To develop the Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines for Mucosal Administration in response to common problems， including insufficient safety information in package inserts， amplified medication risks in special populations， and non-standard clinical practices， thus establishing a risk management system tailored to the characteristics of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration. An approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted. In accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision） and the GB/T 1.1—2020 standard， a systematic search was performed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）， the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）， Chinese databases ［China Network of Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data （Wanfang）， and VIP journal resource integration service platform （VIP）］， and international databases （Cochrane Library， PubMed， and EMbase）. Guideline outlines were developed through questionnaire surveys， expert interviews， and the nominal group technique. The content of each item was formulated with full consideration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） incompatibility， as well as the conceptual connotations and extensions of pharmacovigilance. The results included 54 Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition） and 58 from the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）. Safety-related items in the corresponding package inserts were collected， and 27 relevant publications were retrieved. Thirty experts from 24 institutions were mobilized for the drafting， and opinions from 61 external experts were solicited. A pharmacovigilance framework was established， covering the full chain of "monitoring， identification， assessment， and control". Based on seven anatomical sites， including nasal， ocular， and oral mucosa， a stratified monitoring system was constructed. The guideline proposed key recommendations on improving package insert sections such as "Adverse Reactions"， "Contraindications"， and "Precautions"， clinical procedure standardization in healthcare institutions， risk control， and dynamic pharmacovigilance. The Guideline provides evidence-based support tailored to the risk profile of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration， filling the current gap in international pharmacovigilance standards in this field， while offering technical support for safety management across the full life cycle of medicines for mucosal administration.

To develop the Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines for Mucosal Administration in response to common problems， including insufficient safety information in package inserts， amplified medication risks in special populations， and non-standard clinical practices， thus establishing a risk management system tailored to the characteristics of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration. An approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted. In accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision） and the GB/T 1.1—2020 standard， a systematic search was performed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）， the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）， Chinese databases ［China Network of Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data （Wanfang）， and VIP journal resource integration service platform （VIP）］， and international databases （Cochrane Library， PubMed， and EMbase）. Guideline outlines were developed through questionnaire surveys， expert interviews， and the nominal group technique. The content of each item was formulated with full consideration of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） incompatibility， as well as the conceptual connotations and extensions of pharmacovigilance. The results included 54 Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition） and 58 from the Catalog of Medicines Covered by Medical Insurance （2022 edition）. Safety-related items in the corresponding package inserts were collected， and 27 relevant publications were retrieved. Thirty experts from 24 institutions were mobilized for the drafting， and opinions from 61 external experts were solicited. A pharmacovigilance framework was established， covering the full chain of "monitoring， identification， assessment， and control". Based on seven anatomical sites， including nasal， ocular， and oral mucosa， a stratified monitoring system was constructed. The guideline proposed key recommendations on improving package insert sections such as "Adverse Reactions"， "Contraindications"， and "Precautions"， clinical procedure standardization in healthcare institutions， risk control， and dynamic pharmacovigilance. The Guideline provides evidence-based support tailored to the risk profile of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration， filling the current gap in international pharmacovigilance standards in this field， while offering technical support for safety management across the full life cycle of medicines for mucosal administration.

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available food products in Shanghai, and to assess OTA exposure levels and the associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks among pregnant women by integrating dietary consumption data of this population. MethodsThe levels of OTA contamination in 1 520 food samples collected in Shanghai from 2022 to 2023 were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An exposure assessment model was developed based on the dietary consumption levels of pregnant women from the 2016‒2017 Shanghai Pregnant Women Dietary Monitoring Survey to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA, the margin of exposure for non-carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₁), and the margin of exposure for carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₂). An MOE₁ greater than 200 and an MOE₂ greater than 10 000 indicate that the non-carcinogenic toxicity and carcinogenic toxicity resulting from exposure are negligible, respectively. For samples with OTA contamination levels below the limit of detection (LOD), which accounted for more than 80% of the samples, the OTA levels were assigned values of 0 and LOD, respectively, for subsequent calculations. ResultsThe detection rates of OTA in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, and alcohol samples collected in 2022 were 2.03%, 0, 0, and 0, respectively. The OTA detection rates in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol samples collected in 2023 were 2.50%, 0.39%, 2.47%, 1.67%, and 13.33%, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2022, simulation results indicated that when assigning a value of 0 and the LOD, theP₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.05 and 0.72 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.25 and 2.40 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2023, the P₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.04 and 1.00 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.23 and 2.67 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, both substantially below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for OTA [17 ng·(kg·d)^-1]. The EDI for dietary OTA exposure in 100.0% of Shanghai pregnant women was lower than the TDI, indicating an overall low level of dietary OTA exposure among this population. For 100.0% of pregnant women, the MOE₁ for dietary OTA exposure exceeded 200. When assigned a value of 0, the MOE₂ for 100.0% of pregnant women in both 2022 and 2023 exceeded10 000. When assigned the LOD value, 72.3% and 81.8% of pregnant women in 2022 and 2023, respectively, had an MOE₂ exceeding 10 000. ConclusionFrom 2022 to 2023, samples of cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol sold in Shanghai exhibited varying degrees of OTA contamination. The overall EDI of OTA exposure among pregnant women in Shanghai remained at a low level. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with OTA exposure were generally low and at controllable levels.

