Tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma （TACC） is a low-grade malignant tumor originating from the airway mucosa. Despite its slow progression，it is characterized by high invasiveness，frequent recurrence，and a strong tendency for metastasis. Preclinical studies have shown that vascular-targeted therapy holds significant potential. However，an effective systemic treatment for TACC has not been established yet. This study explored TACC from the perspective of "Feiji" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） as the starting point. It deeply investigated the mechanisms of abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment and further elaborated on the theoretical connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment. Firstly，collateral hyperactivity led to disordered and erratic pulmonary collaterals. Their abnormal structures were similar to the disorderly and tortuous nature of tumor （pseudo）angiogenesis. This resulted in imbalances in the functions of circulation，perfusion，and reverse injection of the pulmonary collaterals，and then led to unrestrained collateral dysfunction and the accumulation of pathogenic factors. Secondly，the remodeling of the extracellular matrix （ECM） and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） in TACC were critical processes in vascular co-option （VCO），representing the micro-level manifestation of the displacement of nutrient and defense. During this process，ECM remodeling made TACC cells more likely to hijack normal blood vessels，creating a complex vascular microenvironment conducive to tumor growth. In terms of treatment，this study proposed a TCM strategy of "regulating collaterals to expel pathogenic factors and nourishing collaterals to strengthen the healthy Qi"，and listed potential TCM. These were intended to regulate the Qi and blood in the collaterals，repair the functions of abnormal collaterals，and intervene in the vascular recruitment process of TACC. Future research should focus on improving the TCM clinical syndrome characteristics of TACC. Through modern molecular biology techniques，it is necessary to deeply analyze the micro-level pattern of vascular recruitment in TACC. This would enrich the understanding of the profound connection between abnormal collaterals and tumor vascular recruitment，providing empirical evidence for TCM-targeted therapies for vascular recruitment in TACC.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. As the incidence of AD continues to rise annually, researchers have shown keen interest in the active components found in natural plants and their neuroprotective effects against AD. Quercetin, a flavonol widely present in fruits and vegetables, has multiple biological effects including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD, and the antioxidant properties of quercetin are essential for its neuroprotective function. Quercetin can modulate multiple signaling pathways related to AD, such as Nrf2-ARE, JNK, p38 MAPK, PON2, PI3K/Akt, and PKC, all of which are closely related to oxidative stress. Furthermore, quercetin is capable of inhibiting the aggregation of β‑amyloid protein (Aβ) and the phosphorylation of tau protein, as well as the activity of β‑secretase 1 and acetylcholinesterase, thus slowing down the progression of the disease.The review also provides insights into the pharmacokinetic properties of quercetin, including its absorption, metabolism, and excretion, as well as its bioavailability challenges and clinical applications. To improve the bioavailability and enhance the targeting of quercetin, the potential of quercetin nanomedicine delivery systems in the treatment of AD is also discussed. In summary, the multifaceted mechanisms of quercetin against AD provide a new perspective for drug development. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires overcoming current limitations and ongoing research. In this way, its therapeutic potential in the treatment of AD can be fully utilized.

Polymyxin is an essential antibiotic for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections； however， its significant nephrotoxicity greatly limits its clinical application. To enhance its safety and improve patient outcomes， the study of novel biomarkers for the early prediction of polymyxin-associated acute kidney injury is critically important. Novel biomarkers， such as cystatin C， kidney injury molecule-1， neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin， N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase， β2- microglobulin， have shown obvious advantages in the early prediction of polymyxin-associated acute kidney injury. Compared to traditional biomarkers， these biomarkers can provide sensitive and specific diagnostic information in the early stages of kidney injury， helping to optimize individualized treatment plans and reduce clinical risks. However， the high cost of detection and complex operation still limit their clinical promotion. Future research should focus on optimizing the detection technology of new biomarkers， simplifying the operation process and reducing costs， while conducting multi-center， large-scale randomized controlled trials to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various novel biomarkers， in order to promote their application in the field of prediction of renal injury in clinical practice.

