Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes (OLs), are essential in establishing and maintaining brain circuits. Autophagy is a conserved process that keeps the quality of organelles and proteostasis. The role of autophagy in oligodendrocyte lineage cells remains unclear. The present study shows that autophagy is required to maintain the number of OPCs/OLs and myelin integrity during brain aging. Inactivation of autophagy in oligodendrocyte lineage cells increases the number of OPCs/OLs in the developing brain while exaggerating the loss of OPCs/OLs with brain aging. Inactivation of autophagy in oligodendrocyte lineage cells impairs the turnover of myelin basic protein (MBP). It causes MBP to accumulate in the cytoplasm as multimeric aggregates and fails to be incorporated into integral myelin, which is associated with attenuated endocytic recycling. Inactivation of autophagy in oligodendrocyte lineage cells impairs myelin integrity and causes demyelination. Thus, this study shows autophagy is required to maintain myelin quality during aging by controlling the turnover of myelin components.
Animals ; Autophagy/physiology* ; Oligodendroglia/metabolism* ; Myelin Sheath/physiology* ; Aging/pathology* ; Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism* ; Cell Lineage/physiology* ; Mice ; Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Brain/cytology* ; Cells, Cultured ; Cell Count

Objective In this preliminary survey,we sought to determine the composition of mosquito species inhabiting the Emeifeng Nature Reserve,Fujian Province,China.Methods Mosquito larvae were collected by straw and spoon trapping,and adult mosquitoes were collected by lamp trapping at selected breeding sites in the reserve.The specimens were initially identified based on morphology,with subsequent verification using molecular biology methods.Results A total of 34 mosquito species in 13 genera were collected,among which,there were 4 species of Anopheles(Genus Anopheles Meigen,1818),2 species of Lutzia(Genus Lutzia Theobald,1903),15 species of Culex(Genus Culex Linnaeus,1758),4 species of Stegomyia(Genus Stegomyia Theobald,1901),and single species of Hulecoeteomyia(Genus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald,1904),Luius(Genus Luius Reinert,Harbach et Kitching,2008),Aedes(Genus Aedes Meigen,1818),Downsiomyia(Genus Downsiomyia Vargas,1950),Collessius(Genus Collessius Reinert,Harbach et kitching,2006),Uranotaenia(Genus Uranotaenia Lynch 1891),Armigeres(Genus Armigeres Theobald,1901),Toxorhynchites(Genus Toxorhynchites Theobald,1901),and pestle mosquito(Genus Tripteroides Giles,1904).Conclusions The species composition of mosquitoes sampled in the Emeifeng Nature Reserve will provide a basis for further research on mosquito vectors and contribute to measures for local mosquito control.

To investigate the existence of tick-borne pathogens infection of rodents at the border of China and the Demo-cratic People's Republic of Korea(DPRK).PCR was used to detect the spotted fever group rickettsiae(SFGR)ompA gene,Ehrlichia chaffeensis(Ec)and Anaplasma phagocytophilum(Ap)16S rRNA,Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis(CNm)groEL gene,Bartonella(Ba)rpoB gene,and Francisella tularensis(Ft)fopA gene in rodents samples collected from Ji'an of Jilin province and Kuandian of Liaoning Province.The positivity rates of 132 wild rats spleen samples,SFGR,Ec,Ap,CNm,Ba,and Ft were 9.85％,12.88％,5.30％,3.79％,51.52％,and 6.06％,respectively,with statistical differences in in-fection rates(x2=149.236,P=0.000).The infection rate of Ba was the highest in wild rats in this area.There was no signifi-cant difference in the infection rate of SFGR,Ec,Ap,CNm,and Ft among different rats species,but there were significant differences in the infection rate of Ba(x2=13.36,P=0.010).The infection rate of Apodemus agrarius was the highest.A-mong 132 wild rats specimens,the coinfection rate of the two pathogens was 15.9％(21/132),with Ba as the main species(15/132),and two cases of coinfection with three pathogens were detected.The infection of six tick-borne pathogens is common in wild rats at the China/DPRK border.Co-infection of two or three pathogens indicates a risk of multiple tick-borne pathogens and mixed natural foci of multiple tick-borne infec-tious diseases.

Cervical cancer, the most common gynecological malignancy, significantly and adversely affects women's physical health and well-being. Traditional surgical interventions and chemotherapy, while potentially effective, often entail serious side effects that have led to an urgent need for novel therapeutic methods. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to minimize damage to healthy tissue. Connecting a biothiol detection group to PTT-sensitive molecules can improve tumor targeting and further minimize potential side effects. In this study, we developed a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)/photoacoustic (PA) dual-mode probe, S-NBD, which demonstrated robust PTT performance. This innovative probe is capable of activating NIRF/PA signals to enable the detection of biothiols with high emission wavelength (838 nm) and large Stokes shift (178 nm), allowing for in vivo monitoring of cancer cells. Additionally, the probe achieved an outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency of 67.1%. The application of laser irradiation (660 nm, 1.0 W/cm², 5 min) was able to achieve complete tumor ablation without recurrence. In summary, this seminal study presents a pioneering NIRF/PA dual-mode dicyanoisophorone-based probe for biothiol imaging, incorporating features from PTT for the first time. This pioneering approach achieves the dual objectives of improving tumor diagnosis and treatment.

