Inflammation is the body’s response to damage， infection or other stimuli， but its excessive or continuous development can lead to a variety of diseases. Although modern medical anti-inflammatory therapies were widely used， it is often accompanied by limitations such as more adverse reactions. Based on the “holistic view” and “differential treatment”， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） regards inflammation as a manifestation of the imbalance of yin and yang in the body and the conflict between good and evil. The application of anti-inflammatory TCM is not only aimed at the pathological state of “inflammation”， but also based on the overall consideration of “syndrome”. According to different types of syndrome， anti-inflammatory TCM can be divided into heat-clearing and detoxifying agents （such as Lonicera japonica and Isatis indigotica ）， heat-clearing and drying dampness agents （such as Coptidis Rhizoma）， blood-activating and stasis-dissolving agents （such as Salvia miltiorrhiza ） and vital qi-strengthening and pathogenic factor-expelling agents （such as Panax ginseng ）. Four types of anti-inflammatory TCM restore the body’s immune balance through the systematic regulation of multi-component， multi-target and multi-pathway， exhibiting a good anti-inflammatory effect. Future research should focus on integrating systematic biology， applying artificial intelligence， carrying out high-quality evidence-based research， and combining traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine， so as to reveal the overall regulatory law of anti-inf lammatory effects of TCM and promote clinical rational use.

Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is a minimally invasive technique that is increasingly used for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originating from the muscularis propria. Despite its advantages over conventional surgery, such as complete tumor resection and faster recovery, EFTR faces challenges related to its efficacy, safety, and feasibility, particularly in gastric GISTs. By summarizing the literature published over the past decade, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical outcomes of EFTR and the evolution of defect closure devices.

Background: s/Aims: Increasing evidence indicates that metabolites play a significant role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer and have potential as biomarkers for early detection. This review summarizes the current literature on the utility of metabolomic profiling as a screening strategy for early diagnosis of liver cancer. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published between 2004 and 2024 that examined metabolite alterations in liver cancer. The metabolites differentially expressed in liver cancer versus healthy controls, cirrhosis, and hepatic B virus cases are summarized. The diagnostic performance of the metabolite-based models was also evaluated, highlighting their potential as early detection biomarkers for liver cancer. Results: A total of 96 studies were included in this review, encompassing case-only, case-control, nested case-control, and cohort designs. The analysis identified taurine and taurochenodeoxycholic acid to be consistently associated with an increased risk of liver cancer, supported by findings from both the discovery and validation cohorts. Notably, a diagnostic model incorporating 10 metabolites including taurine and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.88), indicating strong discriminatory power for early liver cancer detection. Nevertheless, heterogeneity across studies was observed, largely owing to differences in biological sample types and metabolomic platforms. Conclusions This review highlights the significant roles of taurine and taurochenodeoxycholic acid in liver cancer development. Future research should prioritize the standardization of analytical methodologies, increased sample sizes, and integration of metabolomics with other omics layers to enhance our understanding of liver cancer biology and improve biomarker accuracy and clinical utility.

OBJECTIVE To improve the clinical recognition and management of oxaliplatin-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome （HSOS）.METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed， Web of Science， Embase， CNKI， VIP， and Wanfang Medical Database to collect cases of oxaliplatin-induced HSOS. Typical cases admitted to the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University （hereinafter referred to as “our hospital”） were also included. The clinical characteristics， laboratory findings， imaging manifestations， treatment， and prognosis of oxaliplatin-induced HSOS were systematically analyzed， and subgroup analyses were performed according to chemotherapy regimen and patient sex.RESULTS A total of 32 cases of oxaliplatin-induced HSOS were collected （31 from the literature and 1 from our hospital）. Among them， there were 16 males and 16 females， with a median age of 58.5 years and a median time to onset of 168 days. The most common laboratory abnormality was elevated alkaline phosphatase （ALP）/ γ -glutamyl transferase （GGT） （accounting for 69.2% of reported cases， 9/13）， and some patients had elevated transaminases and thrombocytopenia. Imaging findings included splenomegaly （37.5%， 12/32）， intrahepatic hypodense lesions （28.1%， 9/32）， signs of portal hypertension （21.9%， 7/32）， etc. Treatment mainly consisted of discontinuation of oxaliplatin， supplemented with symptomatic supportive treatment or liver resection. The overall improvement rate of patients was 84.0% （21/25）. Subgroup analysis showed that among patients receiving the FOLFOX regimen， 36.8% developed symptoms within 168 days， which was significantly lower than the proportion of patients receiving other regimens （83.3%） （ P ＜0.012 5）.CONCLUSIONS Oxaliplatin-induced HSOS often presents with elevated ALP/GGT and splenomegaly. Hypodense lesions on imaging are a key point in differential diagnosis. Most patients improve after discontinuation of oxaliplatin and symptomatic supportive treatment. Clinically， emphasis should be placed on early recognition of this complication and close monitoring of liver function and imaging changes.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant risk factor for gallstone formation, but mechanisms underlying MASH-related gallstone formation remain unclear. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) participates in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and is upregulated in MASH. Here, we aimed to explore the role of GOLM1 in MASH-related gallstone formation. Methods: The UK Biobank cohort was used for etiological analysis. GOLM1 knockout (GOLM1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Livers were excised for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Gallbladders were collected to calculate incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Biles were collected for biliary lipid analysis. HepG2 cells were used to explore underlying mechanisms. Human liver samples were used for clinical validation. Results: MASH patients had a greater risk of cholelithiasis. All HFD-fed mice developed MASH, and the incidence of gallstones was 16.7% and 75.0% in GOLM1-/- and WT mice, respectively. GOLM1-/- decreased biliary cholesterol concentration and output. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that GOLM1 facilitated cholesterol efflux through upregulating ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Mechanistically, GOLM1 translocated into nucleus to promote osteopontin (OPN) transcription, thus stimulating ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux. Moreover, GOLM1 was upregulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that IL-1β, GOLM1, OPN, and ABCG5 were enhanced in livers of MASH patients with CGSs. Conclusions In MASH livers, upregulation of GOLM1 by IL-1β increases ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux in an OPN-dependent manner, promoting CGS formation. GOLM1 has the potential to be a molecular hub interconnecting MASH and CGSs.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of 4-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore its potential mechanisms. MethodsA total of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (C), model (M), control plus HIIT (HC), and model plus HIIT (HM). Rats in groups M and HM underwent 8 weeks of CUMS to establish depression-like behaviors, while groups HC and HM received HIIT intervention beginning from the 5th week for 4 consecutive weeks. The HIIT protocol consisted of repeated intervals of 3 min at high speed (85%-90% maximal training speed, S_max) alternated with one minute at low speed (50%-55% S_max), with 3 to 5 sets per session, conducted 5 d per week. Behavioral assessments and tail-vein blood lactate levels were measured at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. After the intervention, rat PFC tissues were collected for Golgi staining to analyze synaptic morphology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed to detect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), lactate, and glutamate levels in the PFC, as well as serotonin (5-HT) levels in serum. Additionally, Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins, including c-Fos, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1). ResultsCompared to the control group (C), the CUMS-exposed rats (group M) exhibited significant reductions in sucrose preference rates, number of grid crossings, frequency of upright postures, and entries into and duration spent in open arms of the elevated plus maze, indicating marked depressive-like behaviors. Additionally, the group M showed significantly reduced dendritic spine density in the PFC, along with elevated levels of c-Fos, Arc, NMDAR1 protein expression, and increased concentrations of lactate and glutamate. Conversely, BDNF and MCT1 contents in the PFC and 5-HT levels in serum were significantly decreased. Following HIIT intervention, rats in the group HM displayed considerable improvement in behavioral indicators compared with the group M, accompanied by significant elevations in PFC MCT1 and lactate concentrations. Furthermore, HIIT notably normalized the expression levels of c-Fos, Arc, NMDAR1, as well as glutamate and BDNF contents in the PFC. Synaptic spine density also exhibited significant recovery. ConclusionFour weeks of HIIT intervention may alleviate depressive-like behaviors in CUMS rats by increasing lactate levels and reducing glutamate concentration in the PFC, thereby downregulating the overexpression of NMDAR, attenuating excitotoxicity, and enhancing synaptic plasticity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hospital-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)among the burn wound patients so as to provide bases for taking tar-geted control measures.METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the worldwide database for nosocomial outbreaks,PubMed and CNKI databases so as to summarize and analyze the data regarding to outbreaks of MDROs hospital-associated infections among burn wound patients.RESULTS A total of 61 incidents of MDROs hospital-associated infections outbreaks among the burn wound patients were included,involving 2 293 patients from 21 countries and regions,50(81.97％)of which were reported for the infection sites or colonization sites in-volving burn wound,12(19.67％)involving the respiratory tract,10(16.39％)involving the bloodstream infec-tions.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(28 incidents,45.90％)was dominant among the pathogens causing the infections,followed by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(17 incidents,27.87％)and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aureus(9 incidents,14.75％).52 incidents(82.25％)of outbreaks were reported the contact as the major transmission mode.The suspected sources of the outbreaks included the patients(37 incidents,28.46％),health care workers(30 incidents,23.08％),ward environments(28 incidents,21.54％),medical equipments(19 incidents,30.56％),drainage systems(6 incidents,4.62％).The major pre-vention and control measures included environmental cleaning and disinfection,screening of colonization in patients and health care workers,isolation of patients with infections and hand hygiene;8 incidents were taken the measure of closing the ward.CONCLUSIONS The outbreaks of MDROs infections in the burn wound patients are mostly associated with the high frequently contact environments,medical equipments and hand hygiene of health care workers.In view of the peculiarities of the burn wound patients,it is feasible to take the targeted measures based on the summarized prevention and control combinations for MDROs so as to prevent the outbreak of hospital-asso-ciated infections.