Background Deoxynivalenol (DON), a priority contaminant for food safety risk monitoring, is produced by Fusarium spp. infesting crops, and its common derivatives are 3-acetyl-DON (3A-DON) and 15-acetyl-DON (15A-DON), which have been shown to possess gastrointestinal toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and cytotoxicity. Due to the stable physicochemical properties of the DON family of toxins (DONs), they cannot be effectively removed during food processing, thus following the food chain, entering the human body, and posing health risks. Objective To understand the contamination status of DONs in commercial foods (cereals and bakery products) in Shanghai in 2022–2023, and to assess the exposure risk of DONs in pregnant women by combining their dietary consumption data. Methods Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the contamination level of DONs in 1 100 food samples (cereals and baked goods) collected in 2022 and 944 samples collected in 2023 from Shanghai. The dietary monitoring data of pregnant women in Shanghai from 2016 to 2017 were adopted. The monitoring employed the food frequency questionnaire distributed among pregnant women through a combination of online telephone enquiry and offline on-site face-to-face survey to estimate their food consumption levels. An exposure assessment model was established to calculate the exposure level to DONs, and the probability distribution of the DONs exposure level in the pregnant women group in Shanghai was obtained by applying @Risk 7.5 software and simulating the calculation according to the Monte Carlo principle. With reference to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of DONs [1.00 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹] proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, the risk of exposure to DONs from commercial cereals and bakery products in pregnant women in Shanghai was assessed. Results DONs were detected in cereal and bakery samples collected in 2022 and 2023 with different levels of contamination. The level of DONs in cereal foods in 2023 (mean: 36.33 µg·kg⁻¹) decreased compared to 2022 (mean: 23.64 µg·kg⁻¹). However, the positive rate (71.67%) and level (mean: 51.22 µg·kg⁻¹) of DONs in bakery products increased significantly compared with 2022 (positive rate: 10.00%, mean: 24.39 µg·kg⁻¹). The mean consumption of cereals in 783 pregnant women was 222.48 g·d⁻¹ and the mean consumption of bakery products was 36.07 g·d⁻¹, and there was no statistically significant difference in the intake of all types of cereals and bakery products across the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy. The modelled intakes of DONs via commercial cereals and bakery products for pregnant women in Shanghai were calculated to be 0.20 and 0.57 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ in 2022 for the mean level and the 95th percentile level, respectively, and 0.16 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ and 0.35 µg·(kg·d)⁻¹ in 2023, respectively. The results of the health risk assessment showed that pregnant women in Shanghai had 2.6% and 1.4% probability of exposure to DONs from cereal consumption in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Conclusion The risk of exposure of pregnant women in Shanghai to DONs via commercial cereals and bakery products is relatively low (1.4%-2.6%). However, considering the physical sensitivity of pregnant women, they should avoid consuming moldy grains and appropriately reduce intake of bakery products.