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO), a metabolite of gut microbiota, is closely associated with chronic kidney disease(CKD). It can aggravate the kidney injury and promote the occurrence of complications of CKD mainly by inducing renal fibroblast activation, vascular endothelial inflammation, macrophage foaming, platelet hyperreactivity, and inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport. Thus it is of great significance for clinical treatment of CKD to regulate circulating TMAO and alleviate its induced body damage. Currently, therapeutic strategies for TMAO regulation include dietary structure adjustment, lifestyle intervention, intestinal microflora regulation, and inhibition of intestinal trimethylamine synthesis and liver trimethylamine oxidation. Chinese medicinal herbs have the clinical advantage of multi-component and multi-target effects, and application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to synergistically regulating TMAO and improving CKD via multiple pathways has broad prospects. This study systematically reviewed the clinical relevance and mechanism of TMAO in aggravating CKD renal function deterioration and complication progression. In addition, the effect and mechanism of TCM in improving TMAO-induced kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis and osteoporosis were summarized. The results provided a theoretical basis for TCM in attenuating gut microbiota-derived metabolite TMAO and improving CKD, as well as a basis and direction for in-depth clinical development and mechanism research in the future.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy*

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Xiao Xianxiongtang （XXXT） on the transforming growth factor （TGF）-β₁-induced invasion， metastasis， and epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） of gastric cancer MGC-803 cells and the underlying mechanism. MethodThe molecular docking between XXXT and nuclear factor of activated T cells （NFAT） was performed by CB-DOCK （http：//clab.labshare.cn/cb-dock/）. The invasion and metastasis model of MGC-803 cells was established with 10 μg·L^-1 TGF-β₁. MGC-803 cells were classified into blank group， model group， 0.1 g·L^-1 XXXT group， 0.2 g·L^-1 XXXT group， and 0.4 g·L^-1 XXXT group. For further clarifying the key role of Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway in the inhibition of XXXT on gastric cancer， MGC-803 cells were transfected with Wnt5a overexpression plasmid， and then the cells were classified into blank plasmid group， Wnt5a-OE group， blank plasmid + XXXT （0.4 g·L^-1） group， and Wnt5a-OE + XXXT （0.4 g·L^-1） group. Cell viability was determined by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay， cell invasion and migration ability by Transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay， expression of EMT-related proteins （E-cadherin， N-cadherin， Vimentin， Snail） and Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway-related key proteins ［Wnt5a， calcineurin （CaN）， NFAT1， and p-NFAT1］ by Western blot， and changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration by immunofluorescence assay. ResultMolecular docking suggested that XXXT acted on Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway. XXXT （0.1， 0.2， 0.4 g·L^-1） significantly promoted the loss of MGC-803 cell viability （P<0.05，P<0.01）. It inhibited cells from invading the transwell lower chamber and slowed down the healing of cell wounds in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Moreover， it promoted the expression of E-cadherin while suppressed the expression of N-cadherin， Vimentin， and Snail （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Further experiments showed that XXXT could inhibit the expression of Wnt5a， CaN， NFAT1， and p-NFAT1， and reduce the nuclear expression of NFAT1 and the transcription activity mediated by NFAT1， so as to reduce the cellular Ca²⁺ concentration （P<0.05， P<0.01）. XXXT can reverse the effect of Wnt5a （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionXXXT can attenuate the invasion， metastasis， and EMT of MGC-803 cells via the Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT pathway， thereby weakening the tumor-promoting effect of TGF-β₁. In summary， XXXT may exert therapeutic effect on gastric cancer by regulating the invasion， metastasis， and EMT of gastric cancer cells.

Objective:This studu aims to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of modified Xiao Xianxiongtang on the epithelial mesenchymal transition（EMT） and the change of its invasion and migration ability of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells mediated by transforming growth factor-β₁（TGF-β₁），and to explore the mechanism of regulating Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/ activated T-cell nuclear factor（NFAT） signaling pathway to inhibit EMT and invasion and metastasis of MGC-803 cells. Method:TGF-β₁（10 μg·L^-1）was used to induce EMT and the invasion and metastasis model of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. Transwell chamber experiment， scratchhealing experiment， Western blot and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect cell invasion and migration ability， expression of EMT marker protein and key protein expression of Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway， and intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration. Result:Compared with the blank group， TGF-β₁ could significantly enhance the invasion and migration ability of MGC-803 cells（P<0.01）， down-regulate the level of E-cadherin（P<0.01）， up-regulate protein expressions of N-cadherin， Snail and Vimentin（P<0.01）， and induce cell Wnt5a， calcineurin （CaN）， total protein of activated T-cell nuclear factor 1（NFAT1）， up-regulation of phosphorylated proteins p-NFAT1 and NFAT1 nucleoprotein and intracellular accumulation of Ca²⁺（P<0.01）. Compared with the TGF-β₁ group， modified Xiao Xianxiongtang （10， 20， 40 mg·L^-1） could significantly inhibit this phenomenon，and 40 mg·L^-1 had the best effect（P<0.05，P<0.01）.The specific inhibitors of Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway （R）-（+）-Bay-K-8644 and modified Xiao Xianxiongtang （40 mg·L^-1） could significantly inhibit theinvasion and migration of MGC-803 cells mediated by TGF-β₁， up-regulate the level of E-cadherin， and down-regulate expressions of N-cadherin， Snail， Vimentin， Wnt5a， CaN and NFAT1 proteins and reduce the intracellular accumulation of Ca²⁺（P<0.05，P<0.01）.Moreover， （R）-（+）-Bay-K-8644 combined with modified Xiao Xianxiongtang （40 mg·L^-1） had stronger inhibitory effect（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Conclusion:These results suggest that modified Xiao Xianxiongtang can inhibit the EMT mediated by TGF-β₁ via Wnt5a/Ca²⁺/NFAT signaling pathway，thereby reducing the invasion and migration ability of MGC-803 cells.

