This paper systematically reviews the current status of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori （Hp） infection， as well as recent progress in clinical and basic research both in China and internationally. It summarizes the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in Hp infection management， including improving Hp eradication rates， enhancing antibiotic sensitivity， reducing antimicrobial resistance， decreasing drug-related adverse effects， and ameliorating gastric mucosal lesions. These advantages are particularly evident in patients who are intolerant to bismuth-containing regimens， those with refractory Hp infection， and individuals with precancerous gastric lesions. An integrated， whole-process management approach and individualized， staged comprehensive treatment strategies combining TCM and western medicine are proposed for Hp infection. Future prevention and control of Hp infection should adopt an integrative Chinese-western medical strategy， emphasizing prevention， strengthening primary care， implementing proactive long-term monitoring， optimizing screening strategies， and advancing the development of novel technologies and mechanistic studies of Chinese herbal interventions. These efforts aim to provide a theoretical basis and practical pathways for the establishment and improvement of Hp infection prevention and control systems.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant risk factor for gallstone formation, but mechanisms underlying MASH-related gallstone formation remain unclear. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) participates in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and is upregulated in MASH. Here, we aimed to explore the role of GOLM1 in MASH-related gallstone formation. Methods: The UK Biobank cohort was used for etiological analysis. GOLM1 knockout (GOLM1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Livers were excised for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Gallbladders were collected to calculate incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Biles were collected for biliary lipid analysis. HepG2 cells were used to explore underlying mechanisms. Human liver samples were used for clinical validation. Results: MASH patients had a greater risk of cholelithiasis. All HFD-fed mice developed MASH, and the incidence of gallstones was 16.7% and 75.0% in GOLM1-/- and WT mice, respectively. GOLM1-/- decreased biliary cholesterol concentration and output. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that GOLM1 facilitated cholesterol efflux through upregulating ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Mechanistically, GOLM1 translocated into nucleus to promote osteopontin (OPN) transcription, thus stimulating ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux. Moreover, GOLM1 was upregulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that IL-1β, GOLM1, OPN, and ABCG5 were enhanced in livers of MASH patients with CGSs. Conclusions In MASH livers, upregulation of GOLM1 by IL-1β increases ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux in an OPN-dependent manner, promoting CGS formation. GOLM1 has the potential to be a molecular hub interconnecting MASH and CGSs.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant risk factor for gallstone formation, but mechanisms underlying MASH-related gallstone formation remain unclear. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) participates in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and is upregulated in MASH. Here, we aimed to explore the role of GOLM1 in MASH-related gallstone formation. Methods: The UK Biobank cohort was used for etiological analysis. GOLM1 knockout (GOLM1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Livers were excised for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Gallbladders were collected to calculate incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Biles were collected for biliary lipid analysis. HepG2 cells were used to explore underlying mechanisms. Human liver samples were used for clinical validation. Results: MASH patients had a greater risk of cholelithiasis. All HFD-fed mice developed MASH, and the incidence of gallstones was 16.7% and 75.0% in GOLM1-/- and WT mice, respectively. GOLM1-/- decreased biliary cholesterol concentration and output. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that GOLM1 facilitated cholesterol efflux through upregulating ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Mechanistically, GOLM1 translocated into nucleus to promote osteopontin (OPN) transcription, thus stimulating ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux. Moreover, GOLM1 was upregulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that IL-1β, GOLM1, OPN, and ABCG5 were enhanced in livers of MASH patients with CGSs. Conclusions In MASH livers, upregulation of GOLM1 by IL-1β increases ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux in an OPN-dependent manner, promoting CGS formation. GOLM1 has the potential to be a molecular hub interconnecting MASH and CGSs.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant risk factor for gallstone formation, but mechanisms underlying MASH-related gallstone formation remain unclear. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) participates in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and is upregulated in MASH. Here, we aimed to explore the role of GOLM1 in MASH-related gallstone formation. Methods: The UK Biobank cohort was used for etiological analysis. GOLM1 knockout (GOLM1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Livers were excised for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Gallbladders were collected to calculate incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Biles were collected for biliary lipid analysis. HepG2 cells were used to explore underlying mechanisms. Human liver samples were used for clinical validation. Results: MASH patients had a greater risk of cholelithiasis. All HFD-fed mice developed MASH, and the incidence of gallstones was 16.7% and 75.0% in GOLM1-/- and WT mice, respectively. GOLM1-/- decreased biliary cholesterol concentration and output. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that GOLM1 facilitated cholesterol efflux through upregulating ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Mechanistically, GOLM1 translocated into nucleus to promote osteopontin (OPN) transcription, thus stimulating ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux. Moreover, GOLM1 was upregulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that IL-1β, GOLM1, OPN, and ABCG5 were enhanced in livers of MASH patients with CGSs. Conclusions In MASH livers, upregulation of GOLM1 by IL-1β increases ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux in an OPN-dependent manner, promoting CGS formation. GOLM1 has the potential to be a molecular hub interconnecting MASH and CGSs.