Objective To investigate the effects of long-term radiofrequency(RF)radiation at 2.65 GHz on behavior,inflammatory response,and intestinal microecology in mice in order to provide a basis for the safety assessment of long-term RF exposure.Methods One hundred and eight male C57BL/6N mice(17～21 g,6～8 weeks old)were randomly assigned to a control group(Con)and a RF exposure group.The mice of the RF exposure group were subjected to whole-body uniform exposure to 2.65 GHz RF radiation in an electromagnetic reverberation chamber for 3 h/day for 28 consecutive days.RF field distribution and changes in core body temperature were monitored using an electromagnetic radiation analyzer and a fiber-optic temperature probe,respectively.Cognitive function was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition(NOR)test.Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated through open field test(OFT)and elevated plus maze(EPM),while depressive-like behaviors were examined with sucrose preference test(SPT)and tail suspension test(TST).HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in mouse tissues.Radioimmunoassay(RIA)was employed to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,TNF-α and IL-1 β,as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines,IL-4 and IL-10 in the serum,brain,jejunum,and spleen samples.Additionally,metagenomic sequencing was performed to assess alterations in the gut microbiota composition.Results Long-term RF radiation led to a maximal increase of 0.59℃in the core body temperature,but had no significant effects on cognitive function,anxiety-like behaviors,or depressive-like behaviors,or apparent damage of the hippocampal or jejunal tissues in the exposed mice.However,RF exposure significantly up-regulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in serum(P<0.05),and did not significantly alter the concentrations of other cytokines(IL-1β,IL-4,IL-10),caused significant decrease in α-diversity of the intestinal microbiota(P<0.01),with reduced relative abundances of Ligilactobacillus murinus and Acetatifactor muris(P<0.05),while elevated abundances of Lachnospiraceae bacterium(P<0.01).Conclusion Long-term exposure to 2.65 GHz RF radiation induces systemic inflammatory responses and disrupts gut microbiota homeostasis in mice.

Objective The pathogenic characteristics of Escherichia coli(E.coli)in bacterial infections were analyzed using a combination of multiple molecular typing techniques in order to provide evidence for the management of clinical medication safety.Methods Samples from some bacterial infection-related cases in a district of Chongqing in 2021 were collected.A total of 30 E.coli strains were selected by a completely random method,and phoA gene PCR assay was performed for identification.Molecular typing of the strains was analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)and multilocus sequence typing(MLST).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted to determine the drug resistance of the strains,and four β-lactamase-encoding genes(blaCTX-M,blaTEM,blaSHV,blaZ)were selected to detect the carriage of resistance genes.Results All 30 E.coli strains displayed the phoA gene target band.Their PFGE banding patterns,with a similarity of 50%～98%,could be classified into 8 clusters.Cluster C was the dominant group,accounting for 53.3%(16/30).C1 and C2 exhibited high genetic correlation,indicating a close phylogenetic relationship.One E.coli strain could not be assigned a sequence type(ST)by MLST,while the remaining 29 E.coli isolates were classified into 16 different STs,demonstrating a polymorphic distribution.Among them,10 isolates belonged to ST131(10/30,33.33%).Evolutionary analysis of the 10 ST131 E.coli strains revealed their distribution across different branches,indicating varying degrees of genetic relatedness.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all 30 E.coli strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance,with the highest resistance rate observed against the β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin(25/30,83.33%).Among them,60.0%were multidrug-resistant bacteria(MDRB).These MDRB strains exhibited 16 distinct resistance profiles,displaying a scattered distribution without a dominant resistance pattern.50.0%(9/18)of the MDRB strains exhibited six-drug resistance,while the most drug-resistant strain showed eight-drug resistance.Furthermore,the blaCTX-M gene carriage rate among the 30 E.coli strains was 86.67%(26/30),while no blaZ gene was detected.Conclusion E.coli related to bacterial infections from a Chongqing district exhibited diverse PFGE/MLST patterns and significant drug resistance.The application of multiple molecular typing techniques can reveal the genetic diversity,evolutionary relationships,and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria.Countermeasures It is recommended to enhance the molecular typing and drug resistance surveillance network for pathogenic bacteria,establish an early warning mechanism,and implement hierarchical management of antibiotics,thereby improving targeted prevention and epidemic traceability capabilities for key drug-resistant bacteria such as ST131.

In this work,with tris(4-aminophenyl)amine(TAPA)and 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene(TFPB)as monomers,an imine-type porous organic polymer,TAPA-TFPB,was synthesized using a simple method under the catalysis of acetic acid.The material TAPA-TFPB was used as solid-phase extraction adsorbent and combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)to establish a detection method for four kinds of nitrofuran metabolites(NFMs)residues in meat samples.The parameters of the adsorbent dosage,the pH value and volume of sample,and the type and volume of washing and eluent solvents were optimized,respectively.Under the optimal extraction conditions,low detection limits(0.11-1.60 μg/kg)were achieved for four kinds of NFMs.At three different spiked levels,the intra-day and inter-day precisions(Relative standard deviations)were 2.8% -10.9% and 4.3% -16.2%,respectively,and the spiked recoveries were 72.0% -107.2%.The results showed that the method chould be used for efficient extraction and analysis of trace NFMs residues in meat samples,indicating that TAPA-TFPB was a kind of promising SPE adsorbent.