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of a machine learning model combining contrast-enhanced ultrasound（CEUS）parameters，radiomics features of ultrasound images，and clinical data for pathological grading in bladder urothelial carcinoma（BUC）.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 174 BUC patients from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People 's Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College from December 2017 to March 2024. One hundred and thirteen BUC patients from the former hospital were randomly divided into training group and internal test group in a ratio of 7 to 3，while 61 BUC patients from the latter hospital served as an external test group. The patients were stratified into low-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma（LGBUC）and high-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma（HGBUC）groups based on pathology. Two-dimensional grayscale ultrasound images were subjected to super-resolution（SR）reconstruction，followed by extraction and screening of radiomics features in comparison with CEUS video sequences. Selected features were input into a support vector machine（SVM）to build the radiomics model. CEUS parameters，conventional ultrasound metrics and clinical data with statistical significance between LGBUC and HGBUC groups were input into SVM to construct the clinical model. The radiomics and clinical model outputs were fused via multivariate Logistic regression to form a combined model. Model performances were evaluated using ROC curves，calibration curves，and clinical decision curves. Results:Seven radiomics features from SR images were used to build the radiomics model，while CEUS parameters（peak intensity and time-to-peak half），age，tumor-wall interface and tumor-wall angle formed the clinical model. The combined model integrated these outputs. All 3 models exhibited respective strengths，the combined model showed superior robustness. The AUCs of the combined model in the training，internal test and external test groups were 0.92，0.84 and 0.82，respectively.Conclusions:The combined model combining CEUS parameters，ultrasound radiomics features，and clinical data accurately predicts BUC pathological grade，providing a potential tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of closed-chain exercise training on hemiplegic shoulder pain and shoulder joint sta-bility in stroke patients,and to explore the relationship between hemiplegic shoulder pain and shoulder joint sta-bility.Methods A total of 52 stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain in Jiangsu Province Hospital from October,2020 to January,2023 were selected,and were randomly divided into control group(n=26)and experimental group(n=26).Both groups received conventional rehabilitation therapy,while the experimental group additionally under-went closed-chain exercise training for shoulder joint.Pain severity and motor function were assessed using Visu-al Analog Scale(VAS)and Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremities(FMA-UE)before and after intervention.Musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to measure acromion-greater tuberosity distance(AGT),acromion-lesser tu-berosity distance(ALT),acromiohumeral distance(AHD)and supraspinatus thickness(SST)to evaluate shoulder joint stability.Correlation analysis was conducted on the improvements in shoulder pain and shoulder joint stabil-ity in the experimental group.Results Two cases in the control group and two in the experimental group dropped down.Both groups showed signifi-cant improvements in VAS and FMA-UE scores after intervention(|t|>5.214,P<0.001),and the scores im-proved more in the experimental group than in the control group(|t|>2.087,P<0.05).The experimental group also showed significant improvements in AGT,ALT,AHD and SST(|t|>4.187,P<0.001),with AGT,ALT and AHD being superior to those in the control group(|t|>2.155,P<0.05).The difference of VAS score in the exper-imental group was correlated with the difference of FMA-UE,AGT and ALT after intervention(r>0.434,P<0.05).Conclusion Closed-chain shoulder exercise training can significantly improve shoulder joint stability while alleviating shoulder pain,and effectively enhancing upper limb function in stroke patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain.Hemiplegic shoulder pain is correlated with shoulder joint stability.