Objective To investigate the factors influencing global longitudinal strain(GLS)measured by cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI).Methods Clinical data of 315 hospitalized patients diagnosed with acute STEMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)at the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from June 2016 to September 2021 were retrospectively collected.After analyzing CMR images of all patients,GLS and other strain parameters were obtained,and then the patients were divided into two groups according to the median GLS.In order to balance gender and age differences,1:1 propensity score matching was performed,and 206 patients were eventually included:GLS>-11.3%group(indicating severe GLS impairment,n=103)and GLS≤-11.3%group(n=103).Baseline characteristics,laboratory indicators,coronary angiographic parameters,electrocardiogram(ECG)features,and CMR parameters were compared between the two groups.Variables showing significant differences were analyzed for their correlation with GLS.Multivariate logistic regression and multiple stepwise linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with GLS impairment.Results Compared with GLS≤-11.3%group,GLS>-11.3%group had significantly higher peak levels of creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)and troponin T(TnT)(P<0.001).A higher proportion of patients in GLS>-11.3%group had the left anterior descending artery(LAD)as the culprit vessel,while a lower proportion had the right coronary artery(RCA)as the culprit vessel(P<0.001).Additionally,GLS>-11.3%group had longer QRS duration(P<0.001)and a higher incidence of pathological Q waves(P=0.001).Regarding CMR parameters,GLS>-11.3%group exhibited larger global circumferential strain(GCS),infarct size(IS),and left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV),as well as lower global radial strain(GRS)and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)(P<0.001).Multivariate logistic regression indicated that peak TnT(OR=1.092,P=0.001),LAD culprit vessel(OR=3.744,P<0.001),and QRS duration(OR=1.026,P<0.001)were significantly associated with severely impaired GLS.Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the logarithmic value of peak TnT,LAD as the culprit vessel,and the square root of QRS duration were linearly correlated with GLS values(adjusted R2=0.301,P<0.001),and these independent variables explained 30.1%of the variation in GLS.Conclusion Elevated peak TnT,prolonged QRS duration,and LAD as the culprit vessel are significantly associated with severe GLS impairment in STEMI patients,indicating more severe myocardial infarction and worse left ventricular function.

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare group of malignancies that develop from the epithelial lining of the biliary tree and have a poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with advanced BTC in China, its clinical benefits are moderate. In recent years, the approval of targeted therapies and immunotherapies has provided new avenues for the management of advanced BTC. Nonetheless, the increasing number of personalized medicine approaches has created a challenge for clinicians choosing individualized treatment strategies based on tumor characteristics. In this article, we discuss recent progress in implementing precision medicine approaches for advanced BTC in China and examine genomic profiling studies in Chinese patients with advanced BTC. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of using precision medicine approaches, as well as the importance of considering population-specific factors and tailoring treatment approaches to improve outcomes for patients with BTC. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of current and emerging precision medicine approaches for the management of advanced BTC in China, this review article will support clinicians outside of China by serving as a reference regarding the role of patient- and population-specific factors in clinical decision-making for patients with this rare malignancy.
Humans ; Precision Medicine/methods* ; Biliary Tract Neoplasms/genetics* ; China ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Immunotherapy/methods*

ObjectiveTo improve the therapeutic effect of Buyang Huanwutang（BYHW） on diabetic kidney disease （DKD） and explore new methods for developing new Chinese medicine decoctions，we utilized 5-hydroxymethylcytosine （5hmC）-Seal sequencing technology and network pharmacology to modify BYHW. MethodsWe selected 14 diabetes mellitus （DM） patients and 15 DKD patients hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of Peking University Third Hospital in 2021. Circulating free DNA （cfDNA） in the patients’ plasma was sequenced. After data processing and screening， we performed temporal clustering analysis to select a DKD 5hmC gene set， which was then cross-validated with a DKD database gene set to obtain the DKD gene set. We retrieved target genes of the seven herbal components of BYHW from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） and the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine （ETCM）， and performed cross-analysis with the DKD gene set to identify common genes shared by the disease and the Chinese medicines. A protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed for the common genes to screen out the key genes. Chinese medicines targeting these key genes were searched against ETCM to identify removable Chinese medicines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed on non-common DKD genes， and key genes in DKD-related pathways were selected based on machine learning. The GSE30529 dataset was used to verify the expression trends of 5hmC-modified genes and the feasibility of target genes as drug targets. TCMBank was used to search for target genes and obtain compounds targeting these genes and the corresponding Chinese medicines to construct a "key target-compound-Chinese medicine" network. Molecular docking was employed to verify the binding affinity of compounds with key targets. TCMSP and ETCM were used to search and count the candidate Chinese medicines targeting DKD-related genes， and a new decoction was formed by adding the selected Chinese medicines. A mouse model of DKD was established to examine the efficacy of the new decoction based on the mouse body mass， random blood glucose， urinary microalbumin （mALB）， serum creatinine （Scr）， and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and by hematoxylin-eosin staining， periodic acid-Schiff staining， Masson staining， immunofluorescence assay， and