Sarin(GB)is a typical representative of nerve agents with high toxicity,and very low amount can cause death.GB can cause water and atmospheric environment poisoning,so the detection of GB in water and air is of great significance.In this work,a colorimetric sensor array(CSA)based on GB inhibition of cholinesterase activity was constructed to detect GB with high selectivity.A 4×4 colorimetric array was constructed using acetylcholinesterase(AChE),butyryl cholinesterase(BuChE)and the corresponding substrate acetylthiocholine iodide(S-ACh),butyryl thiocholine iodide(S-BCh),acetylcholine chloride(ACh),butyryl choline chloride(BCh)and 2,6-dichloroindophenol ethyl ester(DCIE).The linear curve of the sensor was Y=131.3×lgC+271.6(R2=0.997),where Y was the array response Euclidean distance,C was the concentration of GB(mg/L),the linear range was 0.03?0.32 mg/L,and the detection limit was 27.6 μg/L.The method could effectively distinguish chemical warfare agents(CWA)such as VX,Soman(GD),mustard gas(HD),Louie reagent(L),and had high anti-interference ability,sensitivity and good repeatability.It was successfully applied to the detection of GB in simulated water and simulated air samples,and the sample recovery rate was 97.2% ?100.9%.This method would be potentially applied to the field rapid detection of nerve agents.

The major components of Olaflur raw material were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS).The results revealed that cetyl amine fluoride(C16-AmF),octadecene amine fluoride(C18:1-AmF),and octadecyl amine fluoride(Olaflur)were the main components.The contents of C16-AmF,C18:1-AmF,and Olaflur in oral care products were determined via ultra performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector coupled with solid-phase extraction(SPE-UPLC-CAD).The oral care sample was dispersed evenly with a 50%ethanol aqueous solution,and then vortexed with ethanol.The supernatant was collected by centrifugation,concentrated to near dryness,and redissolved with ultrapure water.The re-dissolved sample was loaded onto a Poly-Sery HLB Pro SPE column for purification and elution.The acetonitrile eluate was collected and concentrated to 1.0 mL.Finally,a prepared test solution was separated on a Thermo Acclaim Surfactant Plus chromatographic column(2.1 mm×150 mm,3 μm).Acetonitrile and 100 mmol/L acetic acid-ammonium acetate aqueous solution(pH=4.8)were used as the mobile phases for gradient elution.The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and cloumn temperature was maintained at 40℃.The sample was detected using a charged aerosol detector,and quantified using an external standard method.The experimental results indicated that the three organic fluorinated amines showed good linear relationship in their respective concentration ranges.The correlation coefficients(r)were greater than 0.99.The limit of detection(LOD)and the limit of quantification(LOQ)of C16-AmF were 2.0 and 8.0 μg/mL,respectively.The LOD and LOQ of C18:1-AmF were 2.0 and 8.0 μg/mL,respectively.The LOD and LOQ of Olaflur were 3.0 μg/mL and 10.0 μg/mL,respectively.The spiked recoveries of the three organic fluorinated amines were 84.3%-104.2%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs)of 4.93%-5.82%.The 28 batches of commercial oral care samples were detected by this method and the results indicated that three organic fluorinated amines were detected in 18 samples and the total content were 22.2-11477.8 μg/g.This method had high sensitivity and good reproducibility.It was suitable for verifying the authenticity of the claims of oral care products promoted with Olaflur as the main efficacy ingredient and selling point,and provided a valuable reference for establishing and improving the standard analytical method for Olaflur.

Forensic medicine has been designated as a first-level discipline,presenting new opportunities and challenges for the development of forensic medicine.Since the 1980s,the establishment of foren-sic medicine discipline and the cultivation of high-level forensic talents have become hot topics in the development of forensic medicine in China.Since the 13th Five-Year Plan,the forensic team of Shanxi Medical University has been aiming at the forefront,proposing the development goals of"Five First-class"and the discipline development path"Six Major Achievements".It has selected benchmark disci-plines,identified gaps in disciplinary development,unified thoughts,formulated completion timelines,concentrated superior resources,assigned tasks to individuals,and created an"Organized Fill-in-the-Blank Format"forensic medicine discipline construction model with the characteristics of the new era.The construction model of forensic medicine has achieved good results in the goals,discipline frame-work,scientific research,talent cultivation,discipline team and platform construction,forming a rela-tively complete discipline construction and management system,and accumulating valuable experience for the construction of first-level discipline and high-level talent cultivation of forensic medicine.