In June 1958, the first specialized acupuncture hospital, the Affiliated Acupuncture Experimental Hospital of Jiangsu Provincial School of TCM, was established in Nanjing. This hospital was founded under the initiative of Mr. <i>CHENG Dani>'<i>ani>, the founder of the Chengjiang School of Acupuncture. Centered on clinical acupuncture, the hospital also carried out research and teaching, forming an integrated development model of medical care, education, and research. Its development experience, including a clear hospital-running philosophy, orientation toward solving clinical needs, and deep integration of medical care, education, and research, provides important historical references for the construction of modern specialized acupuncture hospitals.
China ; History, 20th Century ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; Humans ; Acupuncture/education* ; Hospitals, Special/history*

This article systematically reviews the characteristics and trends of the writing, editing, publication and promotion of physiology textbooks in China from the late 19th century to the present, focusing on the introduction, development and innovation of Chinese physiology textbooks. The development of physiology textbooks in China is divided into four main stages: the introduction and initial development of physiology textbooks from the late 19th century to 1925; the localization and diversification of textbooks from 1926 to 1949, after the establishment of the Chinese Physiological Society; the exploratory phase of textbook construction after the founding of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976; the formation and innovation of the textbook development process from 1977 to the present, following the restoration of the college entrance examination. For each phase, the article not only records the historical development of physiology textbooks, but also analyzes the evolution of their content, writing styles and the interaction with the social and political contexts. The article summarizes the characteristics and experiences of all these four phases. Special attention is given to the comprehensive statistical analysis of physiology textbooks published since the restoration of the college entrance examination and Economic Reform and Opening-up in 1977, revealing the changes in the number, publication trends and academic features of textbooks during this period. Finally, the article presets the future development of physiology textbooks in China, proposing that textbook writing should integrate aspects such as ideological and political education, medical humanities, basic and clinical medicine, health education, scientific research and international exchange and collaboration. The article also advocates for the application of new technologies and methods, such as artificial intelligence, virtual teaching models and knowledge graphs, to support "personalized learning". This research provides a systematic reference for the study of the history of medical education and offers theoretical support for the future innovation of physiology textbook in China.
Humans ; China ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Physiology/education* ; Textbooks as Topic/history*

The academic thought of Professor <i>GAO Shuzhongi> on acupuncture and moxibustion is investigated systematically and summarized as 5 aspects: establishing <i>GAO i>'s theory and methodological method of "<i>siguan santongi>" (four gates and three opens); structuring the theory of "<i>yinyangi>, <i>qii> movement, ascending and descending" pivoted at the umbilicus; deepening the laws of "stereo-layered holographic correspondence in the human body"; proposing "the method of bi-location" of acupoint systems based on meridian and collateral theories; developing the characteristic differentiation theory of acupuncture and moxibustion. These summaries reflect the unique perspective and distinctive features of Professor <i>GAOi> <i>Shuzhongi> on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion, and his clinical thinking; and bring the practical significance for the discipline and academic development of acupuncture and moxibustion.
Moxibustion/history* ; Humans ; China ; Acupuncture/education* ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; History, 20th Century

The paper summarizes Professor <i>YANG Juni>'s experience in treatment of refractory facial paralysis with the refined mode of acupuncture and moxibustion, so as to provide new ideas and methods for the disease treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Professor <i>YANG Juni> puts forward the refined mode of diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion for refractory facial paralysis. On the basis of syndrome/pattern differentiation of TCM, combined with meridian theory and modern anatomy, the symptom differentiation and meridian differentiation are performed accurately. By selecting local acupoints (e.g. Touwei [ST8], Sibai [ST2], Cuanzhu [BL2] and Yangbai [GB14]), distal acupoints (e.g. Zusanli [ST36], Hegu [LI4] and Jinsuo [GV8]), specific acupoints (e.g.Qianzheng [EX-HN16] and Touqiaoyin [GB11]) and the acupoints for regulating the mind (e.g. Dazhui [GV14] and Shuigou [GV26]), the prescription is composed. The different needling techniques are delivered at the acupoints (e.g. point-to-point needling with long needle, stuck needling by lifting and dragging, and balance needling on the healthy side). Besides, the facial rehabilitation is considered as the adjuvant treatment. This mode of treatment obtains the precise diagnosis and treatment to achieve the utmost therapeutic effects.
Humans ; Moxibustion ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; Facial Paralysis/therapy* ; Acupuncture Points ; Male ; Meridians ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; History, 20th Century