Real-time PCR. ResultsThe cross-analysis results showed that the DKD gene set included 507 genes， of which 30 were target genes of BYHW. The PPI analysis indicated that the top 15% target genes regarding the degree were interleukin-6 （IL-6）， Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， lactotransferrin （LTF）， lipoprotein lipase （LPL）， and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 （SREBF1）. Persicae Semen and Pheretima in BYHW were unrelated to key genes and removed. Machine learning identified 10 potential target genes， among which TBC1 domain family member 5 （TBC1D5）， RAD51 paralog B （RAD51B）， and proteasome 20S subunit alpha 6 （PSMA6） had expression trends consistent with the GSE30529 dataset and could serve as drug targets. The "key target-compound-Chinese medicine" network and molecular docking results indicated that the compounds with good binding affinity to target proteins were arginine， glycine， myristicin， serine， and tyrosine， corresponding to 121 Chinese medicines. The top 10 Chinese medicines targeting DKD-related genes were Lycii Fructus， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Dioscoreae Rhizoma， Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， Isatidis Radix， Glehniae Radix， Ophiopogonis Radix， Allii Sativi Bulbus， Isatidis Folium， and Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma. Based on traditional Chinese medicine theory， the new decoction was obtained after removal of Persicae Semen and Pheretima and addition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and Dioscoreae Rhizoma. Animal experiment results indicated that the modified BYHW improved the kidney function and inhibited renal fibrosis in DKD mice， with better effects than the original decoction. ConclusionThe BYHW modified based on 5hmC-Seal sequencing demonstrates better performance in inhibiting fibrosis and ameliorating DKD than the original decoction. This elucidates the biomedical theory behind the epigenetic modification of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions， potentially offering new perspectives for the exploration of these prescriptions

ObjectiveTo improve the therapeutic effect of Buyang Huanwutang（BYHW） on diabetic kidney disease （DKD） and explore new methods for developing new Chinese medicine decoctions，we utilized 5-hydroxymethylcytosine （5hmC）-Seal sequencing technology and network pharmacology to modify BYHW. MethodsWe selected 14 diabetes mellitus （DM） patients and 15 DKD patients hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of Peking University Third Hospital in 2021. Circulating free DNA （cfDNA） in the patients’ plasma was sequenced. After data processing and screening， we performed temporal clustering analysis to select a DKD 5hmC gene set， which was then cross-validated with a DKD database gene set to obtain the DKD gene set. We retrieved target genes of the seven herbal components of BYHW from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） and the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine （ETCM）， and performed cross-analysis with the DKD gene set to identify common genes shared by the disease and the Chinese medicines. A protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed for the common genes to screen out the key genes. Chinese medicines targeting these key genes were searched against ETCM to identify removable Chinese medicines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed on non-common DKD genes， and key genes in DKD-related pathways were selected based on machine learning. The GSE30529 dataset was used to verify the expression trends of 5hmC-modified genes and the feasibility of target genes as drug targets. TCMBank was used to search for target genes and obtain compounds targeting these genes and the corresponding Chinese medicines to construct a "key target-compound-Chinese medicine" network. Molecular docking was employed to verify the binding affinity of compounds with key targets. TCMSP and ETCM were used to search and count the candidate Chinese medicines targeting DKD-related genes， and a new decoction was formed by adding the selected Chinese medicines. A mouse model of DKD was established to examine the efficacy of the new decoction based on the mouse body mass， random blood glucose， urinary microalbumin （mALB）， serum creatinine （Scr）， and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and by hematoxylin-eosin staining， periodic acid-Schiff staining， Masson staining， immunofluorescence assay， and Real-time PCR. ResultsThe cross-analysis results showed that the DKD gene set included 507 genes， of which 30 were target genes of BYHW. The PPI analysis indicated that the top 15% target genes regarding the degree were interleukin-6 （IL-6）， Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， lactotransferrin （LTF）， lipoprotein lipase （LPL）， and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 （SREBF1）. Persicae Semen and Pheretima in BYHW were unrelated to key genes and removed. Machine learning identified 10 potential target genes， among which TBC1 domain family member 5 （TBC1D5）， RAD51 paralog B （RAD51B）， and proteasome 20S subunit alpha 6 （PSMA6） had expression trends consistent with the GSE30529 dataset and could serve as drug targets. The "key target-compound-Chinese medicine" network and molecular docking results indicated that the compounds with good binding affinity to target proteins were arginine， glycine， myristicin， serine， and tyrosine， corresponding to 121 Chinese medicines. The top 10 Chinese medicines targeting DKD-related genes were Lycii Fructus， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Dioscoreae Rhizoma， Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， Isatidis Radix， Glehniae Radix， Ophiopogonis Radix， Allii Sativi Bulbus， Isatidis Folium， and Bolbostemmatis Rhizoma. Based on traditional Chinese medicine theory， the new decoction was obtained after removal of Persicae Semen and Pheretima and addition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and Dioscoreae Rhizoma. Animal experiment results indicated that the modified BYHW improved the kidney function and inhibited renal fibrosis in DKD mice， with better effects than the original decoction. ConclusionThe BYHW modified based on 5hmC-Seal sequencing demonstrates better performance in inhibiting fibrosis and ameliorating DKD than the original decoction. This elucidates the biomedical theory behind the epigenetic modification of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions， potentially offering new perspectives for the exploration of these prescriptions