Objective:To compare the contents of adenosine， gastrodin， p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol， p-hydroxybenzaldehyde， parisinin B and parisinin A in Chijian （the aerial part of Gastrodia elata） and Gastrodiae Rhizoma， and compare their effects on immune function and intestinal microflora， evaluating whether it is necessary to study and develop Chijian. Method:The contents of these six constituents were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography （UPLC）， the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-acetonitrile （B） for gradient elution （0-4 min， 0.5%B； 4-5 min， 0.5%-2%B； 5-10 min， 2%-15%B； 10-12 min， 15%-20%B； 12-15 min， 20%-95%B； 15-17 min， 95%B； 17-17.5 min， 95%-0.5%B； 17.5-20 min， 0.5%B）， the flow rate was 0.5 mL·min^-1， the detection wavelength was 270 nm. The difference of pharmacological activity of water extracts of Chijian and Gastrodiae Rhizoma was compared， the clearance index， corrected clearance index and peripheral blood were measured in mice model with low immune function induced by cyclophosphamide， B lymphocyte proliferation was determined by lymphocyte transformation test in vitro， intestinal microflora was analyzed by 16S rDNA technology and bioinformatics was conducted. Result:The total contents of these six components in powder and ethanol extract of Chijian were higher than that of Gastrodiae Rhizoma， but the total contents of these six components in their water extract were similar， and the total contents of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol met the requirements of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Compared with the blank group， the clearance index of immunocompromised mice was significantly increased in the middle-dose （10 g·kg^-1） group of Chijian water extract， middle- and low-dose （10， 5 g·kg^-1） groups of Gastrodiae Rhizoma water extract （P<0.05）， the levels of erythrocyte and hematocrit in peripheral blood were significantly increased in the high-dose （20 g·kg^-1） groups of water extracts of Chijian and Gastrodiae Rhizoma （P<0.05， P<0.01）， water extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma with concentration of 400 g·L^-1 and the water extract of Chijian with the concentration of 100 g·L^-1 could promote the proliferation of B lymphocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide. Studies on intestinal microflora showed that compared with the blank group， at the phylum level， the water extracts of Chijian and Gastrodiae Rhizoma increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes， at the genus level， they increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005， and decreased the relative abundance of Anaerotruncus， unclassified_f_Erysipelotrichaceae and Candidatus_Stoquefichus. These intestinal bacteria were related to the immune system， cell proliferation， and metabolism regulation. Conclusion:The total contents of 6 components in the powder， the ethanol and the water extracts of Chijian are higher than or close to those of the corresponding samples of Gastrodiae Rhizoma， the pharmacological activity of Chijian water extract is similar to that of Gastrodiae Rhizoma water extract， indicating that Chijian is worthy of further research and development.

ObjectiveLymphomatosis cerebri （LC） is a very rare variant of central nervous system lymphoma （PCNSL）. However， there are few reports at present and LC has worse prognosis than other types of PCNSL. Hence， this study reports 3 cases of LC whose pathologic features had been clarified through stereotactic brain biopsy， to better characterize LC in order to improve early diagnosis and treatment. MethodsFrom January 2017 to July 2020， the clinical manifestations， imaging and neuropathology of 3 patients diagnosed with LC in Lingnan Hospital of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsThe 3 patients were 44-year-old， 61-year-old， and 64-year-old males with neurological dysfunction such as progressive cognitive decline， blurred vision， and lower limb weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） revealed diffuse white matter lesions in the bilateral brain， which were manifested as long T1 and long T2 signal and demonstrated increased signal intensity on T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery （T2-FLAIR） sequences and slightly higher in diffusion weighted imaging （DWI）. Stereotactic brain biopsy specimen showed diffuse B cells infiltration， CD20 （+）， consistent with LC. ConclusionsLC is a rare variant of central nervous system lymphoma that usually has no specific clinical performance， so the doctor can easily succumb to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. MRI evidence of bilateral hemispheric involvement should be alerts for this diagnosis. Brain biopsy should be early performed to clarify the pathology， which is of great significance for early diagnosis and prognosis.