Professor <i>LI Zhidaoi> puts forward the application of "group acupoints" in his clinical practice by imitating the mutual reinforcement and mutual assistance of Chinese herbal medicine. It is based on the theory as "where is the acupoint located, what are the indications of this acupoint"; and consists with the specific actions of ancient needling techniques at acupoints. The distribution of "group acupoints" is in line with the "located by the region division of the head and trunk, and by the meridians on the four extremities", which is recorded in <i>Zhenjiu Jiayi Jingi> (<i>the Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustioni>). It shows "the importance of the relationship between acupoints and <i>zangfui>", and "the emphasis on the distribution of nerves and muscles" respectively. In clinical practice, controlling needling sensation is the essence of this technique at "group acupoints", the integration of acupoints and needling technique is the basic requirement, and the step-by-step needling manipulation is critical for obtaining the therapeutic effect. "Group acupoints" combined with specific needling technique advance the application efficiency and the effect of acupoints.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Humans ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Meridians ; Medicine in Literature ; Acupuncture/history*

The paper reviews the evolution of the theory related to meridians and <i>zangfui> organs during the Warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, so as to reveal the rules and value of its development. By analyzing historical documents, especially <i>Zubi Shiyimai Jiujingi> (<i>Moxibustion Classics of Eleven Meridians of Legs and Armsi>), <i>Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujingi> (<i>Moxibustion Classic on Eleven Yin and Yang Meridiansi>), <i>Laoguanshani> bamboo medical slips of Han Dynasty and lacquer figure of meridian points, the evolutionary stages, i.e. the germination, development, and maturity of meridian-<i>zangfui> theory, are explored. In the time of the Warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, the meridian-<i>zangfui> related theory was developed from the germination to the maturity. In the classics of the early time, <i>Zubi Shiyimai Jiujingi> and <i>Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujingi> demonstrated the preliminary relationship between meridians and <i>zangfui> organs, focusing on the physiological connection and pathogenesis of three <i>yini> meridians of foot and <i>zangfui> organs. In the literature of <i>Laoguanshani> bamboo medical slips of Han Dynasty and lacquer figure of meridian points, the physiological connection between the <i>yini> meridians of hand and foot, and five <i>zangi> organs, as well as the related diseases were further clarified; additionally, the meridian-<i>zangfui> theory had been developed in the field of diagnosis and treatment. In the era of Chapter of Meridians in <i>Lingshui> (<i>Miraculous Pivoti>), there were up to 31 descriptions relevant with the connection of meridian distribution and <i>zangfui> physiological functions. It marks the construction of the "circular" flow of meridians and the interior-exterior communication of <i>zangi> and <i>fui> organs; and enriches the knowledge in diseases, diagnosis and treatment with meridians and <i>zangfui> organs involved. The review on the evolution of the meridian-<i>zangfui> theory is conductive to supplementing and improving the development history of this theory of early time, and further recognizing its development rules and value. The maturity of this theoretical system not only links the meridians with the five <i>zangi> and six <i>fui> organs, but also provides an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.
Meridians ; Humans ; History, Ancient ; China ; History, Medieval ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 16th Century ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history*