Polymyxin is an essential antibiotic for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections； however， its significant nephrotoxicity greatly limits its clinical application. To enhance its safety and improve patient outcomes， the study of novel biomarkers for the early prediction of polymyxin-associated acute kidney injury is critically important. Novel biomarkers， such as cystatin C， kidney injury molecule-1， neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin， N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase， β2- microglobulin， have shown obvious advantages in the early prediction of polymyxin-associated acute kidney injury. Compared to traditional biomarkers， these biomarkers can provide sensitive and specific diagnostic information in the early stages of kidney injury， helping to optimize individualized treatment plans and reduce clinical risks. However， the high cost of detection and complex operation still limit their clinical promotion. Future research should focus on optimizing the detection technology of new biomarkers， simplifying the operation process and reducing costs， while conducting multi-center， large-scale randomized controlled trials to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various novel biomarkers， in order to promote their application in the field of prediction of renal injury in clinical practice.

According to the work goals and tasks determined by edition outline of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 has been completed. Among them, 52 new pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been added, and the total number has reached 387. 245 pharmaceutical excipients monographs have been revised, of which 109 monographs have only textual revisions and 136 monographs have substantive revisions. This article focuses on the general framework and the main characteristics of the standards of pharmaceutical excipients in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025, which can contribute to accurately understand and utilize the standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and relevant factors of visual acuity abnormalities in preschool children undergoing kindergarten entrance physical examinations in Shannan City, Xizang, in 2022, so as to formulate policies for protecting children’s visual acuity and provide a basis for optimizing the children’s health service system in this region. MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among the children undergoing kindergarten entrance physical examinations in Shannan City in 2022. A diopter examination was performed for these children, and a questionnaire survey was administered to their caregivers. Additionally, factors affecting children’s visual acuity abnormalities were analyzed using the χ² test and binary logistic regression analysis. ResultsA total of 759 children were included in the analysis, with an incidence rate for visual acuity abnormalities of 11.20%. Univariate analysis showed that statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence rate for visual acuity abnormalities among preschool children in terms of different family monthly income (χ²=17.395, P<0.001), father’s education level (χ²=5.133, P=0.023), postnatal vitamin A and D supplementation (χ²=9.575, P=0.008), and feeding method within the first 6 months after birth (χ²=9.330, P=0.009). Multivariate analysis results indicated that family monthly income <5 000 yuan (OR=2.599, P=0.003), insufficient postnatal vitamin A and D supplementation (OR=1.912, P=0.011), and formula feeding (OR=2.131, P=0.010) were relevant factors for abnormal visual development in children. ConclusionThe incidence of visual acuity abnormalities in preschool children in Shannan City is slightly higher than that previously reported in other regions of Xizang. The occurrence of visual acuity abnormalities in children is related to factors such as family monthly income, postnatal vitamin A and D supplementation, and feeding method within the first 6 months after birth. Future interventions should be strengthened on the promotion and dissemination of knowledge related to eye use, such as improve parental awareness of eye care, promote timely vitamin A and D supplementation and encourage breast feeding for children after birth, more specifically, attentions need to be focused on the visual acuity problems of children from low-income families to safeguard the visual health in preschool children in Shannan City, Xizang.

Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a prevalent con-dition associated with substantial impairment and low remission rates.Traditional antidepressants demonstrate delayed effects,low cure rate,and inadequate therapeutic effectiveness for man-aging treatment-resistant depression(TRD).Several studies have shown that ketamine,a non-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)antagonist,can produce rapid and sustained antidepressant effects.Ketamine has demonstrated efficacy for reducing suicidality in TRD patients.However,the pharmaco-logical mechanism for ketamine's antidepressant effects remains incompletely understood.Previous research suggests that the an-tidepressant effects of ketamine may involve the monoaminergic,glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems.This paper provides an overview of the pharmacological mechanism for ketamine's anti-depressant effects and discuss the potential directions for future research.

