (10.1%) of all-cause mortality in the general population, including 296 cases (2.4%) of cardiovascular mortality. The Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that lower Klotho levels were associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality across the general population, CVD population, and non-CVD population. As Klotho levels decreased, there was also a notable rise in cardiovascular mortality in both the general population and the CVD population. In the overall population, Cox regression analyses demonstrated that higher Klotho values were associated with a decreased risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. And no significant interaction was observed in the CVD subgroup regarding the association between Klotho and mortality. CONCLUSION High Klotho level was associated with low prevalence of CVD and low risk of mortality in general population.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the immunological mechanisms underlying spermatogenetic malfunction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) based on bioinformatics and machine learning, and to screen out the key genes associated with spermatogenesis failure. METHODS: NOA-related datasets were obtained from the GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes identified by differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A model of spermatogenesis scoring was established for analysis of the immunological microenvironment and cell interaction networks related to spermatogenesis failure. The key genes were screened out by machine learning, followed by analysis of their correlation with T cells and macrophages. An NOA mouse model was constructed for validation of transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS: Seventy-five differentially expressed genes were identified for the establishment of the spermatogenesis scoring model. The low spermatogenesis score group showed a higher infiltration of the immune cells, with an increased proportion of T cells and macrophages and a correlation of cell interaction signals with immunity. SOX30, KCTD19, ASRGL1 and DRC7 were identified by machine learning as the key genes related to spermatogenesis, with down-regulated expressions in the NOA group, and their expression levels negatively correlated with the infiltration of T cells and macrophages. The accuracy of the spermatogenesis scoring and machine learning models, as well as the trend of the expression levels of the key genes, was successfully validated with the transcriptome sequencing data on the NOA mouse testis. CONCLUSION The development of NOA is closely associated with enhanced immunological microenvironment in the testis. T cells and macrophages may play important roles in spermatogenesis failure. SOX30, KCTD19, ASRGL1 and DRC7 are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of NOA.
Male ; Azoospermia/genetics* ; Machine Learning ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Mice ; Humans ; Spermatogenesis/genetics* ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Macrophages/immunology* ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology* ; Transcriptome

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of body acupuncture combined with FANG's scalp acupuncture in treating limb dysfunction in the remission stage of stroke and explore the mechanism. Methods:Sixty patients in the remission stage of stroke with limb dysfunction were divided into a control group and a treatment group using the random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with ordinary acupuncture based on the conventional rehabilitation treatment,and the treatment group was additionally offered FANG's scalp acupuncture.The interventions were conducted once daily with 10 sessions as 1 course.The Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA)and Barthel index(BI)scores and serum malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were compared after 2 treatment courses,and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:After treatment,the FMA and BI scores increased in both groups(P<0.05)and were higher in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).Both groups showed a decreased MDA level and an increased SOD level after the intervention,all showing statistical significance(P<0.05);there were significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion:Based on the conventional rehabilitation treatment,ordinary acupuncture used alone or in combination with FANG's scalp acupuncture can lower the oxidative stress level and improve limb function in treating limb dysfunction in the remission stage of stroke;body acupuncture plus FANG's scalp acupuncture can produce better results.