The paper introduces Professor <i>SUN Shentiani>'s experience in clinical practice of <i>Ningsheni> (tranquilizing the mind) point. This point is an empirical point discovered by Professor <i>SUNi> on the basis of meridian differentiation, nerve function and anatomic location, and in association with the years of clinical practice. The point is located in the prefrontal area, jointed with the distribution of the governor vessel, and responded to the body surface projection area of the frontal pole. It works on regulating the mind, regaining consciousness, improving cognition, alleviating depression, mutually treating physical and mental disorders, as well as unblocking collaterals, regulating the tendons and relieving spasm. This point is widely used in treatment of mental disorders, stroke and extrapyramidal diseases and obtains the reliable therapeutic effect in clinical practice.
Humans ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; China ; Meridians ; History, 20th Century

The international dissemination of Chinese acupuncture represents a successful model of medical and cultural exchange between the East and the West, as well as an exemplary case of Chinese culture going global. In 1971, following the announcement by Xinhua News Agency that "acupuncture anesthesia technology had achieved success", American medical educator Professor Edmunds Grey Dimond became the first foreign doctor to visit China for an investigation of acupuncture anesthesia. His efforts significantly contributed to the promotion of Chinese acupuncture within western medical communities. From the perspective of acupuncture humanities, this article reviews and analyzes Dimond's academic background, his journey to study acupuncture anesthesia in China, and his unique insights into acupuncture, exploring how his open-minded and objective approach facilitated the acceptance and dissemination of acupuncture anesthesia and acupuncture techniques in the West.
China ; Humans ; History, 20th Century ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; Acupuncture/history* ; Acupuncture Analgesia/history* ; History, 21st Century

During the period of the Republic of China, acupuncture faced different opportunities and developments in China and the West. The correspondence between Soulié de Morant, the father of European acupuncture, and <i>FANG Sheni>'<i>ani>, a famous acupuncture master of the Republic of China, is of great significance to explore the exchange of acupuncture between China and France, the development of acupuncture in France, the Western learning of Chinese medicine, and the dissemination of academic ideas of acupuncture in the Republic of China. The authors studied Soulié de Morant's collection stored in the Museum of Western Studies of Chinese Medicine of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, and found Soulié de Morant's annotation of <i>Jinzhen Mizhuani> (<i>Secrets of Golden Needlei>), the 1937 edition, and 3 paper letters with <i>FANG Shen'ani> (2 letters in French and 1 letter in Chinese). After the language translation and collation, based on the correspondence between two masters, in association with the historical background and the narration of <i>CHEN Yemengi>, the inheritor of <i>Fangi>'s acupuncture, this paper reviews the process of academic exchanges between them, so as to display the historical development of acupuncture in China and the West.
China ; History, 20th Century ; Acupuncture/education* ; Humans ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; France ; Correspondence as Topic/history*

The biography, medical writings and family lineages of <i>Qilui> medical masters in the Ming and Qing dynasties were collected and collated, so as to analyze their contributions to expounding acupuncture and moxibustion theories, practicing medical ethics and morals, and academic inheritance in later generations; as well as exploring the valuable guidance to clinical practice of modern acupuncture and moxibustion. <i>ZHAI Liangi>, <i>YUE Hanzheni>, <i>HUANG Yuanyui> and <i>LIU Kuii> were representatives of <i>Qilui> masters in the Ming and Qing dynasties. They showed their respects on classics with high inclusion, laid stress on elaboration and innovation in theories and practice of meridians, acupoints and acupuncture technique specially. Based on family heritage and apprenticeship, not only the academic school of acupuncture-moxibustion with regional characteristics had been cultivated, but also the important foundation been laid for the perfection of acupuncture-moxibustion diagnosis and treatment system in later generations. The integration of medical ethics and medical skills showed the spirit of "the benevolence of a doctor". These masters devoted themselves to the collation and research of medical books, collected the classics of medical masters, and wrote a number of easily-learned popular works for clinical application to benefit future generations.
Moxibustion/history* ; Humans ; China ; Acupuncture/education* ; Acupuncture Therapy/history* ; History, 20th Century ; History, 19th Century