Panax notoginseng is the dried root and rhizome of Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen,a perennial erect herb of the genus Ginseng of the family Wujiaceae.As a traditional Chinese medicine in our country,Panax notoginseng has a good tonic effect,and the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicines has the words that Panax notoginseng is used to tonify the blood,remove the blood stasis and damage,and stop epistaxis.It can also be used to pass the blood and tonify the blood with the best efficacy,and it is the most precious one of the prescription med-icines.Eaten raw,it removes blood stasis and generates new blood,subdues swelling and stabilizes pain,stops bleeding with-out leaving stasis,and promotes blood circulation without hurting the new blood;taken cooked,it can be used to replenish and strengthen the body.Notoginsenoside R1 is a characteristic com-pound in the total saponin of Panax ginseng.In recent years,China's aging has been increasing,and the incidence of neuro-logical disorders has been increasing year by year.Meanwhile,reports on notoginsenoside R1 in the treatment of neurological disorders are increasing,and its neuroprotective effects have been exerted with precise efficacy.The purpose of this paper is to review the treatment of neurological diseases and the mecha-nism of action of notoginsenoside R1,so as to provide a certain theoretical basis for clinical use and new drug development.

Aim To investigate the promotional effects of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)on renal tissue damage and intestinal flora disruption induced by dia-betic kidney disease(DKD)and the potential mecha-nisms.Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into:control group(NC),DNase Ⅰ control group(DNase Ⅰ)diabetic nephropathy group(DKD),and DNase Ⅰ treated group(DKD+DNase Ⅰ).The pathological changes of mouse kidney were observed by PAS,MAS-SON,and HE staining.The expression and distribu-tion of the relevant proteins of NETs in renal tissue of the mice in each group were observed by immunohisto-chemistry.The expression and distribution of coke-death-related proteins in the kidney tissues of mice in each group were observed by immunohistochemistry.The protein expression of NETs-related indexes,focal death-related indexes and NF-κB signaling pathway-re-lated indexes in kidney tissue of mice in each group were detected by immunoblotting.Results The ex-pression of indicators related to NETs was elevated in the DKD group,and their expression decreased after degradation of NETs by DNase Ⅰ(P＜0.01).Patho-logical staining results showed that the kidneys of DKD mice were structurally abnormal,and the structure was improved after degradation of NETs by DNase Ⅰ.The results of immunohistochemical staining and immunob-lotting showed that the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins in kidney tissues of mice in the DKD group was elevated compared with that in the control group(P＜0.01).NF-κB-related signaling pathway protein expression profile expression rose,and its expression decreased after degradation of NETs by DNase Ⅰ(P＜0.01)Conclusions NETs are generated in diabetic nephropathy and promote the onset of renal focal death and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway,thereby exacerbating diabetes-induced kidney injury.

Objective To explore the effects of different sevoflurane elution methods on awakening quality and cognitive function of elderly obese patients undergoing hip joint replacement.Methods A total of 90 elderly obese patients underwent hip joint replacement under intravenous inhalation combined with general anesthesia and maintained anesthesia with sevoflurane during surgery were selected as the research subjects,and randomly divided into group A and group B,and sevoflurane was eluted by closed elution method and decreasing concentration elution method,respectively.The concentration of sevoflurane exhaled and cognitive function scores at different time points of patients between the two groups were compared,and the awakening quality and the occurrence of adverse reactions during the awakening period of patients between the two groups were compared.Results At the end of the surgery,the concentration of sevoflurane exhaled by patients in group B was significantly lower than that in group A(P<0.05),and the recovery time,awakening time,tracheal extubation time,and anesthesia recovery room stay time of patients in group B were significantly shorter than those in group A(P<0.05).The incidence of agitation during the awakening period of patients in group B was significantly lower than that in group A(P<0.05),and the cognitive function score at the time of 2 hours after awakening of patients in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P<0.05).Conclusion For elderly obese patients undergoing hip joint replacement with intravenous inhalation combined with general anesthesia,sevoflurane can be eluted by decreasing concentration elution method before the end of surgery,and the patient wakes up smoothly and in a shorter time,with fewer adverse reactions and less impact on postoperative cognitive function.